Matthew Carter: My life in typefaces

180,310 views ใƒป 2014-04-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
Type is something we consume
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ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื
00:14
in enormous quantities.
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ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:16
In much of the world,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:17
it's completely inescapable.
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื–ื”.
00:19
But few consumers are concerned to know
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
00:22
where a particular typeface came from
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ืžืื™ืคื” ืคื•ื ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข
00:24
or when or who designed it,
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ืื• ืžืชื™ ืื• ืžื™ ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื•,
00:27
if, indeed, there was any human agency involved
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ืื, ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช
00:30
in its creation, if it didn't just sort of materialize
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืฅ
00:33
out of the software ether.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”.
00:37
But I do have to be concerned with those things.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:40
It's my job.
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ื–ื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
00:42
I'm one of the tiny handful of people
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ืื ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืงื•ืžืฅ ืื ืฉื™ื
00:44
who gets badly bent out of shape
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ืฉืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
00:46
by the bad spacing of the T and the E
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ืžื”ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื” T ื•ื” E
00:49
that you see there.
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื.
00:50
I've got to take that slide off.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
00:52
I can't stand it. Nor can Chris.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื”. ื’ื ื›ืจื™ืก ืœื.
00:54
There. Good.
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ื”ื ื”. ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:56
So my talk is about the connection
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ืื– ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
00:57
between technology and design of type.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื.
01:01
The technology has changed
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”
01:03
a number of times since I started work:
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ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืื– ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“:
01:06
photo, digital, desktop, screen, web.
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ, ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืกืš, ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
01:11
I've had to survive those changes and try
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช
01:13
to understand their implications for what I do
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”
01:15
for design.
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ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.
01:17
This slide is about the effect of tools on form.
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ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื”.
01:22
The two letters, the two K's,
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืฉืชื™ ื” K,
01:25
the one on your left, my right, is modern,
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ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืืœ, ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
01:28
made on a computer.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘.
01:30
All straight lines are dead straight.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:32
The curves have that kind of mathematical smoothness
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ืœืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช
01:34
that the Bรฉzier formula imposes.
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ืฉืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื–ื™ื™ืจ ื›ื•ืคื•ืช.
01:38
On the right, ancient Gothic,
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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื’ื•ืชื™ ืขืชื™ืง,
01:41
cut in the resistant material of steel by hand.
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ื ื—ืชื›ื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ - ืคืœื“ื”.
01:45
None of the straight lines are actually straight.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื ืœื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.
01:47
The curves are kind of subtle.
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ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
01:49
It has that spark of life from the human hand
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
01:54
that the machine or the program
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ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื• ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”
01:56
can never capture.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืคื•ืฉ.
01:58
What a contrast.
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ืื™ื–ื” ื ื™ื’ื•ื“.
02:00
Well, I tell a lie.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืงืจ.
02:02
A lie at TED. I'm really sorry.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืงืจ ื‘ TED, ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ.
02:05
Both of these were made on a computer,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘,
02:07
same software, same Bรฉzier curves,
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ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื™ืจ,
02:09
same font format.
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ืื•ืชื• ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื˜.
02:11
The one on your left
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœื›ื
02:13
was made by Zuzana Licko at Emigre,
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ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื–ื ื” ืœื™ืงื• ื‘ืืžื™ื’ืจื™ื™,
02:16
and I did the other one.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
02:17
The tool is the same, yet the letters are different.
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ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”ื”, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
02:20
The letters are different
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ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
02:22
because the designers are different.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:23
That's all. Zuzana wanted hers to look like that.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ. ืกื•ื–ื ื” ืจืฆืชื” ืฉืฉืœื” ื™ืจืื” ื›ืš.
02:26
I wanted mine to look like that. End of story.
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ืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉืฉืœื™ ื™ืจืื” ื›ืš. ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
02:30
Type is very adaptable.
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ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“.
02:32
Unlike a fine art, such as sculpture or architecture,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ืžื• ืคืกืœื™ื ืื• ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”,
02:35
type hides its methods.
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ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืกืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:39
I think of myself as an industrial designer.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืžืขืฆื‘ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
02:41
The thing I design is manufactured,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ,
02:43
and it has a function:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื”:
02:45
to be read, to convey meaning.
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ืœื”ืงืจื, ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
02:47
But there is a bit more to it than that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
02:48
There's the sort of aesthetic element.
