Eva Vertes: My dream about the future of medicine

37,630 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shaike Katz
00:27
Thank you. It's really an honor and a privilege to be here
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”! ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
00:31
spending my last day as a teenager.
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ื•ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืชื›ื ืืช ื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช.
00:33
Today I want to talk to you about the future, but
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืื‘ืœ
00:37
first I'm going to tell you a bit about the past.
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ืงื•ื“ื ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
00:40
My story starts way before I was born.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื™.
00:44
My grandmother was on a train to Auschwitz, the death camp.
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ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ,
00:48
And she was going along the tracks, and the tracks split.
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ืจืš, ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ืช
00:53
And somehow -- we don't really know exactly the whole story -- but
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ื•ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• - ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• -
00:58
the train took the wrong track and went to a work camp rather than the death camp.
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ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื™ืœื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื•ืขืฉืชื” ื“ืจื›ื” ืœืžื—ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ.
01:03
My grandmother survived and married my grandfather.
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ื›ืš ืกื‘ืชื™ ื ื™ืฆืœื”, ื•ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™.
01:08
They were living in Hungary, and my mother was born.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ื•ืฉื ืืžื™ ื ื•ืœื“ื”.
01:11
And when my mother was two years old,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืžื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
01:13
the Hungarian revolution was raging, and they decided to escape Hungary.
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ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœื”, ื•ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
01:18
They got on a boat, and yet another divergence --
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ื”ื ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืขื•ื“ ืฆื•ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื:
01:22
the boat was either going to Canada or to Australia.
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ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ืœืงื ื“ื” ืื• ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
01:25
They got on and didn't know where they were going, and ended up in Canada.
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ื”ื ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื™ืขื“ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงื ื“ื”.
01:29
So, to make a long story short, they came to Canada.
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ืื– ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงื ื“ื”.
01:32
My grandmother was a chemist. She worked at the Banting Institute in Toronto,
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ืกื‘ืชื™ ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ื›ื™ืžืื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื•.
01:36
and at 44 she died of stomach cancer. I never met my grandmother,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 44 ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”. ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื”.
01:44
but I carry on her name -- her exact name, Eva Vertes --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ืฉืžื” -- ืื•ื•ื” ื•ืจื˜ืก
01:48
and I like to think I carry on her scientific passion, too.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืืช ื’ื ืืช ืชืฉื•ืงืชื” ืœืžื“ืข.
01:52
I found this passion not far from here, actually, when I was nine years old.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืชืฉืข, ืœื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื›ืืŸ,
01:58
My family was on a road trip and we were in the Grand Canyon.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ืจืื ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ.
02:03
And I had never been a reader when I was young --
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ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ ืœื ืงืจืืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
02:06
my dad had tried me with the Hardy Boys; I tried Nancy Drew;
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ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืกืคืจื™ ืžืชื—, ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื,
02:09
I tried all that -- and I just didn't like reading books.
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื.
02:13
And my mother bought this book when we were at the Grand Canyon
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ื•ื›ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืœื ื• ื‘ื’ืจื ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ืงื ืชื” ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื:
02:17
called "The Hot Zone." It was all about the outbreak of the Ebola virus.
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"ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื." ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื”.
02:20
And something about it just kind of drew me towards it.
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื™.
02:23
There was this big sort of bumpy-looking virus on the cover,
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื˜ื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™,
02:26
and I just wanted to read it. I picked up that book,
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื•. ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ืชื™
02:30
and as we drove from the edge of the Grand Canyon
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ืจืื ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ
02:33
to Big Sur, and to, actually, here where we are today, in Monterey,
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ืœื‘ื™ื’ ืกื•ืจ, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื›ืืŸ, ืœืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™.
02:36
I read that book, and from when I was reading that book,
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ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ืžืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข
02:41
I knew that I wanted to have a life in medicine.
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”.
02:44
I wanted to be like the explorers I'd read about in the book,
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืงืจืืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ,
02:47
who went into the jungles of Africa,
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ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื’'ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
02:49
went into the research labs and just tried to figure out
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ื•ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืคืขื ื—
02:51
what this deadly virus was. So from that moment on, I read every medical book
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ืืช ืคืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื”ื–ื”. ืžืื–, ืงืจืืชื™ ื›ืœ ืกืคืจ ืจืคื•ืื”
02:57
I could get my hands on, and I just loved it so much.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’, ื•ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื ื•ืจื.
