What we didn't know about male anatomy | Diane Kelly

1,220,380 views ใƒป 2012-06-05

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seungyeon Yoo ๊ฒ€ํ† : K Bang
00:15
When I go to parties,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์— ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
00:16
it doesn't usually take very long
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ
00:18
for people to find out
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋ผ๋Š”
00:19
that I'm a scientist and I study sex.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ณง ์•Œ์•„์ฑ•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
And then I get asked questions.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€์ฃ .
00:27
And the questions usually have a very particular format.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ™์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
00:30
They start with the phrase,
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์šฐ์„  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์„ ๊บผ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
"A friend told me,"
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"์–ด๋–ค ์นœ๊ตฌํ•œํ…Œ ๋“ค์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธด๋ฐ์š”..."
00:33
and then they end with the phrase,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜์ฃ .
00:35
"Is this true?"
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"๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?"
00:37
And most of the time
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๋Œ€๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
00:39
I'm glad to say that I can answer them,
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๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
00:41
but sometimes I have to say,
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๊ฐ€๋”์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
"I'm really sorry,
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"์ •๋ง ์ฃ„์†กํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ"
00:44
but I don't know
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"์ €๋„ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
00:45
because I'm not that kind of a doctor."
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"์ „ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”."
00:48
That is, I'm not a clinician,
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์ €๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
00:50
I'm a comparative biologist who studies anatomy.
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ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
And my job is to look at lots of different species of animals
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ,
00:56
and try to figure out how their tissues and organs work
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๊ทธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
00:59
when everything's going right,
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'์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€'๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
rather than trying to figure out
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ์ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:03
how to fix things when they go wrong,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
01:04
like so many of you.
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'์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€'๋ฅผ ๊ถ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
01:05
And what I do is I look for similarities and differences
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์กด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:08
in the solutions that they've evolved
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์ง„ํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ํš๋“ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ… ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๊ณ 
01:10
for fundamental biological problems.
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์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋˜ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์—๋„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
So today I'm here to argue
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:13
that this is not at all
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ข…, ์กฐ์ง ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š”
01:17
an esoteric Ivory Tower activity
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
01:19
that we find at our universities,
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์ƒ์•„ํƒ‘์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์ธ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋งŒ์˜
01:20
but that broad study
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ํ–ฅ์œ ๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ,
01:22
across species, tissue types and organ systems
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:25
can produce insights
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์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
01:27
that have direct implications for human health.
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์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์ด๋ž€ ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
And this is true both of my recent project
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:33
on sex differences in the brain,
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์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋„,
01:35
and my more mature work
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์Œ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:37
on the anatomy and function of penises.
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์ œ ์˜ค๋žœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:39
And now you know why I'm fun at parties.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ ๋ฐ์—” ๋‹ค ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:43
So today I'm going to give you an example
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์Œ๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ
01:45
drawn from my penis study
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
01:47
to show you how knowledge
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€
01:49
drawn from studies of one organ system
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๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„
01:50
provided insights into a very different one.
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๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
Now I'm sure as everyone in the audience already knows --
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๊ด€์ค‘ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:56
I did have to explain it to my nine-year-old late last week --
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์ง€๋‚œ์ฃผ์— ์ œ 9์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•ด์ค˜์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
penises are structures that transfer sperm
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์Œ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ž€ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ์ •์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋กœ
02:04
from one individual to another.
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์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ธ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:05
And the slide behind me
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์Œ๊ฒฝ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์‹ค๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ด์„œ,
02:06
barely scratches the surface
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์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์— ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋„๋Š”
02:08
of how widespread they are in animals.
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๊ทธ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ๋น™์‚ฐ์˜ ์ผ๊ฐ์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
There's an enormous amount of anatomical variation.
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์ •๋ง์ด์ง€ ๊ฐ์–‘๊ฐ์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
You find muscular tubes, modified legs, modified fins,
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๊ทผ์œก์งˆ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ ํ˜•ํƒœ, ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๋Š๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:16
as well as the mammalian fleshy, inflatable cylinder
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ด๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ฃ .
02:20
that we're all familiar with --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
02:21
or at least half of you are.
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์•„, ์—ฌ์ž ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”!
02:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:26
And I think we see this tremendous variation
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์Œ๊ฒฝ์ด ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
02:29
because it's a really effective solution
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์Œ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ฒˆ์‹์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์กด ๊ณผ์ œ,
02:32
to a very basic biological problem,
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์ฆ‰ ์ •์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚œ์ž์™€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ •๋ž€์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ผ€ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
02:34
and that is getting sperm in a position
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๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์  ๋„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ
02:37
to meet up with eggs and form zygotes.
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์ดํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Now the penis isn't actually required for internal fertiliztion,
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์Œ๊ฒฝ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์ฒด๋‚ด ์ˆ˜์ •์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ,
02:43
but when internal fertilization evolves,
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์ฒด์™ธ ์ˆ˜์ •์—์„œ ์ฒด๋‚ด ์ˆ˜์ •์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋ฐœ๋งž์ถ”์–ด
02:46
penises often follow.
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์Œ๊ฒฝ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์˜จ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
And the question I get when I start talking about this most often is,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
"What made you interested in this subject?"
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"์–ด๋–ค ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
02:55
And the answer is skeletons.
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์ œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ "๊ณจ๊ฒฉ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
You wouldn't think that skeletons and penises
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋ผˆ์™€ ์Œ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ„์— ์–ด๋–ค ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ
03:02
have very much to do with one another.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
And that's because we tend to think of skeletons
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ
03:06
as stiff lever systems
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ํž˜์ด๋‚˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
03:07
that produce speed or power.
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๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ์ง€๋ ›๋Œ€ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:09
And my first forays into biological research,
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ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ ๋•Œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ํƒํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š”
03:12
doing dinosaur paleontology as an undergraduate,
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๊ณต๋ฃก ํ™”์„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:15
were really squarely in that realm.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋”ฑ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜€์ฃ .
03:17
But when I went to graduate school to study biomechanics,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ์ฒด์—ญํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์— ์ง„ํ•™ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
03:20
I really wanted to find a dissertation project
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํญ๋„“์€ ์ดํ•ด์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:22
that would expand our knowledge of skeletal function.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
I tried a bunch of different stuff.
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๋‹ค๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
03:27
A lot of it didn't pan out.
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์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹ ํ†ต์น˜ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
But then one day I started thinking
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์–ด๋Š๋‚  ์ €๋Š”
03:31
about the mammalian penis.
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์Œ๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
And it's really an odd sort of structure.
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์Œ๊ฒฝ์€ ์ •๋ง ํฌํ•œํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
03:36
Before it can be used for internal fertilization,
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์ฒด๋‚ด ์ˆ˜์ •์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
03:39
its mechanical behavior has to change
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์Œ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์—ญํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€
03:41
in a really dramatic fashion.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
Most of the time it's a flexible organ.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Œ๊ฒฝ์€ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
It's easy to bend.
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์ž˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ฃ .
03:46
But before it's brought into use
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ต๋ฏธ ์‹œ์—
03:48
during copulation
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์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
03:49
it has to become rigid,
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์Œ๊ฒฝ์€ ๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
it has to become difficult to bend.
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์ž˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
03:53
And moreover, it has to work.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์—ญํ• ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜์ฃ .
03:55
A reproductive system that fails to function
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์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š”
03:58
produces an individual that has no offspring,
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ํ›„์†์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
04:01
and that individual is then kicked out of the gene pool.
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๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ํ›„๋Œ€์— ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
And so I thought, "Here's a problem
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
04:07
that just cries out for a skeletal system --
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"๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋น„๋ฐ€์ด ์ˆจ์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ?"
04:10
not one like this one,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” '๊ณจ๊ฒฉ'์ด๋ž€๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
04:13
but one like this one --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
because, functionally,
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๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ '๊ณจ๊ฒฉ'์ด๋ž€
04:19
a skeleton is any system
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์กฐ์ง์„ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํž˜์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”
04:20
that supports tissue and transmits forces.
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์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑด๊ฐ„์—.
04:23
And I already knew that animals like this earthworm,
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๋น„๋‹จ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ง€๋ ์ด๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
04:26
indeed most animals,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ์ง์€
04:27
don't support their tissues
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์ง„ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ
04:29
by draping them over bones.
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์ง€ํƒฑ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
Instead they're more like reinforced water balloons.