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืืกื˜ื˜ื™.
02:50
What makes these two letters different
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช
02:53
from different interpretations by different designers?
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ืžืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื?
02:56
What gives the work of some designers
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื
02:58
sort of characteristic personal style,
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™,
03:01
as you might find in the work of a fashion designer,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืคื ื”,
03:03
an automobile designer, whatever?
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ืžืขืฆื‘ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”?
03:06
There have been some cases, I admit,
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื”,
03:08
where I as a designer
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ืฉื ืื ื™ ื›ืžืขืฆื‘
03:09
did feel the influence of technology.
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
03:12
This is from the mid-'60s,
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ื–ื” ืžืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื,
03:15
the change from metal type to photo,
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื• ืžืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื›ืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื•ื˜ื•,
03:18
hot to cold.
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ื—ื ืœืงืจ.
03:19
This brought some benefits
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ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช
03:21
but also one particular drawback:
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื:
03:24
a spacing system that only provided
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ืฉืกื™ืคืงื” ืจืง
03:27
18 discrete units for letters
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18 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื™ื•ืช
03:31
to be accommodated on.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ.
03:33
I was asked at this time to design
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ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฆื‘
03:35
a series of condensed sans serif types
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ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ืกืื ืก ืกืจื™ืคื™ื
03:38
with as many different variants as possible
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ
03:41
within this 18-unit box.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉืœ 18 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
03:45
Quickly looking at the arithmetic,
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ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ,
03:46
I realized I could only actually make three
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉ
03:50
of related design. Here you see them.
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื.
03:53
In Helvetica Compressed, Extra Compressed,
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ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื“ื—ื•ืก, ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื—ื•ืก,
03:56
and Ultra Compressed, this rigid 18-unit system
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ื•ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ื“ื—ื•ืก, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ 18 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
04:00
really boxed me in.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืกื’ืจื” ืื•ืชื™.
04:01
It kind of determined the proportions
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ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช
04:03
of the design.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.
04:05
Here are the typefaces, at least the lower cases.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
04:09
So do you look at these and say,
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ืื– ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืœื” ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
04:12
"Poor Matthew, he had to submit to a problem,
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"ืžืช'ื™ื• ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื ืข ืœื‘ืขื™ื”,
04:15
and by God it shows in the results."
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช."
04:19
I hope not.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื.
04:20
If I were doing this same job today,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
04:22
instead of having 18 spacing units,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ 18 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืจื™ื•ื•ื—,
04:25
I would have 1,000.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ 1,000.
04:28
Clearly I could make more variants,
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ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช,
04:31
but would these three members of the family be better?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ?
04:35
It's hard to say without actually doing it,
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
04:37
but they would not be better in the proportion
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช
04:39
of 1,000 to 18, I can tell you that.
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ืฉืœ 1,000 ืœ 18, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื.
04:42
My instinct tells you that any improvement
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ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ
04:44
would be rather slight, because they were designed
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฆื‘ื•
04:47
as functions of the system they were designed to fit,
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ื›ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื” ื”ื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื,
04:50
and as I said, type is very adaptable.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื.
04:52
It does hide its methods.
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ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื—ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
04:55
All industrial designers work within constraints.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
04:58
This is not fine art.
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ื–ื• ืœื ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื”.
05:00
The question is, does a constraint
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ
05:02
force a compromise?
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉืจื”?
05:05
By accepting a constraint,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื”,
05:07
are you working to a lower standard?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ?
05:09
I don't believe so, and I've always been encouraged
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ื“ื“
05:11
by something that Charles Eames said.
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ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืื™ืžืก ืืžืจ.
05:13
He said he was conscious of working
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
05:15
within constraints,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช,
05:16
but not of making compromises.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืฉืจื•ืช.
05:19
The distinction between a constraint
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ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœื”
05:21
and a compromise is obviously very subtle,
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ื•ืคืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ื™ื ื”,
05:24
but it's very central to my attitude to work.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
05:29
Remember this reading experience?
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื–ื•?
05:32
The phone book. I'll hold the slide
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ืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื. ืื ื™ ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช
05:34
so you can enjoy the nostalgia.
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื”.
05:38
This is from the mid-'70s early trials
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ืืœื• ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 70
05:41
of Bell Centennial typeface I designed
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ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ ื‘ืœ ืกื ื˜ื ื™ืืœ ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ืชื™
05:44
for the U.S. phone books,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
05:45
and it was my first experience of digital type,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื,
05:49
and quite a baptism.