03:01
I was a passive observer of the medical world.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
03:05
It wasn't until I entered high school that I thought,
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ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™:
03:09
"Maybe now, you know -- being a big high school kid --
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"ืื•ืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
03:12
I can maybe become an active part of this big medical world."
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื–ื”."
03:17
I was 14, and I emailed professors at the local university
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14 ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช
03:22
to see if maybe I could go work in their lab. And hardly anyone responded.
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืฆืœื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
03:27
But I mean, why would they respond to a 14-year-old, anyway?
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžื™ ื™ืขื ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช 14?
03:31
And I got to go talk to one professor, Dr. Jacobs,
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื—ื“, ื“"ืจ ื’'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืก,
03:35
who accepted me into the lab.
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื•.
03:38
At that time, I was really interested in neuroscience
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘,
03:41
and wanted to do a research project in neurology --
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ
03:44
specifically looking at the effects of heavy metals on the developing nervous system.
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ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
03:49
So I started that, and worked in his lab for a year,
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
03:54
and found the results that I guess you'd expect to find
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™:
03:58
when you feed fruit flies heavy metals -- that it really, really impaired the nervous system.
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ืื ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™-ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช -- ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
04:03
The spinal cord had breaks. The neurons were crossing in every which way.
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ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”, ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ื ื™ื.
04:07
And from then I wanted to look not at impairment, but at prevention of impairment.
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ื•ืžืฉื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืคื’ืžื™ื.
04:12
So that's what led me to Alzheimer's. I started reading about Alzheimer's
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืืœืฆื”ื™ืžืจ
04:18
and tried to familiarize myself with the research,
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ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขืชื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื
04:21
and at the same time when I was in the --
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
04:23
I was reading in the medical library one day, and I read this article
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ื•ืงืจืืชื™ ืžืืžืจ
04:26
about something called "purine derivatives."
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืช
04:28
And they seemed to have cell growth-promoting properties.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
04:33
And being naive about the whole field, I kind of thought,
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ื•ื›ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™:
04:36
"Oh, you have cell death in Alzheimer's
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"ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื,
04:38
which is causing the memory deficit, and then you have this compound --
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช
04:43
purine derivatives -- that are promoting cell growth."
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ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืชืื™ื."
04:45
And so I thought, "Maybe if it can promote cell growth,
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™: "ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื”ืŸ ืžืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืชืื™ื,
04:48
it can inhibit cell death, too."
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœื”ืื˜ ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชืื™ื."
04:50
And so that's the project that I pursued for that year,
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ื•ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืขืกืงืชื™ ืฉื ื”,
04:53
and it's continuing now as well,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื,
04:56
and found that a specific purine derivative called "guanidine"
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื ื’ื–ืจืช ืื—ืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื•ืื ื™ื“ื™ืŸ
05:01
had inhibited the cell growth by approximately 60 percent.
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ื”ืื˜ื” ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื‘-60%.
05:04
So I presented those results at the International Science Fair,
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ื•ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
05:08
which was just one of the most amazing experiences of my life.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
05:12
And there I was awarded "Best in the World in Medicine,"
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ื•ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคืจืก ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืจืคื•ืื”,
05:15
which allowed me to get in, or at least get a foot in the door of the big medical world.
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ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
05:22
And from then on, since I was now in this huge exciting world,
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ื•ืžืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื•,
05:28
I wanted to explore it all. I wanted it all at once, but knew I couldn't really get that.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™.
05:33
And I stumbled across something called "cancer stem cells."
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
05:35
And this is really what I want to talk to you about today -- about cancer.
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื - ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
05:39
At first when I heard of cancer stem cells,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื,
05:43
I didn't really know how to put the two together. I'd heard of stem cells,
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืื™ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข,
05:47
and I'd heard of them as the panacea of the future --
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ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืคืœื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช,
05:50
the therapy of many diseases to come in the future, perhaps.
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ืžืจืคื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
05:53
But I'd heard of cancer as the most feared disease of our time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
05:57
so how did the good and bad go together?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืจืข?
06:01
Last summer I worked at Stanford University, doing some research on cancer stem cells.
