Toni Griffin: A new vision for rebuilding Detroit

譯者: Zhiting Chen 審譯者: Geoff Chen

By 2010, Detroit had become the poster child

在 2010 年底特律已經成為了

for an American city in crisis.

危機中的美國城市的代言：

There was a housing collapse,

房地產市場崩塌，

an auto industry collapse,

汽車工業崩塌，

and the population had plummeted by 25 percent

在 2000 到 2005 年之間，

between 2000 and 2010,

人口也已經直線下跌了 25%；

and many people were beginning to write it off,

很多人開始接受了這個現實，

as it had topped the list of American shrinking cities.

因為底特律已經位列 美國正在萎縮城市的名單榜首。

By 2010, I had also been asked by

在 2010 年的時候，我曾經被

the Kresge Foundation and the city of Detroit

克雷斯吉基金會和底特律城邀請

to join them in leading a citywide planning process

去加入他們，參與一個城市規劃專案，

for the city to create a shared vision for its future.

構建城市未來的共同遠景。

I come to this work

我作為

as an architect and an urban planner,

一名建築師和一名城市規劃師 參與到這項工作當中，

and I've spent my career working in other contested cities,

在我的職業生涯當中， 我也曾經為其他對手城市工作過，

like Chicago, my hometown;

比如我的故鄉芝加哥、

Harlem, which is my current home;

我現在的家，哈萊姆區、

Washington, D.C.; and Newark, New Jersey.

華盛頓特區，以及紐瓦克，新澤西。

All of these cities, to me, still had a number

所有的這些城市，對我而言，仍然存在著一些

of unresolved issues related to urban justice,

和城市正義、公平、包容性

issues of equity, inclusion and access.

平等和接納性相關的未解決的問題。

Now by 2010, as well,

現在，2010年，

popular design magazines were also beginning

流行的設計雜誌也開始

to take a closer look at cities like Detroit,

更關注像底特律這樣的城市，

and devoting whole issues to "fixing the city."

用了一整期的雜誌 去討論「修復城市」的問題。

I was asked by a good friend, Fred Bernstein,

我被好友福德博恩斯坦，

to do an interview for the October issue

叫去為十月份的一本 建築雜誌做一次採訪，

of Architect magazine,

做一次採訪，

and he and I kind of had a good chuckle

我和他竊笑了幾聲

when we saw the magazine released with the title,

當我們看到雜誌的選題是

"Can This Planner Save Detroit?"

「這個規劃者能夠拯救底特律嗎?」

So I'm smiling with a little bit of embarrassment right now,

我的笑裡帶著一絲尷尬，

because obviously, it's completely absurd

因為這很明顯，

that a single person, let alone a planner,

某一個人，一個規劃者，

could save a city.

能去拯救一座城市是荒謬的。

But I'm also smiling because I thought it represented

但是我笑還因為這代表著

a sense of hopefulness that our profession

一種對我們職業的希望，

could play a role in helping the city to think about

能夠在幫助這個城市思考

how it would recover from its severe crisis.

怎樣從嚴重的危機重振起來 的過程中，扮演一個角色。

So I'd like to spend a little bit of time this afternoon

因此我想用這個下午的一點時間

and tell you a little bit about our process

告訴你一些我們重整城市的過程，

for fixing the city, a little bit about Detroit,

和關於底特律的新聞。

and I want to do that through the voices of Detroiters.

我想通過底特律居民 的聲音來傳遞這些資訊。

So we began our process in September of 2010.

我們從 2010 年 9 月開始。

It's just after a special mayoral election,

那是剛剛在一次 特殊的市長選舉之後，

and word has gotten out that there is going to be

即將有城市範圍規劃的消息

this citywide planning process,

已經被放出，

which brings a lot of anxiety and fears

給底特律人帶來了一些

among Detroiters.

焦慮和恐懼。

We had planned to hold a number of community meetings in rooms like this

我們已經籌劃了在這樣的 場合舉辦一些社區會議

to introduce the planning process,

來介紹這個規劃的過程。

and people came out from all over the city,

人們從城市不同的角落過來，

including areas that were stable neighborhoods,

包括住在穩定社區的人們

as well as areas that were beginning to see

和住在已經開始出現

a lot of vacancy.

空城狀況區域的人們。

And most of our audience was representative

我們多數的聽眾代表來自

of the 82 percent African-American population

當時城市中佔百分之八十二

in the city at that time.

的非洲裔美國人。

So obviously, we have a Q&A portion of our program,

當然，有一個關於 我們計劃的問答環節，

and people line up to mics to ask questions.

人們排起隊問問題。

Many of them step very firmly to the mic,

他們中的很多人 非常堅定地走向麥克風，

put their hands across their chest, and go,

雙手盤在胸膛上說：

"I know you people are trying to move me out of my house, right?"