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœืช ืืฉ.
05:53
Designed for the phone books, as I said,
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ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืคืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™,
05:55
to be printed at tiny size on newsprint
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ
05:58
on very high-speed rotary presses
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ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืก ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
06:00
with ink that was kerosene and lampblack.
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ืขื ื“ื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
06:03
This is not a hospitable environment
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ื–ื• ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจืช ืคื ื™ื
06:07
for a typographic designer.
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ืœืžืขืฆื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™.
06:10
So the challenge for me was to design type
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ืื– ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ืคื•ื ื˜
06:12
that performed as well as possible
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ืฉื™ืชืคืงื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ
06:13
in these very adverse production conditions.
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:18
As I say, we were in the infancy of digital type.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื.
06:21
I had to draw every character by hand
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“
06:24
on quadrille graph paper --
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ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื’ืจืคื™ ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจื™ืœ --
06:26
there were four weights of Bell Centennial โ€”
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ื”ื™ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืœ ืกื ื˜ื ื™ืืœ --
06:28
pixel by pixel, then encode them raster line by raster line
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ืคื™ืงืกืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืคื™ืงืกืœ, ืื– ืœืงื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ืจืช ืจืืกื˜ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื•ืจืช ืจืืกื˜ืจ
06:31
for the keyboard.
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ืœืžืงืœื“ืช.
06:32
It took two years, but I learned a lot.
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
06:36
These letters look as though they've been chewed
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ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืŸ ื ืœืขืกื•
06:38
by the dog or something or other,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœื‘ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•,
06:39
but the missing pixels at the intersections
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ื
06:41
of strokes or in the crotches
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช
06:43
are the result of my studying the effects
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ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช
06:46
of ink spread on cheap paper
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ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื• ืฉืžืจื•ื— ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื–ื•ืœ
06:49
and reacting, revising the font accordingly.
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ื•ืžื’ื™ื‘, ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ ื‘ื”ืชืื.
06:53
These strange artifacts are designed to compensate
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคื•ืช
06:56
for the undesirable effects of scale
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ืขืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ
06:59
and production process.
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ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
07:01
At the outset, AT&T had wanted
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, AT&T ืจืฆื•
07:04
to set the phone books in Helvetica,
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
07:07
but as my friend Erik Spiekermann said
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ืืจื™ืง ืกืคื™ืงืจืžืŸ ืืžืจ
07:09
in the Helvetica movie, if you've seen that,
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืื ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื”,
07:11
the letters in Helvetica were designed to be
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ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
07:13
as similar to one another as possible.
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ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
07:16
This is not the recipe for legibility at small size.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ.
07:19
It looks very elegant up on a slide.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช.
07:22
I had to disambiguate these forms
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื“ื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
07:24
of the figures as much as possible in Bell Centennial
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืกื ื˜ื ื™ืืœ
07:27
by sort of opening the shapes up, as you can see
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
07:29
in the bottom part of that slide.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช.
07:32
So now we're on to the mid-'80s,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื,
07:35
the early days of digital outline fonts,
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ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ืงื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื,
07:38
vector technology.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
07:40
There was an issue at that time
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
07:42
with the size of the fonts,
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ืขื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื,
07:44
the amount of data that was required to find
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ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื
07:47
and store a font in computer memory.
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืคื•ื ื˜ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
07:52
It limited the number of fonts you could get
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืงื‘ืœ
07:53
on your typesetting system at any one time.
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ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ.
07:56
I did an analysis of the data,
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
08:00
and found that a typical serif face
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืคื•ื ื˜ ืกืจื™ืคื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™
08:03
you see on the left
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉืžืืœ
08:04
needed nearly twice as much data
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ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข
08:06
as a sans serif in the middle
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ืžืคื•ื ื˜ ืกืื ืก ืกืจื™ืคื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–
08:09
because of all the points required
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช
08:11
to define the elegantly curved serif brackets.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื™ืฃ.
08:16
The numbers at the bottom of the slide, by the way,
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
08:19
they represent the amount of data
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ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
08:21
needed to store each of the fonts.
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ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื.
