Toni Griffin: A new vision for rebuilding Detroit

翻译人员: Christine Chang 校对人员: Xuwen Zhu

By 2010, Detroit had become the poster child

在2010年，底特律已经成为

for an American city in crisis.

深陷危机的美国城市的代表。

There was a housing collapse,

（它的）房地产业崩溃了，

an auto industry collapse,

汽车工业垮了，

and the population had plummeted by 25 percent

人口在2000年到2010年间

between 2000 and 2010,

下降了25%，

and many people were beginning to write it off,

许多人开始放弃这座城市，

as it had topped the list of American shrinking cities.

因为它已经“荣升”美国萎缩城市的榜首。

By 2010, I had also been asked by

在2010年，我承蒙克雷斯基基金会

the Kresge Foundation and the city of Detroit

和底特律市政府的邀请

to join them in leading a citywide planning process

来与他们一起领导一个城市规划项目，

for the city to create a shared vision for its future.

为这座城市创造一个成果共享的未来。

I come to this work

我以建筑师和城市规划师的身份

as an architect and an urban planner,

参与这项工作，

and I've spent my career working in other contested cities,

其实我也曾经服务于其他有争议的城市，

like Chicago, my hometown;

如我的家乡芝加哥，

Harlem, which is my current home;

我现在的居住地哈莱姆，

Washington, D.C.; and Newark, New Jersey.

还有华盛顿以及新泽西洲的纽瓦克。

All of these cities, to me, still had a number

于我而言，这些城市仍然有一系列

of unresolved issues related to urban justice,

有待解决的问题，关乎都市正义、

issues of equity, inclusion and access.

社会平等、包容性以及社会资源的获得。

Now by 2010, as well,

同样也是在2010年，

popular design magazines were also beginning

流行设计杂志开始

to take a closer look at cities like Detroit,

仔细地研究像底特律这样的城市，

and devoting whole issues to "fixing the city."

并用长达整期的篇幅来讨论“改造这座城”。

I was asked by a good friend, Fred Bernstein,

我的好友弗雷德 伯恩斯坦邀请我

to do an interview for the October issue

参加《建筑师》10月刊的

of Architect magazine,

访谈，

and he and I kind of had a good chuckle

当我们看到出版杂志的标题：

when we saw the magazine released with the title,

“这位规划师能拯救底特律吗?"

"Can This Planner Save Detroit?"

我和他都咯咯地笑了。

So I'm smiling with a little bit of embarrassment right now,

我的笑容中略带尴尬，

because obviously, it's completely absurd

那是因为，很显然，

that a single person, let alone a planner,

仅凭一个人的力量，尤其是一个规划师的力量

could save a city.

就想拯救一座城市，这是荒唐可笑的。

But I'm also smiling because I thought it represented

但同时， 我笑是因为我觉得这个标题蕴含了

a sense of hopefulness that our profession

一丝希望，那就是我们的职业

could play a role in helping the city to think about

对帮助一个城市走出严重危机

how it would recover from its severe crisis.

有着重要的意义。

So I'd like to spend a little bit of time this afternoon

因此，今天下午我想花一点时间

and tell you a little bit about our process

来告诉大家我们的改造计划，

for fixing the city, a little bit about Detroit,

也就是改进底特律的方法。

and I want to do that through the voices of Detroiters.

我想通过展现底特律居民的意见来做到这一点。

So we began our process in September of 2010.

我们的改造计划启动于2010年9月，

It's just after a special mayoral election,

那时特别市长选举刚刚结束，

and word has gotten out that there is going to be

而且有消息传出，这座城市

this citywide planning process,

即将接受改造。

which brings a lot of anxiety and fears

这让底特律居民

among Detroiters.

感到焦虑和恐慌。

We had planned to hold a number of community meetings in rooms like this

我们已经计划好要在这样的房间里召开一系列社区会议

to introduce the planning process,

向居民介绍改造计划。

and people came out from all over the city,

全城各地都有居民前来，

including areas that were stable neighborhoods,

不管是住在情况稳定的社区的

as well as areas that were beginning to see

还是住在已经看到

a lot of vacancy.

空置现象的社区。

And most of our audience was representative

当时，

of the 82 percent African-American population

大部分的听众是

in the city at that time.

那占城市人口82%的非裔居民的代表。

So obviously, we have a Q&A portion of our program,

显然，我们的会议有一个提问环节，

and people line up to mics to ask questions.

人们在麦克风前排起长队，准备提问。

Many of them step very firmly to the mic,

许多人坚定地走到麦克风前，

put their hands across their chest, and go,

双臂交叉在胸前，然后说：

"I know you people are trying to move me out of my house, right?"