“我知道，你們這些人在嘗試 把我們趕出我們的房子，對吧？”

So that question is really powerful,

這是一個擲地有聲的問題，

and it was certainly powerful to us in the moment,

對當時的我們非常非常震撼，

when you connect it to the stories

尤其當你把這個問題和

that some Detroiters had,

許多底特律人的故事，

and actually a lot of African-Americans'

特別是那些居住在像

families have had

中西部城市非裔美國人的

that are living in Midwestern cities like Detroit.

家庭經歷聯繫起來的時候。

Many of them told us the stories about

他們當中很多人告訴我們

how they came to own their home

他們怎樣來到他們現在的家：

through their grandparents or great-grandparents,

他們祖父母輩或曾祖父母輩，

who were one of 1.6 million people who migrated

作為一百六十萬人

from the rural South to the industrial North,

從荒蕪的南方移民 到工業化的北方之中的成員，

as depicted in this painting by Jacob Lawrence,

情景如同這幅 雅各布勞倫斯的油畫

"The Great Migration."

《大移民》。

They came to Detroit for a better way of life.

他們爲了更好的生活 而來到底特律。

Many found work in the automobile industry,

很多人為汽車工業工作，

the Ford Motor Company, as depicted in this mural

正如同在這幅在底特律藝術館， 出自迪亞戈日瓦樂的壁畫當中描繪的

by Diego Rivera in the Detroit Institute of Art.

《福特汽車公司》。

The fruits of their labors would afford them a home,

他們勞動的果實支撐著他們的家，

for many the first piece of property that they would ever know,

那是他們之中很多人 所購置的第一份不動產，

and a community with other first-time

也是一個和其他第一次

African-American home buyers.

買房的非裔美國人組成的一個社區。

The first couple of decades of their life in the North

他們在美國北方生活的前幾十年

is quite well, up until about 1950,

是非常不錯的，直到大約 1950 年，

which coincides with the city's peak population

城市人口數量達到巔峰，

at 1.8 million people.

有一百八十萬人。

Now it's at this time that Detroit begins to see

這時，底特律開始出現

a second kind of migration,

第二種形式的移民，

a migration to the suburbs.

從城市遷往市郊。

Between 1950 and 2000,

在 1950 年到 2000 年之間，

the region grows by 30 percent.

這個區域增長了 30%

But this time, the migration leaves

但是這次，移民潮留下了

African-Americans in place,

非洲裔美國人在原處，

as families and businesses flee the city,

與此同時，很多家庭和商業逃出城市，

leaving the city pretty desolate of people

讓這座城市非常缺乏人

as well as jobs.

和工作。

During that same period, between 1950 and 2000, 2010,

同期，即在 1950 到 2000 和 2010 之間，

the city loses 60 percent of its population,

底特律人口減少了 60%，

and today it hovers at above 700,000.

以至於現在城市 人口數量在七十萬左右。

The audience members who come and talk to us that night

那晚在場的觀眾告訴我們

tell us the stories of what it's like to live in a city

在一個人口匱乏的城市

with such depleted population.

是怎樣生活的。

Many tell us that they're one of only a few homes

很多人告訴我們， 他們的房子是街區裡

on their block that are occupied,

為數不多還住著人的，

and that they can see several abandoned homes

他們坐在自家的門廊

from where they sit on their porches.

就可以看到好幾座廢棄的房子。

Citywide, there are 80,000 vacant homes.

整個城市有八萬空房子。

They can also see vacant property.

他們也能看到空置的房產。

They're beginning to see illegal activities

一些非法活動開始出現，

on these properties, like illegal dumping,

比如非法傾倒垃圾，

and they know that because the city has lost so much population,

他們也知道，因為城市人口大量流失，

their costs for water, electricity, gas are rising,

他們的水費、電費、瓦斯費都在上漲，

because there are not enough people to pay property taxes

因為沒有足夠人去交房產稅

to help support the services that they need.

以支撐他們所需要的服務。

Citywide, there are about 100,000 vacant parcels.

整個城市裡大約有 十萬筆空置土地。

Now, to quickly give you all a sense of a scale,

現在，我簡單解釋一下 這是怎樣的規模，

because I know that sounds like a big number,

因為我知道這聽起來 像是一個很大的數字，

but I don't think you quite understand until you look at the city map.

我認為你得看一看 城市地圖才會更加清楚。

So the city is 139 square miles.

城市面積是 139 平方英里。

You can fit Boston, San Francisco,

其面積可以將波士頓、 舊金山

and the island of Manhattan

和曼哈頓島

within its footprint.

包括在內。

So if we take all of that vacant and abandoned property

因此，如果我們把所有的 空置和遺棄的不動產

and we smush it together,

加在一起，

it looks like about 20 square miles,

有約 20 平方英里，

and that's roughly equivalent to the size

其面積就大致相當於

of the island we're sitting on today, Manhattan,

今天我們身處的曼哈頓島，

at 22 square miles.

