Did the global response to 9/11 make us safer? | Benedetta Berti

Translator: Polona Ramšak Reviewer: Nika Kotnik

Almost 20 years have passed since 9/11.

Skoraj 20 let je minilo od 11. septembra.

It is time to take stock of where we stand

Čas je, da ugotovimo, kje smo,

and stop and think.

se ustavimo in razmislimo.

It is time to ask ourselves,

Čas je, da se vprašamo,

have the assumptions and policies

če so nas domneve in strategije,

we developed in the wake of those tragic events

ki smo jih razvili po teh tragičnih dogodkih,

truly made us more secure?

res naredile bolj varne.

Have they made our societies, both in Europe and in the United States,

So naredile našo družbo, tako v Evropi kot v ZDA,

more resilient?

bolj odporno?

I've worked all my life in the field of security and defense,

Vse življenje delam na področju varnosti in obrambe

and I am convinced that now, more than ever,

in prepričana sem, da moramo zdaj bolj kot kdaj prej

we need to radically reframe the way we think and act about security,

radikalno spremeniti svoj način mišljenja in ukrepanja v zvezi z varnostjo,

and especially about international security.

še posebej mednarodno varnostjo.

By international security, I actually mean what we do,

Z izrazom mednarodna varnost dejansko mislim, kar počnemo,

how we prepare our countries

kako se pripravljamo

to better respond and prevent external threats,

na boljši odziv in preprečevanje zunanjih groženj

and how we protect our citizens.

ter kako ščitimo svoje državljane.

The key to both

Ključ do obojega

is to focus on protecting civilians,

je osredotočanje na zaščito civilistov

both in our own countries

tako v naših državah

and in those where we are present in the name of security.

kot tudi v tistih, kjer smo prisotni v imenu zaščite.

Now, this idea goes against the fixed narrative

Ta ideja je v nasprotju s fiksno zgodbo,

that we developed over the past 20 years

ki smo jo razvili v zadnjih 20 letih,

over what security is and how to get it,

o tem, kaj je varnost in kako jo doseči.

but that narrative is flawed, and worse, it is counterproductive.

Ta zgodba je napačna in, še slabše, kontraproduktivna je.

Over the past 20 years,

V zadnjih 20 letih smo se

both in the United States and in Europe,

tako v Evropi kot v ZDA

we've come to accept that we must talk about security in zero sum terms,

navadili, da se moramo o svoji varnosti pogovarjati z ničelno vsoto,

as if the only way to gain more security is by compromising on values and rights:

kot da je edina pot do varnosti kompromis med vrednotami in pravicami:

security versus human rights,

varnost proti človekovim pravicam,

safety versus freedom and development.

varnost proti svobodi in razvoju.

This is a false opposition.

To je napačen odpor.

It just doesn't work like that.

Tako preprosto ne gre.

We need to recognize

Prepoznati moramo,

that security and human rights are not opposite values,

da si varnost in človekove pravice ne nasprotujejo,

they are intrinsically related.

ampak da so neločljivo povezane.

After all, the most basic human right

Konec koncev je najosnovnejša človekova pravica

is the right to live and to be free from violence,

pravica živeti in to v nenasilju.

and a state's most basic responsibility

Najosnovnejša odgovornost države je,

is to guarantee that right for its citizens.

da zagotovi to pravico za svoje državljane.

Conversely, if we think about communities all over the world

In obratno, če pomislimo na skupnosti po vsem svetu,

affected by war and conflict,

prizadete od vojne in sporov,

it is insecurity and violence

sta prav negotovost in nasilje tisto,

that stops them from achieving their full freedom and development.

kar jim preprečuje, da bi dosegle popolno svobodo in razvoj.

Now, they need basic security just as much as we do

Osnovno varnost potrebujejo prav tako kot mi

and they need it so they can live a normal life

in potrebujejo jo zato, da bodo lahko normalno živeli

and so that they can enjoy their human rights.

in uživali svoje človekove pravice.

