What a planet needs to sustain life | Dave Brain

407,509 views ・ 2016-09-04

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Ju Hye Lim κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
I'm really glad to be here.
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ” 게 기쁘고
00:15
I'm glad you're here,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ μ—¬κΈ° κ³„μ…”μ„œ κΈ°μ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
because that would be a little weird.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이게 μ’€ μ΄μƒν• ν…Œλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
00:19
I'm glad we're all here.
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ—¬κΈ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œ κΈ°λ»μš”.
00:22
And by "here," I don't mean here.
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"μ—¬κΈ°"λΌλŠ” 건 이 자리λ₯Ό λ§ν•˜λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
Or here.
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여기도 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
But here.
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μ—¬κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
I mean Earth.
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μ§€κ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
And by "we," I don't mean those of us in this auditorium,
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"우리"λΌλŠ” 건 κ°•μ—°μž₯에 μžˆλŠ” 우리λ₯Ό λ§ν•˜λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
00:35
but life,
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생λͺ…체λ₯Ό λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
all life on Earth --
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지ꡬ상에 μ‚¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…μ²΄μš”.
00:38
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:44
from complex to single-celled,
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닀세포뢀터 단세포 μƒλ¬ΌκΉŒμ§€
00:46
from mold to mushrooms
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κ³°νŒ‘μ΄λΆ€ν„° λ²„μ„―κΉŒμ§€
00:48
to flying bears.
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λ‚ μ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” κ³°λ„μš”.
00:50
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:53
The interesting thing is,
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ν₯미둜운 사싀은
00:55
Earth is the only place we know of that has life --
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μ§€κ΅¬λŠ” 생λͺ…체λ₯Ό 가진 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” μœ μΌν•œ κ³³μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
8.7 million species.
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870만 쒅이 μ‚΄κ³ μžˆμ£ .
01:00
We've looked other places,
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우린 λ‹€λ₯Έ 곳도 μ°Ύμ•„λ΄€μ–΄μš”.
01:01
maybe not as hard as we should or we could,
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μ΅œμ„ μ„ λ‹€ν•΄ μ°Ύμ•„λ³΄μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ€ 것일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
01:04
but we've looked and haven't found any;
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μ°Ύμ•„λ΄€λŠ”λ° λͺ» μ°Ύμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
Earth is the only place we know of with life.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” 생λͺ…체λ₯Ό 가진 행성은 지ꡬ가 μœ μΌν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
Is Earth special?
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μ§€κ΅¬λŠ” νŠΉλ³„ν• κΉŒμš”?
01:11
This is a question I've wanted to know the answer to
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μ œκ°€ 어릴 λ•ŒλΆ€ν„° 닡을 μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆλ˜ μ§ˆλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
since I was a small child,
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01:15
and I suspect 80 percent of this auditorium
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κ°•μ—°μž₯에 μžˆλŠ” λΆ„μ˜ 80%κ°€
01:17
has thought the same thing and also wanted to know the answer.
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같은 생각을 ν•œ 적이 있고 닡을 μ•Œκ³ μ‹Άμ–΄ν–ˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
To understand whether there are any planets --
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νƒœμ–‘κ³„ λ‚΄μ—μ„œλ‚˜ μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ λ°–μ—μ„œ 생λͺ…체가 μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλŠ”
01:23
out there in our solar system or beyond --
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01:25
that can support life,
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행성이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•ŒκΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
01:26
the first step is to understand what life here requires.
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생λͺ…μ²΄μ—κ²Œ 무엇이 ν•„μš”ν•œμ§€ 제일 λ¨Όμ € μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
It turns out, of all of those 8.7 million species,
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870만 쒅이 λͺ¨λ‘ μ„Έ κ°€μ§€λ§Œ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
01:34
life only needs three things.
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01:37
On one side, all life on Earth needs energy.
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ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”, μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
Complex life like us derives our energy from the sun,
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우리처럼 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ” νƒœμ–‘μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
but life deep underground can get its energy
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€ν•˜ κΉŠμ€ 곳에 μ‚¬λŠ” 생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ” ν™”ν•™ λ°˜μ‘κ°™μ€ κ²ƒμ—μ„œ
01:45
from things like chemical reactions.
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μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
There are a number of different energy sources
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λͺ¨λ“  ν–‰μ„±μ—λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ›μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
available on all planets.
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01:51
On the other side,
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œλŠ”
01:52
all life needs food or nourishment.
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λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ” μŒμ‹μ΄λ‚˜ μ˜μ–‘λΆ„μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
And this seems like a tall order, especially if you want a succulent tomato.
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λ¬΄λ¦¬ν•œ μš”κ΅¬κ°™μ΄ 보이죠. νŠΉνžˆλ‚˜ μ¦™λ§Žμ€ ν† λ§ˆν† λ₯Ό μ›ν•œλ‹€λ©΄μš”.