“我知道，你们想把我赶出自己的房子，对不对？”

So that question is really powerful,

这个问题真的很尖锐，

and it was certainly powerful to us in the moment,

当时我们就这么觉得，

when you connect it to the stories

尤其是在你把这个问题与

that some Detroiters had,

一些底特律居民，

and actually a lot of African-Americans'

以及很多有类似经历的

families have had

居住于像底特律那样的中西部城市的非裔家庭

that are living in Midwestern cities like Detroit.

联系起来。

Many of them told us the stories about

他们中的很多人向我们诉说

how they came to own their home

他们是

through their grandparents or great-grandparents,

从祖父母或曾祖父母那里继承房子的，

who were one of 1.6 million people who migrated

他们的先辈就是那160万

from the rural South to the industrial North,

从南方乡村迁徙到北方工业区的移民之一，

as depicted in this painting by Jacob Lawrence,

这些移民的形象被雅各布 劳伦斯

"The Great Migration."

记录在油画《大迁徙》之中。

They came to Detroit for a better way of life.

移民来到底特律，期待着更美好的生活。

Many found work in the automobile industry,

他们中的很多人服务于汽车工业，

the Ford Motor Company, as depicted in this mural

如，福特汽车公司；迪亚戈 里维拉在这幅壁画中

by Diego Rivera in the Detroit Institute of Art.

描绘这些故事。这幅壁画现藏于底特律美术学院。

The fruits of their labors would afford them a home,

他们的劳动成果给他们带来了一座房子，

for many the first piece of property that they would ever know,

对于很多人而言，这是他们拥有的第一处房产。

and a community with other first-time

同时他们拥有了自己的社区，里面住的

African-American home buyers.

都是首次置业的非裔美国人。

The first couple of decades of their life in the North

他们在北方的前数十年

is quite well, up until about 1950,

都生活的很好，知道1950年左右，

which coincides with the city's peak population

那时底特律的居住人口达到了峰值

at 1.8 million people.

180万人。

Now it's at this time that Detroit begins to see

也正是在这个时候底特律开始经历

a second kind of migration,

第二波迁移大潮，

a migration to the suburbs.

人们搬迁到城市的郊区。

Between 1950 and 2000,

在1950年到2000年之间，

the region grows by 30 percent.

底特律的城市面积拓展了30%。

But this time, the migration leaves

但这一次，迁移大潮

African-Americans in place,

把非裔居民抛在身后。

as families and businesses flee the city,

随着家庭和企业离开底特律，

leaving the city pretty desolate of people

城中变得人口稀少，

as well as jobs.

就业机会紧缺。

During that same period, between 1950 and 2000, 2010,

也就是在1950年到2000-2010年，

the city loses 60 percent of its population,

（底特律的）城市人口下降了60%，

and today it hovers at above 700,000.

现在其人口大概是70万人。

The audience members who come and talk to us that night

当晚，出席会议并与我们交谈的听众

tell us the stories of what it's like to live in a city

跟我们讲述了生活在一个人口

with such depleted population.

如此稀少的城市的感受。

Many tell us that they're one of only a few homes

很多人说，他们的房子是街区中为数不多的

on their block that are occupied,

有人居住的房子，

and that they can see several abandoned homes

坐在自家的门廊里

from where they sit on their porches.

就可以看见数座被遗弃的房子。

Citywide, there are 80,000 vacant homes.

在 整座城市中，有8万座空置的房子，

They can also see vacant property.

也有空置的不动产。

They're beginning to see illegal activities

居民开始看到有人在这些建筑里

on these properties, like illegal dumping,

从事非法活动，如非法倾卸。

and they know that because the city has lost so much population,

居民们还意识到，由于城市人口锐减，

their costs for water, electricity, gas are rising,

水费、电费、油气费都在上涨，

because there are not enough people to pay property taxes

因为支付财产税的人变少了，

to help support the services that they need.

税金不足以维持这些服务的运营。

Citywide, there are about 100,000 vacant parcels.

在底特律，还有大概1000块闲置土地。

Now, to quickly give you all a sense of a scale,

大家或许对这种规模没有概念，

because I know that sounds like a big number,

因为我知道，这听起来是一个巨大的数字，

but I don't think you quite understand until you look at the city map.

但大家只有看了城市地图才能真正明白它的含义。

So the city is 139 square miles.

底特律的城市面积为139平方英里。

You can fit Boston, San Francisco,

你可以把 波士顿、三藩市

and the island of Manhattan

以及曼哈顿岛

within its footprint.

拼入底特律的地域之中。

So if we take all of that vacant and abandoned property

如果我们抽出所有空置的和被遗弃的房产

and we smush it together,

并把他们拼在一起，

it looks like about 20 square miles,

它们的面积大约有20平方英里，

and that's roughly equivalent to the size

几乎等同于我们现在所在的

of the island we're sitting on today, Manhattan,

曼哈顿岛的面积，

at 22 square miles.

