Lee Cronin: Making matter come alive

77,436 views ใƒป 2011-09-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
What I'm going to try and do in the next 15 minutes or so
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘-15 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
00:18
is tell you about an idea
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ื–ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
00:20
of how we're going to make matter come alive.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
00:23
Now this may seem a bit ambitious,
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ื™ื•ืžืจื ื™ ืœืžื“ื™,
00:25
but when you look at yourself, you look at your hands,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•, ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•,
00:27
you realize that you're alive.
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ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:29
So this is a start.
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ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
00:31
Now this quest started four billion years ago on planet Earth.
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ืžืกืข ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคื ื™ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:34
There's been four billion years
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ื™ืฉื ื 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื
00:36
of organic, biological life.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
00:38
And as an inorganic chemist,
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ื•ื›ื›ื™ืžืื™ ืœื-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™,
00:40
my friends and colleagues make this distinction
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื–ื•
00:42
between the organic, living world
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™, ื”ื—ื™,
00:45
and the inorganic, dead world.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืœื-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™, ื”ื“ื•ืžื.
00:47
And what I'm going to try and do is plant some ideas
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
00:50
about how we can transform inorganic, dead matter
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ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™, ื—ืกืจ-ื—ื™ื™ื
00:54
into living matter, into inorganic biology.
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ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื™, ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช.
00:57
Before we do that,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช,
00:59
I want to kind of put biology in its place.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžืงื ืืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:02
And I'm absolutely enthralled by biology.
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ืื ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงืกื ืžื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:04
I love to do synthetic biology.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ืช.
01:06
I love things that are alive.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:08
I love manipulating the infrastructure of biology.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:10
But within that infrastructure,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื•ืชื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช,
01:12
we have to remember
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
01:14
that the driving force of biology
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ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
01:16
is really coming from evolution.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
01:18
And evolution,
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ื•ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
01:20
although it was established well over 100 years ago by Charles Darwin
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ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื”ื’ืชื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื
01:23
and a vast number of other people,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ 100 ืฉื ื”,
01:25
evolution still is a little bit intangible.
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื”.
01:28
And when I talk about Darwinian evolution,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืช,
01:30
I mean one thing and one thing only,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“,
01:32
and that is survival of the fittest.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช (ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืง).
01:34
And so forget about evolution
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืžื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
01:36
in a kind of metaphysical way.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžื˜ืคื™ื–ื™ืช.
01:38
Think about evolution
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ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ
01:40
in terms of offspring competing,
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ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืืฆืื™ื,
01:42
and some winning.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื.
01:44
So bearing that in mind,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”,
01:46
as a chemist, I wanted to ask myself
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ื™ืžืื™, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืืœื”
01:48
the question frustrated by biology:
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืชื—ืžืงื” ืžืžื ื”:
01:50
What is the minimal unit of matter
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ืžื”ื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช
01:53
that can undergo Darwinian evolution?
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืช?
01:56
And this seems quite a profound question.
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ื•ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืฉืืœื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื”.
01:58
And as a chemist,
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ื•ื›ื›ื™ืžืื™ื, ืื ื• ืœื ื ืชืงืœื™ื
02:00
we're not used to profound questions every day.
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ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื•ืช.
02:02
So when I thought about it,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
02:04
then suddenly I realized
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืœืคืชืข
02:06
that biology gave us the answer.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
02:08
And in fact, the smallest unit of matter
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:10
that can evolve independently
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืขืฆืžืื™ืช
02:12
is, in fact, a single cell --
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ื”ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืขืฆื, ืชื ื™ื—ื™ื“ --
02:14
a bacteria.
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ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”.
02:16
So this raises three really important questions:
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช:
02:19
What is life?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื?
02:21
Is biology special?
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ื”ืื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช?
02:23
Biologists seem to think so.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ.
02:25
Is matter evolvable?
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ื”ืื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—?
02:27
Now if we answer those questions in reverse order,
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ืื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคื•ืš,
02:30
the third question -- is matter evolvable? --
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช -- ื”ืื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—? --
02:32
if we can answer that,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”,
02:34
then we're going to know how special biology is,
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช,
02:36
and maybe, just maybe,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™, ืจืง ืื•ืœื™,
02:38
we'll have some idea of what life really is.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.