This is why we need to shift.

Zato se moramo premakniti.

We need to acknowledge that sustainable security

Priznati si moramo, da obstojna varnost

builds on a foundation of human rights,

gradi na temeljih človekovih pravic,

builds on promoting and respecting human rights.

gradi na promociji in spoštovanju človekovih pravic.

Also, over the past two decades,

V zadnjih dveh desetletjih smo tudi

we have accepted that the best way to guarantee our own security

sprejeli, da je najboljši način, kako si zagotoviti lastno varnost,

is by defeating our enemies,

premagati svoje sovražnike.

and to do that, we need to rely almost exclusively on the military.

In da bi to storili, se moramo zanesti skoraj izključno na vojsko.

Again, this clashes with my work, with my research,

To je spet v nasprotju z mojim delom, z mojim raziskovanjem

with what I see in the field.

tega, kar vidim na terenu.

What I see is that building sustainable security

Kar vidim, je, da je grajenje obstojne varnosti

has a lot less to do with crushing enemies,

manj povezano z uničenjem sovražnika,

has a lot less to do with winning on the battlefield,

manj povezano z zmago na bojišču

and has a lot more to do with protecting victims

in veliko bolj z zaščito žrtev

and building stability.

ter grajenjem stabilnosti.

And to do that, well, the military alone

Da bi to storili, je sama vojska

is simply insufficient.

preprosto nezadostna.

This is why I believe we need to shelve the never-ending War on Terror,

Zato verjamem, da moramo prekiniti nikoli dokončano vojno proti terorizmu

and we need to replace it with a security agenda

in jo zamenjati z varnostnim programom,

that is driven by the principle of protecting civilians,

ki ga vodi princip zaščite civilistov,

no matter where they are from, what passport they hold,

ne glede na to, od kod so, kateri poti list imajo

or where they live:

ali kje živijo:

Vancouver, New York,

v Vancouvru, New Yorku,

Kabul, Mosul, Aleppo or Douma.

Kabuli, Mosulu, Aleppu ali Doumi.

Sustainable security tells us that we're more likely

Obstojna varnost nam pove, da bomo verjetno

to have long-term security at home for ourselves

deležni dolgoročne varnosti doma zase,

if we focus our engagements abroad on protecting civilians

če osredotočimo svoje posege v tujini na zaščito civilistov

and on ensuring their lives are lived in dignity and free from violence.

in na skrb, da bodo njihova življenja dostojanstvena in brez nasilja.

For example, we all know that defeating ISIS

Vsi na primer vemo, da je poraz ISIS

is a security achievement.

varnostni dosežek.

Absolutely.

Absolutno.

But rebuilding destroyed homes,

A obnavljanje uničenih domov,

restoring order,

vzpostavljanje reda,

ensuring a representative political system,

zagotavljanje vzorčnega političnega sistema,

these are just as, if not more important,

vse to je prav tako, če ne bolj pomembno

and not just for the security of civilians in Iraq and in Syria,

in ne le za varnost civilistov v Iraku in Siriji,

but for our own security and for global stability.

ampak za našo lastno varnost in globalno stabilnost.

More fundamentally,

Še pomembneje,

ISIS's danger should not just be counted in the number of weapons it holds

nevarnost ISIS se ne bi smela šteti le po številu orožja, ki ga imajo,

but also in the number of children it has kept out of school

ampak po številu otrok, ki zaradi nje niso hodili v šolo

or indoctrinated.

ali so bili indoktrinirani.

This is from a security perspective.

To je s stališča varnosti.