02:00
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:01
However, all life on Earth derives its nourishment
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ” 단 6κ°€μ§€μ˜ ν™”ν•™ μ›μ†Œμ—μ„œ 양뢄을 μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
from only six chemical elements,
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02:07
and these elements can be found on any planetary body
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이 μ›μ†Œλ“€μ€ νƒœμ–‘κ³„ λ‚΄μ˜ μ–΄λŠ ν–‰μ„±μ—λ‚˜ λ‹€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
in our solar system.
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02:12
So that leaves the thing in the middle as the tall pole,
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그럼 이제 κ°€μš΄λ° μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것 ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œ λ‚¨λ„€μš”.
02:15
the thing that's hardest to achieve.
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κ°€μž₯ μΆ©μ‘±ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄ 것이죠.
02:17
Not moose, but water.
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λ¬΄μŠ€κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:23
Although moose would be pretty cool.
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λ¬΄μŠ€μ˜€μ–΄λ„ λ©‹μžˆμ—ˆκ² λ„€μš”.
02:25
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:26
And not frozen water, and not water in a gaseous state, but liquid water.
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μ–Όμ–΄μžˆλŠ” 물도 μ•ˆλ˜κ³ , 기체 μƒνƒœμ˜ 물도 μ•ˆλ˜κ³  앑체여야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
This is what life needs to survive, all life.
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이게 λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…체가 생쑴을 μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
And many solar system bodies don't have liquid water,
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λ§Žμ€ νƒœμ–‘κ³„μ˜ 행성듀은 μ•‘μ²΄λ‘œ 된 물이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
and so we don't look there.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 찾아보지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
Other solar system bodies might have abundant liquid water,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ νƒœμ–‘κ³„μ˜ 행성듀은 지ꡬ보닀도 더 λ§Žμ€ μ–‘μ˜ 앑체 물을
02:43
even more than Earth,
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가지고 μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
02:45
but it's trapped beneath an icy shell,
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μ–ΌμŒ μ•„λž˜ κ°‡ν˜€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
and so it's hard to access, it's hard to get to,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 물을 μ–»κΈ° νž˜λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
it's hard to even find out if there's any life there.
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거기에 생λͺ…체가 μ‚¬λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 것쑰차 νž˜λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
So that leaves a few bodies that we should think about.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 되면 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ΄μ•Όν•˜λŠ” 천체의 μˆ˜λŠ” λͺ‡ 개 μ•ˆ λ‚¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
So let's make the problem simpler for ourselves.
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그러면 문제λ₯Ό 더 κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
02:58
Let's think only about liquid water on the surface of a planet.
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ν–‰μ„±μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ— μžˆλŠ” 앑체 물만 μƒκ°ν•΄μš”.
03:02
There are only three bodies to think about in our solar system,
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ν–‰μ„±μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ— μžˆλŠ” 앑체 물만 보면
03:05
with regard to liquid water on the surface of a planet,
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우리 νƒœμ–‘κ³„μ—λŠ” κ³ λ €ν•  행성이 3κ°œλ°–μ— μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
and in order of distance from the sun, it's: Venus, Earth and Mars.
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νƒœμ–‘μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ 거리순으둜 κΈˆμ„±, 지ꡬ, ν™”μ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
You want to have an atmosphere for water to be liquid.
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물이 앑체 μƒνƒœμ΄λ €λ©΄ λŒ€κΈ°κ°€ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
You have to be very careful with that atmosphere.
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λŒ€κΈ°λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό μ‘°μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ 닀루어야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
You can't have too much atmosphere, too thick or too warm an atmosphere,
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λŒ€κΈ°κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žμ•„λ„, λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ‘κΊΌμ›Œλ„, λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ”°λœ»ν•΄λ„ μ•ˆλ˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
because then you end up too hot like Venus,
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μ•ˆ 그러면 κΈˆμ„±μ²˜λŸΌ λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ”μš΄ 행성이 되고
03:25
and you can't have liquid water.
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앑체 물이 μžˆμ„ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
But if you have too little atmosphere and it's too thin and too cold,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€κΈ°κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ 적고 λ„ˆλ¬΄ ν¬λ°•ν•˜κ³  μ°¨κ°€μš°λ©΄
03:31
you end up like Mars, too cold.
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ν™”μ„±μ²˜λŸΌ λ„ˆλ¬΄ μΆ”μš΄ 행성이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
So Venus is too hot, Mars is too cold,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κΈˆμ„±μ€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ₯κ³ , 화성은 λ„ˆλ¬΄ μΆ₯κ³ 
03:36
and Earth is just right.
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μ§€κ΅¬λŠ” λ”± μ•Œλ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
You can look at these images behind me and you can see automatically
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제 뒀에 μžˆλŠ” 그림을 λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄ 우리 νƒœμ–‘κ³„μ˜ μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œ
03:41
where life can survive in our solar system.