02:41
So here's some inorganic life.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืžืขื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื.
02:43
This is a dead crystal,
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื—ืกืจ-ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:45
and I'm going to do something to it,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉื”ื•
02:47
and it's going to become alive.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™.
02:49
And you can see,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
02:51
it's kind of pollinating, germinating, growing.
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ืฉื–ื• ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืงื”, ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื’ื“ื™ืœื”.
02:54
This is an inorganic tube.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช.
02:56
And all these crystals here under the microscope
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืชื—ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค
02:58
were dead a few minutes ago, and they look alive.
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:00
Of course, they're not alive.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:02
It's a chemistry experiment where I've made a crystal garden.
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ื.
03:05
But when I saw this, I was really fascinated,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืงืกื,
03:08
because it seemed lifelike.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™.
03:10
And as I pause for a few seconds, have a look at the screen.
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš.
03:15
You can see there's architecture growing, filling the void.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืฆื•ืžื—, ืžืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ.
03:18
And this is dead.
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืกืจ-ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:20
So I was positive that,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
03:22
if somehow we can make things mimic life,
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ืฉืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:24
let's go one step further.
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ืื– ื ืœืš ืขื•ื“ ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
03:26
Let's see if we can actually make life.
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ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:28
But there's a problem,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื”,
03:30
because up until maybe a decade ago,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš,
03:32
we were told that life was impossible
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ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
03:34
and that we were the most incredible miracle in the universe.
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ื•ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืœื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
03:37
In fact, we were the only people
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื ื•ืฉ
03:39
in the universe.
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ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
03:41
Now, that's a bit boring.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืฉืขืžื.
03:43
So as a chemist,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ื™ืžืื™,
03:45
I wanted to say, "Hang on. What is going on here?
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืจืง ืจื’ืข. ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?
03:47
Is life that improbable?"
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื?"
03:49
And this is really the question.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
03:52
I think that perhaps the emergence of the first cells
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
03:55
was as probable as the emergence of the stars.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
03:58
And in fact, let's take that one step further.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื ื™ืงื— ืขื•ื“ ืฆืขื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
04:01
Let's say
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืืžืจ
04:03
that if the physics of fusion
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ืฉืื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš (ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™)
04:05
is encoded into the universe,
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ืžืงื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
04:07
maybe the physics of life is as well.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ื“ืช.
04:09
And so the problem with chemists --
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื›ื™ืžืื™ื --
04:11
and this is a massive advantage as well --
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ --
04:13
is we like to focus on our elements.
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ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:15
In biology, carbon takes center stage.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืคื—ืžืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:18
And in a universe where carbon exists
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ
04:20
and organic biology,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช,
04:22
then we have all this wonderful diversity of life.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:25
In fact, we have such amazing lifeforms that we can manipulate.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช.
04:29
We're awfully careful in the lab
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ืื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
04:31
to try and avoid various biohazards.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
04:33
Well what about matter?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ?
04:35
If we can make matter alive, would we have a matterhazard?
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืกื›ื ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ?
04:38
So think, this is a serious question.
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
04:40
If your pen could replicate,
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ืื ื”ืขื˜ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
04:43
that would be a bit of a problem.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื”.
04:45
So we have to think differently
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”
04:47
if we're going to make stuff come alive.
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ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื™.
04:49
And we also have to be aware of the issues.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:51
But before we can make life,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:53
let's think for a second
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืจื’ืข
04:55
what life really is characterized by.
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ื‘ืžื” ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:57
And forgive the complicated diagram.
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ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
04:59
This is just a collection of pathways in the cell.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื.
05:02
And the cell is obviously for us
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•
05:04
a fascinating thing.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืจืชืง.
05:06
Synthetic biologists are manipulating it.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.
05:09
Chemists are trying to study the molecules to look at disease.
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ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
05:12
And you have all these pathways going on at the same time.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
05:14
You have regulation;
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”;
05:16
information is transcribed;
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ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืขืชืง;
05:18
catalysts are made; stuff is happening.
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ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ื–ื˜ื•ืจื™ื; ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื.
05:20
But what does a cell do?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ืชื ืขื•ืฉื”?