約為 22 平方英里。

So it's a lot of vacancy.

所以它意謂著很多的空置面積。

Now some of our audience members

我們觀眾中的一些人

also tell us about some of the positive things

也告訴我們正發生在他們

that are happening in their communities,

社區的一些正面的事情，

and many of them are banding together

很多人團結在一起

to take control of some of the vacant lots,

採取一些措施 控制空置土地，

and they're starting community gardens,

他們開始在社區建造花園，

which are creating a great sense of community stewardship,

這建立了社區管理責任感，

but they're very, very clear to tell us

但他們非常、非常清楚地告訴我們

that this is not enough,

這是遠遠不夠的，

that they want to see their neighborhoods

他們想要看到他們的社區

return to the way that their grandparents had found them.

回到他們祖父母時期的生活方式。

Now there's been a lot of speculation since 2010

自 2010 年起，就有很多關於

about what to do with the vacant property,

如何處置空置房產的猜測，

and a lot of that speculation has been around community gardening,

關於如何打理社區園藝，

or what we call urban agriculture.

也就是我們稱為的都市農業。

So many people would say to us,

很多人跟我們說：

"What if you just take all that vacant land and you could make it farmland?

「可以把空置的土地變成農田嗎？

It can provide fresh foods,

這樣可以提供新鮮食物，

and it can put Detroiters back to work too."

也可以讓底特律人願意 回來這座城市工作。」

When I hear that story,

每當我聽到這個故事，

I always imagine the folks from the Great Migration

總是想像著大遷徙時代的人

rolling over in their graves,

翻身爬出他們的墳墓，

because you can imagine that they didn't sacrifice

因為你可以想像

moving from the South to the North

他們付出了多少努力 從南方遷徙到北方

to create a better life for their families,

若要創建更好的家庭生活

only to see their great-grandchildren return to an agrarian lifestyle,

只是為了看其曾孫 返回到一種耕地的生活方式，

especially in a city where they came

尤其是當他們拿著

with little less than a high school education

比高中文憑更低的學歷

or even a grammar school education

甚至是初中文憑來到這座城市

and were able to afford the basic elements

能夠負擔得起

of the American dream:

美國夢的基本所需：

steady work and a home that they owned.

穩定的工作和屬於自己的一個家。

Now, there's a third wave of migration

現在，第三次移民潮

happening in Detroit:

在底特律出現了：

a new ascendant of cultural entrepreneurs.

一些新興的文化企業家。

These folks see that same vacant land

這些人視那些空置土地

and those same abandoned homes

和那些同樣被遺棄的住房

as opportunity for new,

為新的機會，

entrepreneurial ideas and profit,

創業想法和利潤，

so much so that former models

此前的發展模式

can move to Detroit,

可以照搬到底特律，

buy property, start successful

購買物業，開始成功的

businesses and restaurants,

企業和餐館，

and become successful community activists in their neighborhood,

成為社區積極分子，

bringing about very positive change.

帶來了非常積極的改變。

Similarly, we have small manufacturing companies

同樣的，有小型製造業公司

making conscious decisions to relocate to the city.

決意遷往這座城市。

This company, Shinola, which is a luxury watch

這個公司，Shinola（公司名）， 是一家經營名貴手錶

and bicycle company,

和自行車的公司，

deliberately chose to relocate to Detroit,

選擇搬遷到底特律，

and they quote themselves by saying

他們引述自己的話說

they were drawn to the global brand of Detroit's innovation.

他們要成為底特律 創新的全球品牌。

And they also knew that they can tap into a workforce

他們也知道，他們可以僱用

that was still very skilled in how to make things.

對工作非常熟練的團隊。

Now we have community stewardship

現在我們的居民區

happening in neighborhoods,

有了社區管理，

we have cultural entrepreneurs making decisions

我們有文化企業家決意

to move to the city and create enterprises,

遷往這座城市創建企業，

and we have businesses relocating,

我們有企業迴流，

and this is all in the context

在這樣的狀況下

of what is no secret to us all,

對我們所有人來說都不是秘密，

a city that's under the control

這座城市在緊急情況處理下

of an emergency manager,

運作情況正常，

and just this July filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy.

今年 7 月只有 9 起破產申請。

So 2010, we started this process, and by 2013,

所以 2010 年，我們開始這個案子， 在 2013 年的時候

we released Detroit Future City,

我們推出底特律未來城市計劃，

which was our strategic plan to guide the city

這是我們用於指導城市的計畫

into a better and more prosperous

引導城市更加繁榮

and more sustainable existence --

與更多永續發展的可能性——

not what it was, but what it could be,

不是過去，而是未來的可能性，

looking at new ways of economic growth,

我們尋找新的經濟增長方式，

new forms of land use,

新的土地使用方式，

more sustainable and denser neighborhoods,

更多永續且高密度的居民社群，

a reconfigured infrastructure and city service system,

一個改組後的基礎設施 和城市服務系統，

and a heightened capacity for civic leaders

和能力得到提高的公民領袖

to take action and implement change.