08:24
So the sans serif, in the middle,
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ืื– ื”ืกืื ืก ืกืจื™ืฃ, ื‘ืžืจื›ื–,
08:27
sans the serifs, was much more economical,
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ืœืœื ื”ืกืจื™ืฃ, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืกื›ื ื™,
08:30
81 to 151.
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81 ืžื•ืœ 151,
08:32
"Aha," I thought. "The engineers have a problem.
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"ืื”ื”," ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, " ืœืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื”,
08:35
Designer to the rescue."
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ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื”."
08:38
I made a serif type, you can see it on the right,
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ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืกืจื™ืคื™, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
08:40
without curved serifs.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืกืจื™ืคื™ื ืžืขื•ืงืœื™ื.
08:42
I made them polygonal, out of straight line segments,
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ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืคื•ืœื™ื’ื•ื ืœื™ืช, ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื,
08:44
chamfered brackets.
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ืฉืงื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช.
08:46
And look, as economical in data as a sans serif.
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ื•ืชืจืื•, ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื›ืžื• ืœืœื ืกืจื™ืฃ.
08:51
We call it Charter, on the right.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืฆ'ืืจื˜ืจ, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ.
08:53
So I went to the head of engineering
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ืื– ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื ื“ืกื”
08:55
with my numbers, and I said proudly,
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ืขื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื™, ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื”,
08:57
"I have solved your problem."
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"ืคืชืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื."
09:00
"Oh," he said. "What problem?"
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"ืื•," ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ. "ืื™ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”?"
09:03
And I said, "Well, you know, the problem
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
09:05
of the huge data you require for serif fonts and so on."
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืคื•ื ื˜ ืกืจื™ืคื™ ื•ื›ื•'."
09:08
"Oh," he said. "We solved that problem last week.
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"ืื•ื”," ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืคืชืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ.
09:12
We wrote a compaction routine that reduces
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ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ืฉืžืงื˜ื™ื ื”
09:14
the size of all fonts by an order of magnitude.
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ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
09:17
You can have as many fonts on your system
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื›ืžื” ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืชืจืฆื”
09:19
as you like."
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช."
09:20
"Well, thank you for letting me know," I said.
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื“ืขืชื ืœื™," ืืžืจืชื™.
09:23
Foiled again.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘.
09:24
I was left with a design solution
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ื ืฉืืจืชื™ ืขื ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™
09:27
for a nonexistent technical problem.
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
09:31
But here is where the story sort of gets interesting for me.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
09:33
I didn't just throw my design away
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ืœื ืกืชื ื–ืจืงืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™
09:36
in a fit of pique.
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ื‘ื”ืชืงืฃ ืฉืœ ืชืจืขื•ืžืช.
09:37
I persevered.
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ืื ื™ ื”ืชืขืงืฉืชื™.
09:39
What had started as a technical exercise
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™
09:41
became an aesthetic exercise, really.
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ื”ืคืš ืœืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืืกื˜ื˜ื™, ื‘ืืžืช.
09:45
In other words, I had come to like this typeface.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื™ ื‘ืคื•ื ื˜.
09:48
Forget its origins. Screw that.
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ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื•, ืœืขื–ื–ืœ ืขื ื–ื”.
09:50
I liked the design for its own sake.
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ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœื›ืฉืขืฆืžื•.
09:52
The simplified forms of Charter
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจื˜ืจ
09:55
gave it a sort of plain-spoken quality
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ื ืชื ื• ืœื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
09:57
and unfussy spareness
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ื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช
09:58
that sort of pleased me.
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ืฉืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืจืฆื” ืื•ืชื™.
10:01
You know, at times of technical innovation,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
10:04
designers want to be influenced
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ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื
10:05
by what's in the air.
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ืžืžื” ืฉื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
10:07
We want to respond. We want to be pushed
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ืฃ
10:09
into exploring something new.
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ืœื—ืงืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
10:12
So Charter is a sort of parable for me, really.
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ืื– ืฆ'ืจื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื‘ืืžืช.
10:15
In the end, there was no hard and fast causal link
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืงืฉื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ
10:19
between the technology and the design of Charter.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจื˜ืจ.
10:22
I had really misunderstood the technology.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
10:26
The technology did suggest something to me,
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื•,
10:29
but it did not force my hand,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื™,
10:32
and I think this happens very often.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
10:34
You know, engineers are very smart,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื™ื,
10:37
and despite occasional frustrations
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืชืกื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื™ื
10:38
because I'm less smart,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื›ื,
10:40
I've always enjoyed working with them
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื”ื ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื
10:42
and learning from them.