05:22
Well it divides, it competes,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืœืง, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืจื”,
05:24
it survives.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืจื“.
05:26
And I think that is where we have to start
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื ื•
05:28
in terms of thinking about
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ
05:30
building from our ideas in life.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
05:32
But what else is life characterized by?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื?
05:34
Well, I like think of it
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”
05:36
as a flame in a bottle.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง.
05:38
And so what we have here
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ
05:40
is a description of single cells
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ื–ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
05:42
replicating, metabolizing,
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ื”ืžืฉืชื›ืคืœื™ื, ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
05:44
burning through chemistries.
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ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
05:46
And so we have to understand
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื
05:48
that if we're going to make artificial life or understand the origin of life,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
05:51
we need to power it somehow.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืกืคืง ืœื”ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•.
05:53
So before we can really start to make life,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื,
05:56
we have to really think about where it came from.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•.
05:58
And Darwin himself mused in a letter to a colleague
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ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืฉืชืขืฉืข ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืขืžื™ืชื•
06:00
that he thought that life probably emerged
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื›ื ืจืื”
06:02
in some warm little pond somewhere --
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื’ื ื—ืžื™ื ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื --
06:05
maybe not in Scotland, maybe in Africa,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
06:07
maybe somewhere else.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
06:09
But the real honest answer is, we just don't know,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื ื” ื•ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
06:12
because there is a problem with the origin.
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
06:15
Imagine way back, four and a half billion years ago,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ืœืคื ื™ 4 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
06:18
there is a vast chemical soup of stuff.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืจืง ื›ื™ืžื™ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
06:20
And from this stuff we came.
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ื•ืžืžืจืง ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื ื•.
06:22
So when you think about the improbable nature
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™
06:25
of what I'm going to tell you in the next few minutes,
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ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
06:27
just remember,
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ืจืง ืชื–ื›ืจื•,
06:29
we came from stuff on planet Earth.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื ื• ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:31
And we went through a variety of worlds.
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ื•ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ื“ืจืš ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช.
06:34
The RNA people would talk about the RNA world.
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ืื ืฉื™ ื”-RNA ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”-RNA.
06:37
We somehow got to proteins and DNA.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ื ื™ื ื•-DNA.
06:39
We then got to the last ancestor.
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ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
06:41
Evolution kicked in -- and that's the cool bit.
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ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื” -- ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
06:44
And here we are.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ.
06:46
But there's a roadblock that you can't get past.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื—ืกื•ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
06:49
You can decode the genome, you can look back,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจืฉื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
06:52
you can link us all together by a mitochondrial DNA,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืฉืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช DNA ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™,
06:55
but we can't get further than the last ancestor,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
06:58
the last visible cell
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
07:00
that we could sequence or think back in history.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
07:03
So we don't know how we got here.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื›ืืŸ.
07:06
So there are two options:
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช:
07:08
intelligent design, direct and indirect --
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ืชื™ื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชื‘ื•ื ืชื™, ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืœื-ื™ืฉื™ืจ --
07:10
so God,
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ืื ื–ื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
07:12
or my friend.
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ืื• ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™.
07:15
Now talking about E.T. putting us there, or some other life,
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ืื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™.ื˜ื™. ืฉืฉื ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ืื• ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจืช,
07:18
just pushes the problem further on.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืžื“ื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:21
I'm not a politician, I'm a scientist.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ืงืื™, ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ.
07:24
The other thing we need to think about
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•
07:26
is the emergence of chemical complexity.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช.
07:28
This seems most likely.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื”ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
07:30
So we have some kind of primordial soup.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืžืจืง ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™.
07:32
And this one happens to be
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื”
07:34
a good source of all 20 amino acids.
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ืžืงื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ 20 ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
07:36
And somehow
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
07:38
these amino acids are combined,
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
07:40
and life begins.
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื.
07:42
But life begins, what does that mean?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื?
07:44
What is life? What is this stuff of life?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื? ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื™ื™ื?
07:47
So in the 1950s,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช,
07:49
Miller-Urey did their fantastic chemical Frankenstein experiment,
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ืžื™ืœืจ-ื™ื•ืจื™ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื ื”ื“ืจ ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™, ื‘ื• ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื•
07:54
where they did the equivalent in the chemical world.