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생λͺ…이 μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
It's a Goldilocks-type problem,
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이건 κ³¨λ””λ½μŠ€ λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
and it's so simple that a child could understand it.
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아이듀도 이해할 수 μžˆμ„λ§ŒνΌ μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
However,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜
03:51
I'd like to remind you of two things
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두 가지λ₯Ό μƒκΈ°μ‹œμΌœλ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
from the Goldilocks story that we may not think about so often
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κ³¨λ””λ½μŠ€ 이야기에 λ‚˜μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 자주 생각해보지 μ•ŠλŠ”
03:57
but that I think are really relevant here.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ 보기엔 이것과 κ΄€λ ¨μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
Number one:
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첫 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”
04:02
if Mama Bear's bowl is too cold
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μ—„λ§ˆ 곰의 μˆ˜ν”„κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ°¨κ°€μ› λ‹€λ©΄
04:05
when Goldilocks walks into the room,
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κ³¨λ””λ½μŠ€κ°€ 방에 듀어왔을 λ•Œμš”.
04:08
does that mean it's always been too cold?
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κ·Έ μˆ˜ν”„λŠ” 항상 μ°¨κ°€μš΄ μƒνƒœμ˜€μ„κΉŒμš”?
04:11
Or could it have been just right at some other time?
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ–΄λŠ μˆœκ°„μ—λŠ” λ”± μ•Œλ§žλŠ” μ˜¨λ„μ˜€μ„κΉŒμš”?
04:15
When Goldilocks walks into the room determines the answer
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κ³¨λ””λ½μŠ€κ°€ 방에 μ–Έμ œλ“€μ–΄μ˜€λŠλƒμ— 따라 이야기 μ†μ˜ 닡이 κ²°μ •λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
that we get in the story.
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04:21
And the same is true with planets.
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행성도 λ˜‘κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
They're not static things. They change.
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행성은 κ³ μ •λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ§€ μ•Šκ³  λ³€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
They vary. They evolve.
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상황에 따라 달라지고 μ§„ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
And atmospheres do the same.
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λŒ€κΈ°λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
So let me give you an example.
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예λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ λ“€μ–΄λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
04:30
Here's one of my favorite pictures of Mars.
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μ œκ°€ 제일 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” ν™”μ„± 사진 μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
It's not the highest resolution image, it's not the sexiest image,
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κ°€μž₯ κ³ ν™”μ§ˆλ„ μ•„λ‹ˆκ³  κ°€μž₯ 맀λ ₯적인 사진도 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ 
04:35
it's not the most recent image,
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κ°€μž₯ 졜근 사진도 μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:37
but it's an image that shows riverbeds cut into the surface of the planet;
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ν™”μ„±μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ— κ°•λ°”λ‹₯이 κΉŽμ—¬μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
riverbeds carved by flowing, liquid water;
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흐λ₯΄λŠ”, 앑체 물에 μ˜ν•΄ 깎인 κ°•λ°”λ‹₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
riverbeds that take hundreds or thousands or tens of thousands of years to form.
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κ°•λ°”λ‹₯은 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 데 수백, 수천 년이 κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
This can't happen on Mars today.
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ν˜„μž¬μ˜ ν™”μ„±μ—λŠ” 생길 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
The atmosphere of Mars today is too thin and too cold
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ν˜„μž¬ ν™”μ„±μ˜ λŒ€κΈ°λŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄ ν¬λ°•ν•˜κ³  μ°¨κ°€μ›Œμ„œ
04:54
for water to be stable as a liquid.
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물이 μ•‘μ²΄μƒνƒœλ‘œ μœ μ§€λ  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
This one image tells you that the atmosphere of Mars changed,
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이 사진 ν•œ μž₯이 ν™”μ„±μ˜ λŒ€κΈ°κ°€ 크게 λ³€ν™”ν–ˆμŒμ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
and it changed in big ways.
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05:03
And it changed from a state that we would define as habitable,
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μ„œμ‹ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€κ³  ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ λ³€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
because the three requirements for life were present long ago.
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μ˜›λ‚ μ—λŠ” 생λͺ…체가 μ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ 3가지 쑰건을 κ°–μΆ”κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
05:13
Where did that atmosphere go
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물이 ν‘œλ©΄μ—μ„œ 앑체 μƒνƒœλ‘œ
05:15
that allowed water to be liquid at the surface?
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μžˆμ„ 수 있게 ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆλ˜ λŒ€κΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λ””λ‘œ κ°„ κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
05:17
Well, one idea is it escaped away to space.
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ν•œ 가지 가섀은 우주둜 λ‚ μ•„κ°€λ²„λ Έλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:21
Atmospheric particles got enough energy to break free
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λŒ€κΈ°μ˜ λΆ„μžκ°€ ν™”μ„±μ˜ 쀑λ ₯μ—μ„œ μžμœ λ‘œμ›Œμ§€κΈ°μ—
05:24
from the gravity of the planet,
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μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ•˜κ³ 
05:25
escaping away to space, never to return.