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื.
10:44
Apropos, in the mid-'90s,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90,
10:46
I started talking to Microsoft
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜
10:49
about screen fonts.
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ืขืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืžืกืš.
10:51
Up to that point, all the fonts on screen
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ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื”ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš
10:54
had been adapted from previously existing
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืžืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
10:56
printing fonts, of course.
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ืฉืœ ื“ืคื•ืก, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
10:59
But Microsoft foresaw correctly
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ
11:01
the movement, the stampede
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ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข, ืืช ื”ื“ื”ืจื”
11:03
towards electronic communication,
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ื›ืœืคื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช,
11:06
to reading and writing onscreen
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ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš
11:08
with the printed output as being sort of secondary
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ืขื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืกืช ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื ื™ืช
11:11
in importance.
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ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื”.
11:14
So the priorities were just tipping at that point.
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ืื– ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
11:17
They wanted a small core set of fonts
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ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืกื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื
11:19
that were not adapted but designed for the screen
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืืœื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกืš
11:23
to face up to the problems of screen,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
11:25
which were their coarse resolution displays.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื›ื™ ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื.
11:29
I said to Microsoft, a typeface designed
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜, ืคื•ื ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืฆื‘
11:33
for a particular technology
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ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
11:34
is a self-obsoleting typeface.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื ื˜ ืขื ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจ.
11:38
I've designed too many faces in the past
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ืขื™ืฆื‘ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
11:40
that were intended to mitigate technical problems.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
11:43
Thanks to the engineers, the technical problems went away.
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืขืœืžื•.
11:46
So did my typeface.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
11:49
It was only a stopgap.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืžืฉื”ื• ื–ืžื ื™.
11:52
Microsoft came back to say that
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ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื—ื–ืจื• ืืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
11:53
affordable computer monitors
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ืฉืžืกื›ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื–ื•ืœื™ื
11:55
with better resolutions
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ืขื ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:56
were at least a decade away.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ืจ.
11:59
So I thought, well, a decade, that's not bad,
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืฉื•ืจ, ื–ื” ืœื ืจืข,
12:01
that's more than a stopgap.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื.
12:04
So I was persuaded, I was convinced,
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ืื– ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืขืชื™,
12:06
and we went to work on what became Verdana
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ื•ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื•ืจื“ื ื”
12:08
and Georgia,
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ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื”,
12:10
for the first time working not on paper
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ
12:12
but directly onto the screen from the pixel up.
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ืืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกืš ืžื”ืคื™ืงืกืœ ืœืžืขืœื”.
12:16
At that time, screens were binary.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื.
12:20
The pixel was either on or it was off.
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ื”ืคื™ืงืกืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื• ื“ืœื•ืง ืื• ื›ื‘ื•ื™.
12:23
Here you see the outline of a letter,
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืช.
12:26
the cap H,
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ื” H ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
12:27
which is the thin black line, the contour,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืงื• ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืง, ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ื•ืจ,
12:30
which is how it is stored in memory,
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ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžืจืช ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
12:33
superimposed on the bitmap,
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ืžืจื—ืคืช ืžืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืžืืค,
12:35
which is the grey area,
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจืฃ
12:37
which is how it's displayed on the screen.
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ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš.
12:39
The bitmap is rasterized from the outline.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืžืืค ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืจืืกื˜ืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื”.
12:42
Here in a cap H, which is all straight lines,
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ืคื” ื‘ H ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉื›ื•ืœื” ืงื•ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื,
12:44
the two are in almost perfect sync
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ื”ื ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™
12:46
on the Cartesian grid.
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ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื˜ื–ื™.
12:50
Not so with an O.
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ืœื ื›ืš ืขื ื” O.
12:53
This looks more like bricklaying than type design,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื—ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืžืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
12:56
but believe me, this is a good bitmap O,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™, ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืžืืค ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ O.
12:59
for the simple reason that it's symmetrical
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ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™
13:01
in both x and y axes.
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ื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื” X ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื” Y.