From a security perspective,

S stališča varnosti

the long-term generational impact of having millions of children in Syria

dolgoročni generacijski vpliv na milijone otrok v Siriji,

growing up knowing only war and out of school,

ki odraščajo izven šole in poznajo le vojno -

this is a far more dangerous threat to stability

to je mnogo bolj nevarna grožnja stabilnosti

than all of ISIS's weapons combined,

kot vse orožje ISIS skupaj

and we should spend just as much time and just as much energy to counter this

in morali bi porabiti prav toliko časa in energije, da bi se borili proti temu,

as what we spend when countering ISIS militarily.

kot ju zapravimo za vojaški boj proti ISIS.

Over the past two decades, our security policy has been short-term.

V zadnjih dveh desetletjih je bila naša varnostna politika kratkoročna.

It has focused on the here and now.

Osredotočala se je na tukaj in zdaj.

It has systematically downplayed the link between what we do today

Sistematično je zmanjševala pomen povezave med tem, kar danes počnemo

in the name of security

v imenu varnosti,

and the long-term impact of those choices.

in dolgoročnimi posledicami teh odločitev.

In the years after 9/11,

V letih po 11. septembru

some of the choices,

so nas nekatere odločitve,

some of the policies we've implemented

nekatere politike, ki smo jih uvedli,

have probably made us less, not more secure in the long term.

verjetno naredile dolgoročno manj, ne pa bolj varne.

Sustainable, civilian-centered security

Obstojna varnost, osredotočena na civiliste,

needs to look at what happens in the long term.

mora videti, kaj se dogaja dolgoročno.

Again, for example,

Primer:

relying on drones to target enemies in faraway countries may be a tool.

zanašanje na drone, da zadenejo sovražnike v daljnih deželah, je lahko orodje.

It may be a tool to make sure or to lessen the threat

Lahko je orodje, ki zagotovi ali zmanjša grožnjo

of an imminent attack on the United States.

neizogibnega napada na ZDA.

But what about the long-term impact?

Kaj pa dolgoročna posledica?

If civilians are killed,

Če bodo civilisti ubiti,

if communities are targeted,

če bodo skupnosti napadene,

this will feed a vicious circle

bo to ohranjalo začarani krog

of war, conflict, trauma and radicalization,

vojne, konflikta, travme in radikalizacije

and that vicious circle is at the center of so many of the security challenges

in ta začarani krog je v središču premnogih varnostnih izzivov,

we face today.

s katerimi se danes soočamo.

This will not make us safer in the long term.

To nas dolgoročno ne bo zaščitilo.

We need civilian security,

Potrebujemo varnost za civiliste,

we need sustainable civilian-centered security,

potrebujemo obstojno varnost, ki se osredotoča na civiliste,

and we need it now.

in potrebujemo jo takoj zdaj.

We need to encourage thinking and research around this concept,

Vzpodbuditi moramo razmišljanje in raziskave tega koncepta

and to implement it.

in ga uporabiti.

We live in a dangerous world.

Živimo v nevarnem svetu.

We have many threats to peace and conflict.

Imamo mnogo groženj miru in konflikte.

Much like in the days after 9/11,

Podobno kot v dneh po 11. septembru

we simply cannot afford not to think about international security.

si ne moremo privoščiti, da ne bi razmišljali o mednarodni varnosti.

But we have to learn the lessons of the past 20 years.

Upoštevati moramo izkušnje zadnjih 20 let.

To get it right, to get security right,

Da bomo prav ravnali, da bomo imeli pravo varnost,

we need to focus on the long term.

se moramo osredotočati na dolgi rok.

We need to focus on protecting civilians.

Osredotočiti se moramo na zaščito civilistov

And we need to respect and acknowledge the fact

in spoštovati ter priznati dejstvo,

that sustainable security builds on a foundation of human rights.

da obstojna varnost gradi na temeljih človekovih pravic.

Otherwise, in the name of security,

Drugače v imenu varnosti

we risk leaving the world

tvegamo, da bomo svet

a far more dangerous and unstable place

pustili bolj nevaren in nestabilen,

than what we already found it in.

kot smo ga dobili.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(aplavz)