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우주둜 날아가버리고 λŒμ•„μ˜€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:28
And this happens with all bodies with atmospheres.
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이건 λŒ€κΈ°λ₯Ό 가진 λͺ¨λ“  μ²œμ²΄μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
Comets have tails
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ν˜œμ„±μ—λŠ”
05:32
that are incredibly visible reminders of atmospheric escape.
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λˆˆμ— λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λŒ€κΈ°μ˜ νƒˆμΆœ 증거둜 꼬리가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
But Venus also has an atmosphere that escapes with time,
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κΈˆμ„±μ—κ²Œλ„ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 지남에 따라 νƒˆμΆœν•˜λŠ” λŒ€κΈ°κ°€ 있고
05:39
and Mars and Earth as well.
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ν™”μ„±κ³Ό 지ꡬ도 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
It's just a matter of degree and a matter of scale.
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κ·Έ 정도와 규λͺ¨κ°€ λ‹€λ₯Ό 뿐이죠.
05:44
So we'd like to figure out how much escaped over time
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 있기 μœ„ν•΄ μ§€λ‚œ μ„Έμ›” λ™μ•ˆ μ–Όλ§ŒνΌμ˜ λŒ€κΈ°κ°€
05:46
so we can explain this transition.
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λΉ μ Έλ‚˜κ°”λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
How do atmospheres get their energy for escape?
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λŒ€κΈ°λŠ” λΉ μ Έλ‚˜κ°€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ–»μ„κΉŒμš”?
05:51
How do particles get enough energy to escape?
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λΆ„μžλŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λΉ μ Έλ‚˜κ°€κΈ°μ— μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ–»μ„κΉŒμš”?
05:53
There are two ways, if we're going to reduce things a little bit.
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄ 두 가지 방법이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:56
Number one, sunlight.
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첫 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” ν–‡λΉ›μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
Light emitted from the sun can be absorbed by atmospheric particles
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λŒ€κΈ°μ˜ μž…μžλŠ” νƒœμ–‘μ΄ λ‚΄λŠ” 빛을 ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜μ—¬ λ”°λœ»ν•΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:01
and warm the particles.
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06:03
Yes, I'm dancing, but they --
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μ œκ°€ μΆ€μΆ”κ³  μžˆλ„€μš”. κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ λΆ„μžλŠ”
06:05
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:07
Oh my God, not even at my wedding.
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제 κ²°ν˜Όμ‹μ—μ„œλ„ μ•ˆ μ·„λŠ”λ° 말이죠.
06:09
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:11
They get enough energy to escape and break free
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단지 λ”°λœ»ν•΄μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλ„ ν–‰μ„±μ˜ 쀑λ ₯μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
06:14
from the gravity of the planet just by warming.
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μžμœ λ‘œμ›Œμ Έμ„œ νƒˆμΆœν•˜κΈ°μ— μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:16
A second way they can get energy is from the solar wind.
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μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ–»λŠ” 두 번쨰 방법은 νƒœμ–‘ν’μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:19
These are particles, mass, material, spit out from the surface of the sun,
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νƒœμ–‘ν’μ€ νƒœμ–‘μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ—μ„œ λ°©μΆœλ˜λŠ” μž…μž, 덩어리와 λ¬Όμ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
and they go screaming through the solar system
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μ΄ˆμ† 400km의 μ†λ„λ‘œ νƒœμ–‘κ³„λ₯Ό λ‚ μ•„λ‹€λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
at 400 kilometers per second,
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06:29
sometimes faster during solar storms,
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νƒœμ–‘ 폭풍 λ•Œμ—λŠ” 더 λΉ λ₯΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:31
and they go hurtling through interplanetary space
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νƒœμ–‘ν’μ€ ν–‰μ„±κ³Ό λŒ€κΈ°λ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄ ν–‰μ„± μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 우주둜 λŒμ§„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:34
towards planets and their atmospheres,
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06:37
and they may provide energy
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ©΄μ„œ λŒ€κΈ°μ˜ λΆ„μžμ—κ²Œ
06:38
for atmospheric particles to escape as well.
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νƒˆμΆœν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό 쀄 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:41
This is something that I'm interested in,
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μ„œμ‹ κ°€λŠ₯성에 κ΄€ν•œ λ‚΄μš©μ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
06:43
because it relates to habitability.
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μ œκ°€ ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
I mentioned that there were two things about the Goldilocks story
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ κ³¨λ””λ½μŠ€ 이야기에 κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ
06:48
that I wanted to bring to your attention and remind you about,
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μƒκΈ°μ‹œμΌœ λ“œλ¦¬κ³  싢은 점이 두 가지 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ§ν–ˆμ—ˆμ£ ?