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
06:07
And while I was doing this, I was reading the cancer literature,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจืืชื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
06:10
trying to -- again -- familiarize myself with this new medical field.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™, ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
06:15
And it seemed that tumors actually begin from a stem cell.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
06:23
This fascinated me. The more I read, the more I looked at cancer differently
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืงืกื™ื ืื•ืชื™. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืš ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืื—ืจืช ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
06:30
and almost became less fearful of it.
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ืคื—ื“ืชื™ ืžืžื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:33
It seems that cancer is a direct result to injury.
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ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืฆื™ืขื”.
06:38
If you smoke, you damage your lung tissue, and then lung cancer arises.
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ืื ืืชื” ืžืขืฉืŸ, ืืชื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืจืงืžืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื•ืื– ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช.
06:43
If you drink, you damage your liver, and then liver cancer occurs.
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ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ืชื”, ืืชื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื“, ื•ืื– ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื“.
06:48
And it was really interesting -- there were articles correlating
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืงื™ืฉืจื•
06:51
if you have a bone fracture, and then bone cancer arises.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื.
06:54
Because what stem cells are -- they're these
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ื›ื™ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื
06:58
phenomenal cells that really have the ability to differentiate
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ืชืื™ื ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื™ื™ืŸ
07:02
into any type of tissue.
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ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื”.
07:04
So, if the body is sensing that you have damage to an organ
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ืื– ืื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจ
07:09
and then it's initiating cancer, it's almost as if this is a repair response.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื–ื ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.
07:14
And the cancer, the body is saying the lung tissue is damaged,
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืจืงืžืช ื”ืจื™ืื” ืคื’ื•ืขื”,
07:19
we need to repair the lung. And cancer is originating in the lung
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืื– ื ื•ืฆืจ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื”
07:23
trying to repair -- because you have this excessive proliferation
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ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืชืงืŸ -- ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืืฆืช
07:27
of these remarkable cells that really have the potential to become lung tissue.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชืื™ ืจื™ืื”.
07:32
But it's almost as if the body has originated this ingenious response,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื–ื ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
07:36
but can't quite control it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”.
07:38
It hasn't yet become fine-tuned enough to finish what has been initiated.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
07:43
So this really, really fascinated me.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช, ื‘ืืžืช ืจื™ืชืง ืื•ืชื™.
07:46
And I really think that we can't think about cancer --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ --
07:51
let alone any disease -- in such black-and-white terms.
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” -- ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ.
07:54
If we eliminate cancer the way we're trying to do now, with chemotherapy and radiation,
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ืื ื ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืขื ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช,
08:00
we're bombarding the body or the cancer with toxins, or with radiation, trying to kill it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื’ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขื ืจืขืœื™ื ืื• ืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื•.
08:05
It's almost as if we're getting back to this starting point.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
08:08
We're removing the cancer cells, but we're revealing the previous damage
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช
08:13
that the body has tried to fix.
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ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืงืŸ.
08:15
Shouldn't we think about manipulation, rather than elimination?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื”?
08:20
If somehow we can cause these cells to differentiate --
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ืื ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื™ื™ืŸ
08:24
to become bone tissue, lung tissue, liver tissue,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืื™ ืขืฆื, ืจื™ืื”, ื›ื‘ื“,
08:27
whatever that cancer has been put there to do --
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
08:30
it would be a repair process. We'd end up better than we were before cancer.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
08:39
So, this really changed my view of looking at cancer.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
08:43
And while I was reading all these articles about cancer,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
08:48
it seemed that the articles -- a lot of them -- focused on, you know,
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ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•
08:50
the genetics of breast cancer, and the genesis
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ื‘ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“. ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”
08:52
and the progression of breast cancer --
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ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ --
08:54
tracking the cancer through the body, tracing where it is, where it goes.
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ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš.
09:00
But it struck me that I'd never heard of cancer of the heart,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืชื” ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘,
09:05
or cancer of any skeletal muscle for that matter.
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ืื• ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™.
09:08
And skeletal muscle constitutes 50 percent of our body,
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ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื 50% ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
09:12
or over 50 percent of our body. And so at first I kind of thought,
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ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™:
09:17
"Well, maybe there's some obvious explanation
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"ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
09:19
why skeletal muscle doesn't get cancer -- at least not that I know of."