曼哈顿岛的面积是22平方英里。

So it's a lot of vacancy.

空置率实在是太高了。

Now some of our audience members

某些听众

also tell us about some of the positive things

也会给我们讲一些他们

that are happening in their communities,

社区中的好消息：

and many of them are banding together

社区中的居民团结起来

to take control of some of the vacant lots,

管理空置的土地。

and they're starting community gardens,

他们开辟了社区花园，

which are creating a great sense of community stewardship,

这为他们创造了一种强大的社区服务精神。

but they're very, very clear to tell us

但他们仍然很明确地告诉我们，

that this is not enough,

这仍不令人满意，

that they want to see their neighborhoods

他们希望自己的社区

return to the way that their grandparents had found them.

能够像先辈建城时那样繁荣。

Now there's been a lot of speculation since 2010

自2010年起，人们就有很多关于

about what to do with the vacant property,

如何处理空置房产的猜测。

and a lot of that speculation has been around community gardening,

很多人认为它们会被建设为社区花园，

or what we call urban agriculture.

或者是所谓的城市农业。

So many people would say to us,

很多人对我们说：

"What if you just take all that vacant land and you could make it farmland?

“把空地变为农业用地，这个主意如何？

It can provide fresh foods,

它既可以提供新鲜食物，

and it can put Detroiters back to work too."

也可以给居民提供工作机会。”

When I hear that story,

当我听到这种说法时，

I always imagine the folks from the Great Migration

我总想象着大迁徙中的先民

rolling over in their graves,

会在坟墓中辗转反侧，

because you can imagine that they didn't sacrifice

可以想象到，他们背井离乡，

moving from the South to the North

从南方迁徙到北方，

to create a better life for their families,

是为了给家庭带来更好地生活，

only to see their great-grandchildren return to an agrarian lifestyle,

而不是要他们的曾孙辈又回到田园牧歌的生活之中；

especially in a city where they came

特别是，他们来到这座城市的时候，

with little less than a high school education

很多人并没有受过高中教育，

or even a grammar school education

有的甚至没有上过初中，

and were able to afford the basic elements

但他们仍然能拥有

of the American dream:

美国梦的基本元素：

steady work and a home that they owned.

稳定的工作，以及自有的房产。

Now, there's a third wave of migration

如今，底特律又出现了

happening in Detroit:

第三波迁移大潮：

a new ascendant of cultural entrepreneurs.

文化企业不断进驻。

These folks see that same vacant land

企业家们把同样的空置地块

and those same abandoned homes

和被遗弃的房屋

as opportunity for new,

看做获取新的

entrepreneurial ideas and profit,

创意和利润的机遇；

so much so that former models

他们可以像旧有的模式那样，

can move to Detroit,

迁入底特律，

buy property, start successful

购置房产，建立成功的

businesses and restaurants,

企业和饭店，

and become successful community activists in their neighborhood,

并在自己社区中成为成功的社区活动家，

bringing about very positive change.

带来积极的变化。

Similarly, we have small manufacturing companies

同样的，一些小型的制造企业

making conscious decisions to relocate to the city.

也正在认真考虑进驻底特律。

This company, Shinola, which is a luxury watch

Shinola是一家高档手表

and bicycle company,

与自行车制造商，

deliberately chose to relocate to Detroit,

它特意选址底特律，

and they quote themselves by saying

理由是

they were drawn to the global brand of Detroit's innovation.

他们被底特律闻名全球的创新能力所吸引。

And they also knew that they can tap into a workforce

他们也知道，他们可以充分利用

that was still very skilled in how to make things.

一批仍然精于工业制造的劳动者。

Now we have community stewardship

现在，我们看到社区服务精神

happening in neighborhoods,

在社区中萌芽发展，

we have cultural entrepreneurs making decisions

文化企业决定

to move to the city and create enterprises,

迁入底特律，创建新公司，

and we have businesses relocating,

并且，制造业也准备迁入，

and this is all in the context

但这一切都发生在一个

of what is no secret to us all,

我们都熟知的大环境之中：

a city that's under the control

一位紧急状况下的负责人

of an emergency manager,

正在管理底特律，

and just this July filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy.

而就在这个7月，他根据联邦破产法第9章提出了破产申请。

So 2010, we started this process, and by 2013,

我们在2010年就启动了这个项目；到2013年，

we released Detroit Future City,

我们推出了“未来底特律”项目，

which was our strategic plan to guide the city

这是我们的一个战略计划，以引导这座城市

into a better and more prosperous

走上更好、更繁荣、

and more sustainable existence --

更可持续的发展道路——

not what it was, but what it could be,

这不是它过去的模式，而是它可以利用的模式；

looking at new ways of economic growth,

我们审视了新的经济增长方式，

new forms of land use,

新的土地利用模式，

more sustainable and denser neighborhoods,

更加稳定而稠密的社区，

a reconfigured infrastructure and city service system,

重新配置的基础设施和城市服务系统，

and a heightened capacity for civic leaders

以及更大的空间让民间领袖

to take action and implement change.