06:51
and the second one is a little bit more subtle.
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두 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” μ’€ 더 λ―Έλ¬˜ν•œ λ‚΄μš©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
If Papa Bear's bowl is too hot,
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μ•„λΉ  곰의 μˆ˜ν”„κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ λœ¨κ±°μ› κ³ 
06:58
and Mama Bear's bowl is too cold,
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μ—„λ§ˆ 곰의 μˆ˜ν”„λŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ°¨κ°€μ› λ‹€λ©΄
07:03
shouldn't Baby Bear's bowl be even colder
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그럼 μ•„κΈ° 곰의 μˆ˜ν”„λŠ” 더 μ°¨κ°€μ›Œμ•Ό ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‚˜μš”?
07:07
if we're following the trend?
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이 흐름을 λ³΄μžλ©΄μš”.
07:10
This thing that you've accepted your entire life,
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일생 λ™μ•ˆ λ°›μ•„λ“€μ—¬μ™”λ˜ 사싀을 쑰금만 더 생각해보면
07:12
when you think about it a little bit more, may not be so simple.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
And of course, distance of a planet from the sun determines its temperature.
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ν–‰μ„±κ³Ό νƒœμ–‘ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 거리가 ν–‰μ„±μ˜ μ˜¨λ„λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜μž–μ•„μš”.
07:20
This has to play into habitability.
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이게 μ„œμ‹ κ°€λŠ₯성에 영ν–₯을 미치겠죠.
07:22
But maybe there are other things we should be thinking about.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 생각해보아야 ν•  λ‹€λ₯Έ 것듀이 μžˆλŠ” 지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:25
Maybe it's the bowls themselves
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μˆ˜ν”„ 그릇 μžμ²΄λ„
07:27
that are also helping to determine the outcome in the story,
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μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 데 μΌμ‘°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ„ λͺ°λΌμš”.
07:30
what is just right.
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뭐가 λ”± μ λ‹Ήν•œ μ˜¨λ„μΈμ§€λ₯Όμš”.
07:32
I could talk to you about a lot of different characteristics
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μ„œμ‹ κ°€λŠ₯성에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  수 μžˆλŠ” 이 μ„Έ ν–‰μ„±λ“€μ˜
07:35
of these three planets
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 차이점에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ“œλ¦΄ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
07:36
that may influence habitability,
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07:38
but for selfish reasons related to my own research
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제 연ꡬ와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ 이기적인 μ΄μœ μ™€
07:41
and the fact that I'm standing up here holding the clicker and you're not --
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬κΈ° μ„œμ„œ 리λͺ¨μ»¨μ„ λ“€κ³  있고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ•‰μ•„μžˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
07:44
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:45
I would like to talk for just a minute or two
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μ €λŠ” ν•œ 1, 2λΆ„ λ™μ•ˆλ§Œ 자기μž₯에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•΄λ³ΌκΉŒ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
about magnetic fields.
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07:49
Earth has one; Venus and Mars do not.
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μ§€κ΅¬μ—λŠ” μžˆμ§€λ§Œ κΈˆμ„±κ³Ό ν™”μ„±μ—λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
Magnetic fields are generated in the deep interior of a planet
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자기μž₯은 앑체 물질이 μ „λ₯˜λ‘œ 인해 νšŒμ „ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
07:55
by electrically conducting churning fluid material
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ν–‰μ„±μ˜ κΉŠμˆ™ν•œ λ‚΄λΆ€μ—μ„œ μƒμ„±λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:59
that creates this big old magnetic field that surrounds Earth.
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이 앑체 물질이 지ꡬλ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹ΈλŠ” κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 자기μž₯을 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
If you have a compass, you know which way north is.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‚˜μΉ¨λ°˜μ΄ 있으면 뢁μͺ½μ΄ μ–΄λ”˜μ§€ μ•Œ 수 있죠.
08:05
Venus and Mars don't have that.
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κΈˆμ„±κ³Ό ν™”μ„±μ—λŠ” 자기μž₯이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:06
If you have a compass on Venus and Mars,
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κΈˆμ„±κ³Ό ν™”μ„±μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μΉ¨λ°˜μ΄ 있으면
08:08
congratulations, you're lost.
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μΆ•ν•˜λ“œλ €μš”. 길을 μžƒμœΌμ‹  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:11
Does this influence habitability?
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이게 μ„œμ‹κ°€λŠ₯성에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ κΉŒμš”?
08:15
Well, how might it?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ·ΈλŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
08:17
Many scientists think that a magnetic field of a planet
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λ§Žμ€ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ ν–‰μ„±μ˜ 자기μž₯이 νƒœμ–‘ν’ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό
08:19
serves as a shield for the atmosphere,
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ν–‰μ„± μ£Όλ³€μœΌλ‘œ κ΅΄μ ˆμ‹œμΌœ
08:22
deflecting solar wind particles around the planet
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λŒ€κΈ°μ˜ 방패 역할을 ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:25
in a bit of a force field-type effect
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λΆ„μžμ˜ μ „ν•˜μ™€ 관련이 μžˆλŠ”
08:27
having to do with electric charge of those particles.