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ืœืžื” ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ." ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœ ืื—ื“.
09:23
So, I looked further into it, found as many articles as I could,
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ืื– ื”ืชืขืžืงืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื,
09:28
and it was amazing -- because it turned out that it was very rare.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจ.
09:32
Some articles even went as far as to say that skeletal muscle tissue
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืฃ ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืจืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื
09:36
is resistant to cancer, and furthermore, not only to cancer,
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ื—ืกื™ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ืœื ืจืง ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ,
09:41
but of metastases going to skeletal muscle.
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ืืœื ืžื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
09:45
And what metastases are is when the tumor --
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ื•ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
09:48
when a piece -- breaks off and travels through the blood stream
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ืžืชื ืชืงืช ื•ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื
09:51
and goes to a different organ. That's what a metastasis is.
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื™ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ. ื–ืืช ื’ืจื•ืจื”.
09:55
It's the part of cancer that is the most dangerous.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
09:58
If cancer was localized, we could likely remove it,
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ืื ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•,
10:01
or somehow -- you know, it's contained. It's very contained.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืงื“, ืกื’ื•ืจ.
10:05
But once it starts moving throughout the body, that's when it becomes deadly.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™.
10:08
So the fact that not only did cancer not seem to originate in skeletal muscles,
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ืื– ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื,
10:13
but cancer didn't seem to go to skeletal muscle --
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• --
10:16
there seemed to be something here.
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ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•.
10:18
So these articles were saying, you know, "Skeletal --
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ืื– ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืžืจื•: "ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช
10:20
metastasis to skeletal muscle -- is very rare."
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ืœืจืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจื”."
10:23
But it was left at that. No one seemed to be asking why.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื•. ืœื ืฉืืœื• ืœืžื”.
10:27
So I decided to ask why. At first -- the first thing I did
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™
10:34
was I emailed some professors who
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื›ืžื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžื—ื•
10:36
specialized in skeletal muscle physiology, and pretty much said,
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ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืืžืจืชื™:
10:39
"Hey, it seems like cancer doesn't really go to skeletal muscle.
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"ืชืจืื•, ื ืจืื” ืฉืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื,
10:45
Is there a reason for this?" And a lot of the replies I got were that
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืกื™ื‘ื”?" ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื•
10:49
muscle is terminally differentiated tissue.
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ืฉืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืงืžื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืžื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
10:53
Meaning that you have muscle cells, but they're not dividing,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชืื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืœื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื,
10:56
so it doesn't seem like a good target for cancer to hijack.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืœื ื™ืขื“ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืกืจื˜ื ื™ืช.
11:00
But then again, this fact that the metastases
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช
11:03
didn't go to skeletal muscle made that seem unlikely.
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ื‘ืจืงืžืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืกืคืง ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
11:07
And furthermore, that nervous tissue -- brain -- gets cancer,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ืจืงืžื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
11:12
and brain cells are also terminally differentiated.
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ื•ื’ื ืชืื™ ืžื•ื— ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืชืžื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
11:15
So I decided to ask why. And here's some of, I guess, my hypotheses
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœืžื”, ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
11:21
that I'll be starting to investigate this May at the Sylvester Cancer Institute in Miami.
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ืื•ืชืŸ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืœื‘ืกื˜ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืืžื™.
11:30
And I guess I'll keep investigating until I get the answers.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉืืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
11:35
But I know that in science, once you get the answers,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ืžื“ืข, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
11:38
inevitably you're going to have more questions.
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ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืœื•ืช.
11:40
So I guess you could say that I'll probably be doing this for the rest of my life.
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื–ื” ืœืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™.
11:45
Some of my hypotheses are that
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ืŸ
11:48
when you first think about skeletal muscle,
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ืฉื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืžืช ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™,
11:51
there's a lot of blood vessels going to skeletal muscle.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”.
11:54
And the first thing that makes me think is that
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื
11:58
blood vessels are like highways for the tumor cells.
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ืฉื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
12:01
Tumor cells can travel through the blood vessels.
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ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื.
12:03
And you think, the more highways there are in a tissue,
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ื•ืืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
12:07
the more likely it is to get cancer or to get metastases.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื• ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช.