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ํŠผํŠผํ•œ ๋ฌผํ’์„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ํŽธ์ด ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:33
They use a skeleton that we call a hydrostatic skeleton.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ '์œ ์ฒด ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
And a hydrostatic skeleton
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์œ ์ฒด ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์€
04:39
uses two elements.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
The skeletal support comes from an interaction
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์••๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด,
04:43
between a pressurized fluid
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒฝํŒฝํ•จ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์œ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ด๋Š”,
04:45
and a surrounding wall of tissue
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์„ฌ์œ  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฐ•๋œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์กฐ์ง.
04:47
that's held in tension and reinforced with fibrous proteins.
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์ด ๋‘ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ชธ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
And the interaction is crucial.
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์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
Without both elements you have no support.
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๋‘˜์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š”๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:57
If you have fluid
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์œ ์ฒด๋Š” ์žˆ์œผ๋˜
04:58
with no wall to surround it
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๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์€ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ
05:00
and keep pressure up,
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์••๋ ฅ๋งŒ ๊ณ„์† ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด,
05:01
you have a puddle.
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ํ„ฐ์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:03
And if you have just the wall
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์กฐ์ง์€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜
05:05
with no fluid inside of it to put the wall in tension,
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ํŒฝํŒฝํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด,
05:07
you've got a little wet rag.
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๊ทธ ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ –์€ ํ—๊ฒŠ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:09
When you look at a penis in cross section,
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์Œ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
05:12
it has a lot of the hallmarks
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์œ ์ฒด ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„
05:14
of a hydrostatic skeleton.
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๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
It has a central space
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๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์€
05:18
of spongy erectile tissue
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์Šคํฐ์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์กฐ์ง(์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด)์ด
05:19
that fills with fluid -- in this case blood --
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์œ ์ฒด๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -- ์ด๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ์ฒด๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ  --
05:22
surrounded by a wall of tissue
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์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์กฐ์ง์€ '์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ'์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
05:24
that's rich in a stiff structural protein called collagen.
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๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
05:28
But at the time when I started this project,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋ฌด๋ ต,
05:31
the best explanation I could find for penal erection
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์Œ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
was that the wall surrounded these spongy tissues,
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง„ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
05:38
and the spongy tissues filled with blood
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๋Š” ๋ฒฝ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
05:40
and pressure rose and voila! it became erect.
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์••๋ ฅ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด "์ž! ์ด๊ฒƒ๋ด!" ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:43
And that explained to me expansion --
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์ด๋กœ์จ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ ์‹œ ์Œ๊ฒฝ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ค๋ช…๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
made sense: more fluid, you get tissues that expand --
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์กฐ์ง์ด ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:51
but it didn't actually explain erection.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ด๋ก ์€ ์Œ๊ฒฝ์ด '์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ'์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง„ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
Because there was no mechanism in this explanation
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์„ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹จ ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ๋ฐ,
05:57
for making this structure hard to bend.
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์ด ์ด๋ก ๋งŒ์œผ๋ก  ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
06:00
And no one had systematically looked at the wall tissue.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒฝ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
So I thought, wall tissue's important in skeletons.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฒฝ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ƒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
It has to be part of the explanation.
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์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:08
And this was the point
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์ด์ฏค ๋˜๋‹ˆ
06:11
at which my graduate adviser said,
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์ œ ์ง€๋„ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
06:13
"Whoa! Hold on. Slow down."
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"์šฐ์™€! ์ž ๊น๋งŒ, ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ"
06:17
Because after about six months of me talking about this,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ 6๊ฐœ์›” ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑธ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ณค
06:20
I think he finally figured out
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๋“œ๋””์–ด ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์œผ์‹ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:21
that I was really serious about the penis thing.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹จ๊ฑธ์š”.
06:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:27
So he sat me down, and he warned me.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋ฅผ ์•‰ํ˜€ ๋†“๊ณค ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
06:29
He was like, "Be careful going down this path.
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"์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋„ค."
06:32
I'm not sure this project's going to pan out."
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"์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด."
06:34
Because he was afraid I was walking into a trap.
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๊ทธ๋ถ„์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธธ์— ๋น ์งˆ๊นŒ๋ด์„œ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ๋˜์‹ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:37
I was taking on a socially embarrassing question
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์ง€๋„๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ์—
06:42
with an answer that he thought
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฏ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ์ œ์—
06:44
might not be particularly interesting.