13:04
In a binary bitmap, you actually can't ask
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืžืืค ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™, ืืชื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ
13:06
for more than that.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
13:08
I would sometimes make, I don't know,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข,
13:11
three or four different versions of a difficult letter
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช
13:13
like a lowercase A,
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ื›ืžื• A ืงื˜ื ื”,
13:14
and then stand back to choose which was the best.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
13:18
Well, there was no best,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
13:20
so the designer's judgment comes in
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ืื– ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ื ื›ื ืก
13:23
in trying to decide
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
13:24
which is the least bad.
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ืžื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื”.
13:27
Is that a compromise?
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ืคืฉืจื”?
13:29
Not to me, if you are working
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ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ืื ืืชื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
13:31
at the highest standard the technology will allow,
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ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช,
13:34
although that standard may be
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
13:36
well short of the ideal.
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ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ.
13:39
You may be able to see on this slide
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช
13:40
two different bitmap fonts there.
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ืฉื ื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืžืืค.
13:42
The "a" in the upper one, I think,
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ื” "a" ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
13:44
is better than the "a" in the lower one,
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ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” "a" ื‘ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”,
13:46
but it still ain't great.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืขื•ืœื”.
13:49
You can maybe see the effect better
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:51
if it's reduced. Well, maybe not.
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ืื ื–ื” ืžื•ืงื˜ืŸ. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื.
13:54
So I'm a pragmatist, not an idealist,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ืกื˜, ืœื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜,
13:56
out of necessity.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืฆื•ืจืš.
13:58
For a certain kind of temperament,
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ืœืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจืžื ื˜,
14:00
there is a certain kind of satisfaction
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ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ
14:01
in doing something that cannot be perfect
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ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœื
14:05
but can still be done to the best of your ability.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
14:09
Here's the lowercase H from Georgia Italic.
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ื”ื ื” ื” H ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื” ืื™ื˜ืœื™ืง.
14:14
The bitmap looks jagged and rough.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืžืืค ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื•ื ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื•ืกืคืก,
14:16
It is jagged and rough.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื•ื ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื•ืกืคืก.
14:18
But I discovered, by experiment,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™, ืžื ืกื™ื•ืŸ,
14:20
that there is an optimum slant
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™
14:23
for an italic on a screen
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ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš
14:25
so the strokes break well
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื•ื™ื ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘
14:27
at the pixel boundaries.
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ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื.
14:30
Look in this example how, rough as it is,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ืš, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืกืคืก,
14:33
how the left and right legs
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ืื™ืš ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช
14:35
actually break at the same level.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื‘ื”.
14:37
That's a victory. That's good, right there.
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ื–ื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžืžืฉ ืฉื.
14:40
And of course, at the lower depths,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:43
you don't get much choice.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.
14:45
This is an S, in case you were wondering.
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ื–ื• S, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืชื”ื™ืชื.
14:50
Well, it's been 18 years now
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขื‘ืจื• 18 ืฉื ื™ื
14:53
since Verdana and Georgia were released.
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ืžืื– ืฉื•ื•ืจื“ื ื” ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื” ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•.
14:55
Microsoft were absolutely right,
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืฆื“ืงื• ืœื’ืžืจื™,
14:57
it took a good 10 years,
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
15:00
but screen displays now do have
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ
15:02
improved spatial resolution,
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ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช,
15:04
and very much improved photometric resolution
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ื•ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ืžืื•ื“
15:08
thanks to anti-aliasing and so on.
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœืงืช ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
15:11
So now that their mission is accomplished,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื”,
15:15
has that meant the demise
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ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืœื”
15:16
of the screen fonts that I designed
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ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืกืš ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ืชื™
15:18
for coarser displays back then?
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ืœืžืกื›ื™ื ื’ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•?
15:21
Will they outlive the now-obsolete screens
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื—ื™ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืกื›ื™ื ื”ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
15:24
and the flood of new web fonts
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ ืจืฉืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
15:27
coming on to the market?
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง?
15:28
Or have they established their own
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ืื• ื”ืื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืกืกื•
15:30
sort of evolutionary niche
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ื ื™ืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื
15:32
that is independent of technology?
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ืฉืœื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”?
15:36
In other words, have they been absorbed
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืื ื”ื ื ืงืœื˜ื•
15:38
into the typographic mainstream?
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ืœื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”?
15:41
I'm not sure, but they've had a good run so far.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
15:45
Hey, 18 is a good age for anything
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ื”ื™ื™, 18 ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
15:47
with present-day rates of attrition,
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ืขื ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
15:49
so I'm not complaining.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ.
15:51
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:54
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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