12:11
So first of all I thought, you know, "Wouldn't it be favorable
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™: "ื”ืื ืœื ื›ื“ืื™
12:14
to cancer getting to skeletal muscle?" And as well,
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ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื?" ื•ื’ื,
12:17
cancer tumors require a process called angiogenesis,
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
12:22
which is really, the tumor recruits the blood vessels to itself
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ืฉื“ืจื›ื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืœืขืฆืžื•,
12:26
to supply itself with nutrients so it can grow.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
12:29
Without angiogenesis, the tumor remains the size of a pinpoint and it's not harmful.
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ืœืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง.
12:36
So angiogenesis is really a central process to the pathogenesis of cancer.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
12:42
And one article that really stood out to me
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ื•ืžืืžืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื˜ ืžืื•ื“
12:45
when I was just reading about this, trying to figure out why cancer doesn't go to skeletal
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ื›ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื,
12:49
muscle, was that it had reported 16 percent of micro-metastases
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ 16% ืฉืœ ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช
12:56
to skeletal muscle upon autopsy.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
12:58
16 percent! Meaning that there were these pinpoint tumors in skeletal muscle,
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16%! ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืงืžืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ,
13:03
but only .16 percent of actual metastases --
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 0.6% ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ืจื•ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” --
13:08
suggesting that maybe skeletal muscle is able to control the angiogenesis,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
13:14
is able to control the tumors recruiting these blood vessels.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืืœื”.
13:19
We use skeletal muscles so much. It's the one portion of our body --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ --
13:24
our heart's always beating. We're always moving our muscles.
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ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืขื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:27
Is it possible that muscle somehow intuitively knows
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ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™
13:31
that it needs this blood supply? It needs to be constantly contracting,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืืกืคืงืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื–ืืช? ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ,
13:35
so therefore it's almost selfish. It's grabbing its blood vessels for itself.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื ื•ื›ื™, ื—ื•ื˜ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืœืขืฆืžื•.
13:38
Therefore, when a tumor comes into skeletal muscle tissue,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœืจืงืžืช ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™,
13:42
it can't get a blood supply, and can't grow.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืกืคืงืช ื“ื, ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืžื•ื—.
13:45
So this suggests that maybe if there is an anti-angiogenic factor
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืื ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืžื•ื ืข ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื
13:50
in skeletal muscle -- or perhaps even more,
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ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™ - ืื• ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš,
13:52
an angiogenic routing factor, so it can actually direct where the blood vessels grow --
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ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
13:57
this could be a potential future therapy for cancer.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ.
14:01
And another thing that's really interesting is that
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื
14:06
there's this whole -- the way tumors move throughout the body,
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ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
14:10
it's a very complex system -- and there's something called the chemokine network.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช - ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื.
14:14
And chemokines are essentially chemical attractants,
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ื•ื›ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
14:18
and they're the stop and go signals for cancer.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ.
14:21
So a tumor expresses chemokine receptors,
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ืื– ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื,
14:26
and another organ -- a distant organ somewhere in the body --
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ื•ืœืื™ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ - ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ -
14:29
will have the corresponding chemokines,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื,
14:31
and the tumor will see these chemokines and migrate towards it.
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ืœืขื‘ืจื•.
14:35
Is it possible that skeletal muscle doesn't express this type of molecules?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?
14:40
And the other really interesting thing is that
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื
14:43
when skeletal muscle -- there's been several reports that when skeletal
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™ - ื•ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืžื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื - ื›ืฉื”ื•ื
14:47
muscle is injured, that's what correlates with metastases going to skeletal muscle.
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ื ืคืฆืข, ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™.
14:54
And, furthermore, when skeletal muscle is injured,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื›ืฉืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™ ื ืคืฆืข,
14:57
that's what causes chemokines -- these signals saying,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื - ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื:
15:01
"Cancer, you can come to me," the "go signs" for the tumors --
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"ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื™," ืจืžื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง -
15:05
it causes them to highly express these chemokines.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
15:09
So, there's so much interplay here.
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื.
15:16
I mean, there are so many possibilities
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš
15:18
for why tumors don't go to skeletal muscle.
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ืฉื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื.