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힘이 μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” μž₯의 효과 같은 것이죠.
08:30
I like to think of it instead as a salad bar sneeze guard for planets.
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μ €λŠ” μƒλŸ¬λ“œ λ°”μ—μ„œ μž¬μ±„κΈ° λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ λ§‰λŠ” ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± λ³΄ν˜Έλ§‰ 같은 역할이라고 λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:34
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:36
And yes, my colleagues who watch this later will realize
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λ§žμ•„μš”, 제 λ™λ£Œλ“€μ΄ 이 μ˜μƒμ„ λ‚˜μ€‘μ— 보고 λ‚˜λ©΄
08:40
this is the first time in the history of our community
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우리 λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ 역사상 처음으둜 νƒœμ–‘ν’μ΄ 콧물과 같은
08:42
that the solar wind has been equated with mucus.
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취급을 λ°›μ•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œκ²Œ 될 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
08:45
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:48
OK, so the effect, then, is that Earth may have been protected
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ κ·Έ 영ν–₯은 지ꡬ가 자기μž₯을 가지고 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
08:52
for billions of years,
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ…„λ™μ•ˆ
08:53
because we've had a magnetic field.
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λ³΄ν˜Έλ°›μ•„μ™”μ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:55
Atmosphere hasn't been able to escape.
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λŒ€κΈ°κ°€ νƒˆμΆœν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:57
Mars, on the other hand, has been unprotected
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λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ 화성은 자기μž₯이 μ—†μ–΄μ„œ λ³΄ν˜Έλ°›μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆκ³ 
08:59
because of its lack of magnetic field,
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09:01
and over billions of years,
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μ„œμ‹κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν–‰μ„±μ—μ„œ
09:03
maybe enough atmosphere has been stripped away
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λͺ¨μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚¨ 원인이 될 만큼의
09:05
to account for a transition from a habitable planet
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μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ–‘μ˜ λŒ€κΈ°λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ…„μ˜ μ„Έμ›” λ™μ•ˆ
09:08
to the planet that we see today.
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빼앗겼을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
Other scientists think that magnetic fields
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 자기μž₯이 배의 돛에 더 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 역할을
09:14
may act more like the sails on a ship,
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ν–ˆμ„ 것이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:16
enabling the planet to interact with more energy from the solar wind
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행성이 ν˜Όμžμ„œ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 것보닀 더 λ§Žμ€ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό
09:22
than the planet would have been able to interact with by itself.
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νƒœμ–‘ν’κ³Ό κ΅ν™˜ν•  수 있게 ν•΄μ€€ 것이죠.
09:25
The sails may gather energy from the solar wind.
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돛은 νƒœμ–‘ν’μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:27
The magnetic field may gather energy from the solar wind
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자기μž₯은 νƒœμ–‘ν’μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:30
that allows even more atmospheric escape to happen.
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λŒ€κΈ°κ°€ 더 많이 νƒˆμΆœν•  수 있게 λ„μ™€μ£ΌλŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Όμš”.
09:33
It's an idea that has to be tested,
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아직 검증해봐야 ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μ„€μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
09:36
but the effect and how it works
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κ·Έ 영ν–₯κ³Ό μ›λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ…ν™•ν•΄ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:37
seems apparent.
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09:39
That's because we know
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νƒœμ–‘ν’μ˜ μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ λŒ€κΈ°μ— μŒ“μ΄κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μ•ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
energy from the solar wind is being deposited into our atmosphere
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09:43
here on Earth.
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09:44
That energy is conducted along magnetic field lines
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이 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λŠ” κ·Ήμ§€λ°©μœΌλ‘œ 자기μž₯ 선을 따라 μ „λ„λ˜μ–΄
09:47
down into the polar regions,
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λ†€λžκ²Œ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ 였둜라λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:48
resulting in incredibly beautiful aurora.
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09:50
If you've ever experienced them, it's magnificent.
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λ³Έ 적 μžˆμœΌμ‹œλ‹€λ©΄ 정말 μ›…μž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:53
We know the energy is getting in.
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μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ μœ μž…λœλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ 우린 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:55
We're trying to measure how many particles are getting out
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ λΆ„μžκ°€ λΉ μ Έλ‚˜κ°€λŠ”μ§€
09:58
and if the magnetic field is influencing this in any way.
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자기μž₯이 여기에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:02
So I've posed a problem for you here,
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문제λ₯Ό λ˜μ Έλ“œλ Έμ§€λ§Œ
10:05
but I don't have a solution yet.