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๊ทธ๋‹ฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋‹ต์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋„ ์•Š์€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
And that was because
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:48
every hydrostatic skeleton
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๋‹น์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž์—ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ
06:50
that we had found in nature up to that point
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๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ์ฒด ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€
06:52
had the same basic elements.
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๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
It had the central fluid,
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์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
06:55
it had the surrounding wall,
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
06:56
and the reinforcing fibers in the wall
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฐ•๋œ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์กฐ์ง์€
07:00
were arranged in crossed helices
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๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ถ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
07:02
around the long axis of the skeleton.
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๊ต์ฐจ๋œ ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
So the image behind me
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ๋’ค์— ์‚ฌ์ง„์€
07:05
shows a piece of tissue
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ต์ฐจ ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜• ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ค‘์—
07:07
in one of these cross helical skeletons
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ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ž˜๋ผ์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
07:09
cut so that you're looking at the surface of the wall.
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
The arrow shows you the long axis.
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ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ธด ์ถ•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
And you can see two layers of fibers,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ ๋‹จ์ธต์„ ๋ณด์‹ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
07:15
one in blue and one in yellow,
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ํ•œ์ธต์€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์ด๊ณ  ํ•œ์ธต์€ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:17
arranged in left-handed and right-handed angles.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์™ผ์ชฝ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์Šค๋“ฌ์ด ๊ฐ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
And if you weren't just looking at a little section of the fibers,
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์ด ์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด,
07:22
those fibers would be going in helices
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๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ธด์ถ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
07:25
around the long axis of the skeleton --
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๋‚˜์„ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ์ด์–ด์กŒ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
07:26
something like a Chinese finger trap,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ํ•‘๊ฑฐํŠธ๋žฉ(์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋งŒํ•œ ํผ์ฆ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ) ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฒจ์„œ
07:28
where you stick your fingers in and they get stuck.
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์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์ง‘์–ด ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
And these skeletons have a particular set of behaviors,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:33
which I'm going to demonstrate in a film.
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
It's a model skeleton
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์ด ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š”
07:37
that I made out of a piece of cloth
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ’์„ ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ
07:39
that I wrapped around an inflated balloon.
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๊ฐ์‹ธ์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
07:41
The cloth's cut on the bias.
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์ฒœ์„ ๋น„์Šค๋“ฌ์ด ์ž˜๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
So you can see that the fibers wrap in helices,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜์„œ ์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ์ด ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์‹ธ์ง„๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:46
and those fibers can reorient as the skeleton moves,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ์€ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žก๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
07:50
which means the skeleton's flexible.
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์ด๋ง์€ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ด ์‹ ์ถ•์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
It lengthens, shortens and bends really easily
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์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ํž˜์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•ด์„œ
07:54
in response to internal or external forces.
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๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  , ์งง์•„์ง€๊ณ , ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
Now my adviser's concern
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์ง€๋„๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€
07:59
was what if the penile wall tissue
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์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์กฐ์ง์ด
08:01
is just the same as any other hydrostatic skeleton.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ฒด ์ •์—ญํ•™์  ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด์ฉŒ๊ฒ ๋Š๋ƒ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
What are you going to contribute?
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"๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?"
08:05
What new thing are you contributing
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"์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ
08:06
to our knowledge of biology?
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๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
08:08
And I thought, "Yeah, he does have a really good point here."
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"๋งž์•„ ๊ทธ๋ถ„ ๋ง์”€์ด ๋งž์•„." ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
So I spent a long, long time thinking about it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
And one thing kept bothering me,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์† ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
08:15
and that's, when they're functioning,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š”
08:18
penises don't wiggle.
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์ƒํ•˜์ขŒ์šฐ๋กœ ์”ฐ๋ฃฉ์”ฐ๋ฃฉ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:22
So something interesting had to be going on.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:25
So I went ahead, collected wall tissue,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์„ธํฌ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ชจ์•„์„œ,
08:28
prepared it so it was erect,
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๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„์—
08:30
sectioned it, put it on slides
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์ ˆ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์œ„์—
08:32
and then stuck it under the microscope to have a look,
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์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“๊ณ  ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
08:35
fully expecting to see crossed helices of collagen of some variety.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์ด ๊ต์ฐจ๋œ ๋‚˜์„ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:40
But instead I saw this.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
There's an outer layer and an inner layer.