15:21
But it seems like by investigating, by attacking cancer,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
15:25
by searching where cancer is not, there has got to be something --
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ืื ื ื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืžืฆื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• -
15:29
there's got to be something -- that's making this tissue resistant to tumors.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื—ืกื™ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
15:35
And can we utilize -- can we take this property,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื–ื” - ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
15:38
this compound, this receptor, whatever it is that's controlling these
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜
15:42
anti-tumor properties and apply it to cancer therapy in general?
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ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื’ื“ ืกืจื˜ืŸ?
15:49
Now, one thing that kind of ties the resistance of skeletal muscle to cancer --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ -
15:57
to the cancer as a repair response gone out of control in the body --
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื›ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ -
16:02
is that skeletal muscle has a factor in it called "MyoD."
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื MyoD.
16:10
And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate
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ื•ืžื” ืฉ MyoD ืขื•ืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชืื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื™ื™ืŸ
16:15
into muscle cells. So this compound, MyoD,
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ืœืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ. ืื– ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” MyoD,
16:20
has been tested on a lot of different cell types and been shown to
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ื ื‘ื“ืง ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ื ื•ื ืžืฆื
16:24
actually convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™.
16:28
So, is it possible that the tumor cells are going to the skeletal muscle tissue,
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ืื– ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื,
16:34
but once in contact inside the skeletal muscle tissue,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื,
16:38
MyoD acts upon these tumor cells and causes them
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MyoD ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื
16:43
to become skeletal muscle cells?
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™?
16:46
Maybe tumor cells are being disguised as skeletal muscle cells,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื•ื•ื™ื ืœืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ื™,
16:49
and this is why it seems as if it is so rare.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื ื“ื™ืจ.
16:54
It's not harmful; it has just repaired the muscle.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง, ื–ื” ืจืง ืชื™ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ.
16:57
Muscle is constantly being used -- constantly being damaged.
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ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ - ื•ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืคื’ืขื™ื.
17:00
If every time we tore a muscle
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ืื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืงืจืขื ื• ืฉืจื™ืจ
17:03
or every time we stretched a muscle or moved in a wrong way,
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ืื• ืžืชื—ื ื• ืฉืจื™ืจ ืื• ื–ื–ื ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
17:06
cancer occurred -- I mean, everybody would have cancer almost.
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข - ืื– ืœื›ื•ืœื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
17:13
And I hate to say that. But it seems as though muscle cell,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื ืืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ,
17:17
possibly because of all its use, has adapted
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื, ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•
17:20
faster than other body tissues to respond to injury,
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ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืงืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืคืฆื™ืขื”,
17:23
to fine-tune this repair response and actually be able to finish the process
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ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš
17:29
which the body wants to finish. I really believe that the human body is very,
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ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื. ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“,
17:34
very smart, and we can't counteract something the body is saying to do.
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ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
17:40
It's different when a bacteria comes into the body --
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืฉื—ื™ื“ืง ื ื›ื ืก ืœื’ื•ืฃ,
17:43
that's a foreign object -- we want that out.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ืจ - ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
17:47
But when the body is actually initiating a process
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื–ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš
17:49
and we're calling it a disease, it doesn't seem as though elimination is
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืžื—ืœื”, ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ื™ืกื•ืœ
17:53
the right solution. So even to go from there, it's possible, although far-fetched,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื– ืžื›ืืŸ, ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ,
18:01
that in the future we could almost think of cancer being used as a therapy.
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ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื›ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™.
18:08
If those diseases where tissues are deteriorating --
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ืื ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžืชื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช -
18:11
for example Alzheimer's, where the brain, the brain cells, die
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ื›ืฉืชืื™ ืžื•ื— ืžืชื™ื
18:16
and we need to restore new brain cells, new functional brain cells --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืชืื™ ืžื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื -
18:20
what if we could, in the future, use cancer? A tumor --
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ืžื” ืื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ? ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
18:24
put it in the brain and cause it to differentiate into brain cells?
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืชืื™ ืžื•ื—?
18:29
That's a very far-fetched idea, but I really believe that it may be possible.
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ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
18:35
These cells are so versatile, these cancer cells are so versatile --
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืจื‘-ื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ -
18:39
we just have to manipulate them in the right way.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืคืขืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
18:42
And again, some of these may be far-fetched, but
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืคืจื•ืขื™ื, ืื‘ืœ
18:46
I figured if there's anywhere to present far-fetched ideas, it's here at TED, so
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจื•ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ TED,
18:51
thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
18:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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