來採取行動和實施變革。

Three key imperatives were really important

三項關鍵要務

to our work.

對我們的工作很重要。

One was that the city itself wasn't necessarily too large,

一個是，城市本身並不一定太大，

but the economy was too small.

但是，經濟規模太小。

There are only 27 jobs per 100 people in Detroit,

每百人僅有 27 個工作崗位，

very different from a Denver or an Atlanta or a Philadelphia

這和丹佛、亞特蘭大 或費城情況非常不同，

that are anywhere between 35 to 70 jobs per 100 people.

那些城市每百人就有 35 到 70 個工作崗位。

Secondly, there had to be an acceptance

第二，必須接受

that we were not going to be able to use

我們不打算使用

all of this vacant land in the way that we had before

以前的方式來使用 所有的空置土地，

and maybe for some time to come.

也許要等待一段時間。

It wasn't going to be our traditional residential neighborhoods

它不會是我們傳統的住宅社區

as we had before,

如同以前那樣，

and urban agriculture, while a very productive

城市農業，在底特律

and successful intervention happening in Detroit,

非常成功且高效，

was not the only answer,

並不是唯一的解決方法，

that what we had to do is look at these areas

我們所要做的是，看看這些領域

where we had significant vacancy

這些有大量空缺

but still had a significant number of population

但仍有相當多的人口的區域

of what could be new, productive, innovative,

能否有新的、 更有成效的、 創新的，

and entrepreneurial uses

創業用途

that could stabilize those communities,

能穩定這些，

where still nearly 300,000 residents lived.

仍有近三十萬居民居住的社區。

So we came up with one neighborhood typology --

所以我們想出了一個鄰里類型學 — —

there are several -- called a live-make neighborhood,

有幾個 — — 稱為社區發展，

where folks could reappropriate

在那裡，人們可以重拾

abandoned structures

被遺棄的結構

and turn them into entrepreneurial enterprises,

然後將它們發展成創業企業，

with a specific emphasis on looking at the, again,

再次特別強調

majority 82 percent African-American population.

大多數占 82% 的非洲裔美國人人口。

So they, too, could take businesses

所以他們，也可以開展商業活動，

that they maybe were doing out of their home

他們也許能從本地發展

and grow them to more prosperous industries

增長成為更繁榮的產業，

and actually acquire property so they were actually

並且購置產業， 這樣他們實際上是

property owners as well as business owners

物業的業主，同時也是企業擁有者

in the communities with which they resided.

就在他們所居住的社區。

Then we also wanted to look at other ways

我們也想看看其他

of using land in addition to growing food

除了種植糧食的土地使用方法

and transforming landscape into

和發現土地能夠

much more productive uses,

更有效率的用途，

so that it could be used for storm water management, for example,

它以前於雨水管理，例如，

by using surface lakes and retention ponds,

通過使用湖泊表面、 池塘滯洪區，

that created neighborhood amenities,

為鄰里帶來歡樂，

places of recreation,

娛樂消遣的場所，

and actually helped to elevate

這實際上提升了

adjacent property levels.

社區的級別。

Or we could use it as research plots,

或者我們把它用作試驗田，

where we can use it to remediate contaminated soils,

我們可以用它來 補救受污染的土壤，

or we could use it to generate energy.

或者我們可以 用它來試著產生能量。

So the descendants of the Great Migration

所以大遷徙的後代們

could either become precision watchmakers at Shinola,

可以成為在 Shinola 工作的精密鐘錶匠，

like Willie H., who was featured in one of their ads last year,

像威利 H.，他出現在了去年的廣告上，

or they can actually grow a business

或者他們可以自己創辦企業

that would service companies like Shinola.

為 Shinola 這樣的公司提供服務。

The good news is, there is a future

好消息是，總有一個未來在等待著

for the next generation of Detroiters,

下一代的底特律人，

both those there now and those that want to come.

包括那些已經在這裡的 和那些想要來底特律的。

So no thank you, Mayor Menino,

所以不說謝謝，市長曼甯諾，

who recently was quoted as saying,

市長曼甯諾最近說，

"I'd blow up the place and start over."

「我會炸掉這個地方，然後從頭開始。」

There are very important people,

底特律有很重要的人、

business and land assets in Detroit,

商業和土地資產，

and there are real opportunities there.

並且有實在的機會。

So while Detroit might not be what it was,

所以也許底特律 不會重現舊日輝煌，

Detroit will not die.

但底特律不會消亡。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）