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아직 μ œκ²ŒλŠ” 해결책이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:06
We don't have a solution.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ² 해결책이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:08
But we're working on it. How are we working on it?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 연ꡬ μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 연ꡬ μ€‘μΌκΉŒμš”?
10:11
Well, we've sent spacecraft to all three planets.
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μ„Έ ν–‰μ„± λͺ¨λ‘μ— μš°μ£Όμ„ μ„ λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:13
Some of them are orbiting now,
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μ§€κΈˆ ν™”μ„±μ˜ ꢀ도λ₯Ό 돌고 μžˆλŠ”
10:14
including the MAVEN spacecraft which is currently orbiting Mars,
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메이븐 μš°μ£Όμ„ μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ 일뢀 μš°μ£Όμ„ λ“€μ΄ ꢀ도λ₯Ό 돌고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:18
which I'm involved with and which is led here,
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저도 κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ–΄μžˆλŠ” 연ꡬ이고 μ—¬κΈ° μ½œλ‘œλΌλ„ λŒ€ν•™κ΅ μ™ΈλΆ€μ—μ„œ
10:21
out of the University of Colorado.
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μ΄λŒμ–΄λ‚˜κ°€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:23
It's designed to measure atmospheric escape.
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λŒ€κΈ°μ˜ νƒˆμΆœμ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ„€κ³„λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:26
We have similar measurements from Venus and Earth.
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κΈˆμ„±κ³Ό μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œλ„ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 츑정을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:28
Once we have all our measurements,
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λͺ¨λ“  츑정값을 λ‹€ μ–»κ²Œ 되면
10:30
we can combine all these together, and we can understand
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수치λ₯Ό λ‹€ ν•©μ³μ„œ μ„Έ 행성이 우주의 μ£Όλ³€ ν™˜κ²½κ³Ό
10:33
how all three planets interact with their space environment,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:36
with the surroundings.
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10:38
And we can decide whether magnetic fields are important for habitability
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그리고 자기μž₯이 μ„œμ‹κ°€λŠ₯성에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μš”μ†ŒμΈμ§€λ„ 확인할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:41
or not.
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10:42
Once we have that answer, why should you care?
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닡을 μ–»κ³ λ‚˜λ©΄, μ™œ 관심을 κ°€μ Έμ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
10:45
I mean, I care deeply ...
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μ €λŠ” 맀우 관심이 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
10:48
And financially as well, but deeply.
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κΈˆμ „μ  μ΄μœ λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ μ–΄μ¨Œλ“  큰 관심을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
10:50
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
10:52
First of all, an answer to this question
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λ¨Όμ €, 이 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡은
10:54
will teach us more about these three planets,
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ κΈˆμ„±, 지ꡬ, ν™”μ„±μ˜ μ„Έ 행성에 λŒ€ν•΄ 더 λ§Žμ€ κ±Έ μ•Œλ € 쀄 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:56
Venus, Earth and Mars,
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10:58
not only about how they interact with their environment today,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ ν™˜κ²½κ³Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λΏλ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
11:00
but how they were billions of years ago,
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ…„ 전에 μ–΄λ• μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€
11:02
whether they were habitable long ago or not.
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μ„œμ‹κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό 말이죠.
11:04
It will teach us about atmospheres
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μš°λ¦¬μ™€ 가깝고 우리λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Έκ³  μžˆλŠ”
11:06
that surround us and that are close.
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λŒ€κΈ°μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ μ•Œλ €μ€„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:09
But moreover, what we learn from these planets
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‚˜μ•„κ°€, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 ν–‰μ„±λ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 배운 사싀듀은
11:11
can be applied to atmospheres everywhere,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“  곳의 λŒ€κΈ°μ—λ„ 적용될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:14
including planets that we're now observing around other stars.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 별듀 μ£Όμœ„μ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°λ˜λŠ” ν–‰μ„±λ“€μ—λ„μš”.
11:17
For example, the Kepler spacecraft,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 볼더 μ‹œμ—μ„œ
11:19
which is built and controlled here in Boulder,
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ Έμ„œ μ‘°μ’…λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μΌ€ν”ŒλŸ¬ μš°μ£Όμ„ μ€
11:22
has been observing a postage stamp-sized region of the sky
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μ§€κΈˆ 2λ…„μ§Έ 우주의 μš°ν‘œ ν¬κΈ°λ§Œν•œ μ˜μ—­μ„ κ΄€μ°° μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:25
for a couple years now,
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11:27
and it's found thousands of planets --
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ©΄μ„œ μš°ν‘œ ν•˜λ‚˜ 크기의
11:29
in one postage stamp-sized region of the sky
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우주 μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ 수천 개의 행성을 μ°Ύμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:32
that we don't think is any different from any other part of the sky.