采取行动，实施变革。

Three key imperatives were really important

对于我们的工作而言，有三个情况

to our work.

是迫在眉睫的。

One was that the city itself wasn't necessarily too large,

第一，这座城市其实不算很大，

but the economy was too small.

但它的经济规模却是太小了。

There are only 27 jobs per 100 people in Detroit,

在底特律，每一百人只有27个就业机会，

very different from a Denver or an Atlanta or a Philadelphia

这与丹佛、亚特兰大、费城的情况大不相同，

that are anywhere between 35 to 70 jobs per 100 people.

它们每一百人就有35到70个就业机会。

Secondly, there had to be an acceptance

第二，人们要接受一个事实，

that we were not going to be able to use

我们不会用以往的方式

all of this vacant land in the way that we had before

来利用所有的闲置地块，

and maybe for some time to come.

即使在将来也不会。

It wasn't going to be our traditional residential neighborhoods

我们习以为常的传统居住区

as we had before,

不会出现，

and urban agriculture, while a very productive

而且，尽管城市农业产出丰厚

and successful intervention happening in Detroit,

且成功干预了底特律的危机，

was not the only answer,

它也不会是唯一的出路。

that what we had to do is look at these areas

我们要做的是，关注那些

where we had significant vacancy

空置率很高

but still had a significant number of population

但仍有大量人口的区域，

of what could be new, productive, innovative,

那些居民年轻，有干劲，有创意，

and entrepreneurial uses

可以为企业所利用；

that could stabilize those communities,

这样，他们使仍有

where still nearly 300,000 residents lived.

将近30万人的社区更稳定。

So we came up with one neighborhood typology --

因此，我们提出了一种新的社区构想——

there are several -- called a live-make neighborhood,

其实我们设计了几种模式——被称为生活工作相结合的社区。

where folks could reappropriate

在那里，居民可以重新利用

abandoned structures

废弃建筑，

and turn them into entrepreneurial enterprises,

并把它们改造为企业基地，

with a specific emphasis on looking at the, again,

同时也可以再次着重强调

majority 82 percent African-American population.

占82%的非洲裔居民。

So they, too, could take businesses

因此，他们也可以把

that they maybe were doing out of their home

他们以前在居住区外建立的企业带入居住区，

and grow them to more prosperous industries

并把它们发展为更加繁荣的产业。

and actually acquire property so they were actually

同时他们也可以购置房产，使得他们同时成为

property owners as well as business owners

自己所住社区中的

in the communities with which they resided.

房产所有者以及企业所有者。

Then we also wanted to look at other ways

我们也在考虑

of using land in addition to growing food

除了种植作物以外的土地利用方式，

and transforming landscape into

希望把土地规划得

much more productive uses,

更具生产效率。

so that it could be used for storm water management, for example,

比方说，一些地块可通过建造人工湖和蓄水池

by using surface lakes and retention ponds,

来建立雨水管理系统；

that created neighborhood amenities,

可以设立社区便利设施、

places of recreation,

娱乐设施，

and actually helped to elevate

切实地提高

adjacent property levels.

附近居民的生活水平。

Or we could use it as research plots,

或者，我们可以设立研究中心

where we can use it to remediate contaminated soils,

来治理土壤污染，

or we could use it to generate energy.

又或者建立发电厂。

So the descendants of the Great Migration

因此，“大迁徙”先民的后代

could either become precision watchmakers at Shinola,

既可以变成Shinola的精确制表工匠，

like Willie H., who was featured in one of their ads last year,

就像去年Shinola广告中的威利先生那样；

or they can actually grow a business

也可以自己建立

that would service companies like Shinola.

可以给Shinola这样的公司提供服务的企业。

The good news is, there is a future

好消息是：下一代的底特律人

for the next generation of Detroiters,

依然有着光明的前途，

both those there now and those that want to come.

不管已经身在底特律的还是想来底特律的都是这样。

So no thank you, Mayor Menino,

所以，梅尼诺市长，你的好意我心领了；

who recently was quoted as saying,

他曾说：

"I'd blow up the place and start over."

”我要先把底特律夷为平地再重新开始。“

There are very important people,

底特律仍有着十分重要的人群、

business and land assets in Detroit,

产业以及土地，

and there are real opportunities there.

而且还有实实在在的机遇。

So while Detroit might not be what it was,

虽然底特律不会恢复它过去的模样，

Detroit will not die.

但它也不会消亡。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）