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์™ธ์ธต๋ถ€์™€ ๋‚ด์ธต๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
08:45
The arrow shows you the long axis of the skeleton.
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ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ธด ์ถ•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
I was really surprised at this.
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์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
Everyone I showed it
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค
08:51
was really surprised at this.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋†€๋ž์–ด์š”.
08:52
Why was everyone surprised at this?
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์™œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋†€๋ž์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:54
That's because we knew theoretically
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ
08:57
that there was another way
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์œ ์ฒด ์ •์—ญํ•™์  ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
09:00
of arranging fibers in a hydrostatic skeleton,
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์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
09:03
and that was with fibers at zero degrees
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์ €๊ฑด ์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ์ด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ธด ์ถ•์— ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:05
and 90 degrees to the long axis of the structure.
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์ง๊ฐ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
The thing is, no one had ever seen it before in nature.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์—ฐ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๋ณธ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋˜๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:12
And now I was looking at one.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
Those fibers in that particular orientation
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์ €๋Ÿฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ์€
09:18
give the skeleton a very, very different behavior.
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๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
I'm going to show a model
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฌ์งˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
09:22
made out of exactly the same materials.
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๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
So it'll be made of the same cotton cloth,
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๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฉด ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ณ ,
09:26
same balloon, same internal pressure.
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๊ฐ™์€ ํ’์„ ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
But the only difference
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€
09:32
is that the fibers are arranged differently.
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์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
And you'll see that, unlike the cross helical model,
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๊ต์ฐจ ๋‚˜์„  ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช… ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
09:37
this model resists extension and contraction
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์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ํ™•์žฅ, ์ˆ˜์ถ• ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
09:40
and resists bending.
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๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
Now what that tells us
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:42
is that wall tissues are doing so much more
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง์€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๋Š” ์—ญํ•  ์ด ์™ธ์—
09:45
than just covering the vascular tissues.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
They're an integral part of the penile skeleton.
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์กฐ์ง์€ ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
If the wall around the erectile tissue wasn't there,
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๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์กฐ์ง ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:53
if it wasn't reinforced in this way,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:55
the shape would change,
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์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์€ ๋ฐ”๋€”ํ…๋ฐ์š”,
09:56
but the inflated penis would not resist bending,
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๋ถ€ํ’€์–ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
09:59
and erection simply wouldn't work.
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๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
It's an observation with obvious medical applications
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์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ์€ ์˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
10:03
in humans as well,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
but it's also relevant in a broad sense, I think,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€(์˜์กฑ, ์˜์น˜ ๋“ฑ)์ด๋‚˜
10:08
to the design of prosthetics, soft robots,
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๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
basically anything
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
10:12
where changes of shape and stiffness are important.
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๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•จ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
So to sum up:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด:
10:17
Twenty years ago,
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20๋…„์ „์—,
10:18
I had a college adviser tell me,
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๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์ง„ํ•™ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
10:20
when I went to the college and said,
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€๋„๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์ด ๊ณ„์…จ์ฃ ,
10:22
"I'm kind of interested in anatomy,"
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"์ €๋Š” ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ,
10:23
they said, "Anatomy's a dead science."
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"ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ด๋ผ๋„ค" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
He couldn't have been more wrong.
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๊ทธ๋ถ„์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
I really believe that we still have a lot to learn
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
10:30
about the normal structure and function of our bodies.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
Not just about its genetics and molecular biology,
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์œ ์ „์ž ๊ณตํ•™์ด๋‚˜, ๋ถ„์ž ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
10:36
but up here in the meat end of the scale.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:39
We've got limits on our time.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ƒ ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ,
10:41
We often focus on one disease,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘,
10:43
one model, one problem,
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
but my experience suggests
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
10:46
that we should take the time
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
10:48
to apply ideas broadly between systems
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:50
and just see where it takes us.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ง€์ผœ๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
After all, if ideas about invertebrate skeletons
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ถ” ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€
10:56
can give us insights
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
10:57
about mammalian reproductive systems,
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์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:59
there could be lots of other wild and productive connections
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์ด๊ณณ์ €๊ณณ์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:03
lurking out there just waiting to be found.
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๋™๋ฌผ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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