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우주의 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜μ—­μ€ λ‹€λ₯Ό 거라고 μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:36
We've gone, in 20 years,
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20λ…„ 사이에
11:38
from knowing of zero planets outside of our solar system,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” νƒœμ–‘κ³„ μ™ΈλΆ€μ—μ„œ 0개의 행성을 μ•„λŠ” μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ
11:42
to now having so many,
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ν˜„μž¬ λ„ˆλ¬΄ 많이 μ•Œμ•„μ„œ
11:44
that we don't know which ones to investigate first.
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μ–΄λ–€ 것뢀터 쑰사해야할지 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” μƒνƒœκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:49
Any lever will help.
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μ–΄λ–€ μˆ˜λ‹¨μ΄λ“  도움이 될 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
11:52
In fact, based on observations that Kepler's taken
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μΌ€ν”ŒλŸ¬ μš°μ£Όμ„ μ΄ κ΄€μΈ‘ν•œ 것과
11:56
and other similar observations,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 관츑듀에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•˜μ—¬
11:58
we now believe that,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 우리 μ€ν•˜μ— μžˆλŠ” 2000μ–΅ 개의 λ³„λ“€λ§Œ 봀을 λ•Œ
11:59
of the 200 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy alone,
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12:04
on average, every star has at least one planet.
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ν‰κ· μ μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨λ“  별이 적어도 1개의 행성을 κ°–κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:10
In addition to that,
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더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€
12:12
estimates suggest there are somewhere between 40 billion and 100 billion
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μΆ”μ •μΉ˜μ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
κ·Έ 쀑 400μ–΅μ—μ„œ 1000μ–΅ 개의 행성이 μ„œμ‹κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€κ³  ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:18
of those planets that we would define as habitable
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12:23
in just our galaxy.
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우리 μ€ν•˜μ—μ„œλ§Œμš”.
12:26
We have the observations of those planets,
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이 행성듀을 κ΄€μΈ‘ν•œ λ°μ΄ν„°λŠ” μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
12:28
but we just don't know which ones are habitable yet.
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아직은 μ–΄λ–€ 행성듀이 μ„œμ‹ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œμ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ¬΄λŒ€μ—μ„œ λΉ¨κ°„ 점 μ•ˆμ— κ°‡ν˜€μžˆλŠ” 것과
12:31
It's a little bit like being trapped on a red spot --
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12:34
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
12:35
on a stage
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:38
and knowing that there are other worlds out there
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밖에 λ‹€λ₯Έ 세계가 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것도 μ•Œκ³ 
12:43
and desperately wanting to know more about them,
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μ ˆμ‹€ν•˜κ²Œ κ·Έ 세계듀에 λŒ€ν•΄ 더 λ§Žμ€ κ±Έ μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άκ³ 
12:47
wanting to interrogate them and find out if maybe just one or two of them
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μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άκ³ , κ·Έ 쀑 ν•œ λ‘κ°œ 정도가 λ‚˜μ™€ μ•½κ°„ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ„μ§€
12:51
are a little bit like you.
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μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:54
You can't do that. You can't go there, not yet.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν•  수 μ—†μ–΄μš”. 아직은 갈 수 μ—†μ£ .
12:56
And so you have to use the tools that you've developed around you
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 주변에 발λͺ…λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” 도ꡬ듀을
13:00
for Venus, Earth and Mars,
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κΈˆμ„±, 지ꡬ, ν™”μ„±μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€λ₯Έ 상황에 κ·Έκ±Έ μ μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:02
and you have to apply them to these other situations,
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13:05
and hope that you're making reasonable inferences from the data,
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κ·Έ λ°μ΄ν„°λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 논리적인 좔둠을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것이길 λ°”λΌλ©΄μ„œ
13:09
and that you're going to be able to determine the best candidates
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μ„œμ‹ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν–‰μ„±μœΌλ‘œ 제일 쒋은 후보듀을
13:12
for habitable planets, and those that are not.
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선별할 수 있기λ₯Ό λ°”λΌλ©΄μ„œμš”.
13:16
In the end, and for now, at least,
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결ꡭ에, 적어도 μ§€κΈˆμœΌλ‘œμ„œλŠ”
13:18
this is our red spot, right here.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬κΈ°κ°€ 우리의 λΉ¨κ°„ μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:22
This is the only planet that we know of that's habitable,
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이게 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” ν–‰μ„± 쀑 μœ μΌν•˜κ²Œ μ„œμ‹ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν–‰μ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:25
although very soon we may come to know of more.
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λ¨Έμ§€μ•Šμ•„ 더 λ§Žμ€ 행성듀을 μ•Œκ²Œ 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œμš”.
13:28
But for now, this is the only habitable planet,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν˜„μž¬λ‘œμ„œλŠ” 지ꡬ가 μœ μΌν•˜κ²Œ μ„œμ‹ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν–‰μ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:31
and this is our red spot.
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이게 우리의 λΉ¨κ°„ μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:33
I'm really glad we're here.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ—¬κΈ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 정말 κΈ°μ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:36
Thanks.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:37
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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