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ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื”-ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™.
07:56
They took the basic ingredients, put them in a single jar
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ื”ื ื ื˜ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื, ืฉืžื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ื“,
07:59
and ignited them
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ื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืื•ืชื
08:01
and put a lot of voltage through.
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ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืœื–ื” ืžืชื— ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
08:03
And they had a look at what was in the soup,
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ื”ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจืง
08:05
and they found amino acids,
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ื•ืžืฆืื• ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•,
08:08
but nothing came out, there was no cell.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืฆื ืžื–ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชื.
08:10
So the whole area's been stuck for a while,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืชืงื•ืข ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”.
08:13
and it got reignited in the '80s
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80
08:16
when analytical technologies and computer technologies were coming on.
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ืฉืื– ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆื•ืฅ.
08:19
In my own laboratory,
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™,
08:21
the way we're trying to create inorganic life
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช
08:24
is by using many different reaction formats.
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
08:26
So what we're trying to do is do reactions --
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” --
08:28
not in one flask, but in tens of flasks,
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ืœื ื‘ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืืœื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช,
08:30
and connect them together,
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ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื ื™ื—ื“,
08:32
as you can see with this flow system, all these pipes.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
08:34
We can do it microfluidically, we can do it lithographically,
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืขื ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื, ืขื ืœื™ืชื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”,
08:37
we can do it in a 3D printer,
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ืขื ืžื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“,
08:39
we can do it in droplets for colleagues.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื.
08:41
And the key thing is to have lots of complex chemistry
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
08:44
just bubbling away.
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื‘ืขื‘ืขื•ืช.
08:46
But that's probably going to end in failure,
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืฉืœ,
08:50
so we need to be a bit more focused.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื.
08:52
And the answer, of course, lies with mice.
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ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ืžืฆื ืืฆืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:54
This is how I remember what I need as a chemist.
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ื›ืš ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ื™ืžืื™.
08:57
I say, "Well I want molecules."
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช."
08:59
But I need a metabolism, I need some energy.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืงืฆืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
09:02
I need some information, and I need a container.
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ืื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืงืฆืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื›ืœื™-ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ.
09:05
Because if I want evolution,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
09:07
I need containers to compete.
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœื™-ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
09:09
So if you have a container,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืœื™-ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ,
09:11
it's like getting in your car.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
09:13
"This is my car,
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"ื–ื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™,
09:15
and I'm going to drive around and show off my car."
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืื™ืชื” ื•ืœื”ืชืคืืจ ื‘ื”."
09:17
And I imagine you have a similar thing
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”
09:19
in cellular biology
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชืื™ืช
09:21
with the emergence of life.
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:23
So these things together give us evolution, perhaps.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
09:26
And the way to test it in the laboratory
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
09:28
is to make it minimal.
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ื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื.
09:30
So what we're going to try and do
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช
09:32
is come up with an inorganic Lego kit of molecules.
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขืจื›ืช ืœื’ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœื-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช.
09:35
And so forgive the molecules on the screen,
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ืชืชืขืœืžื• ืžื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
09:37
but these are a very simple kit.
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ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:39
There's only maybe three or four different types of building blocks present.
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ 3 ืื• 4 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™-ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
09:41
And we can aggregate them together
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืจืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื“
09:43
and make literally thousands and thousands
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืืœืคื™ ืืœืคื™ื
09:45
of really big nano-molecular molecules
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ื ื•-ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
09:48
the same size of DNA and proteins,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ DNA ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื™ืื™ื ื™ื,
09:50
but there's no carbon in sight.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืคื—ืžืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
09:52
Carbon is banned.
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืจืข.
09:54
And so with this Lego kit,
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ื•ื›ืš ืขื ืขืจื›ืช ืœื’ื• ื–ื•,
09:56
we have the diversity required
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ
09:58
for complex information storage
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
10:01
without DNA.
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ืœืœื DNA.
10:03
But we need to make some containers.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื™-ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ.
10:05
And just a few months ago in my lab,
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ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™,
10:07
we were able to take these very same molecules and make cells with them.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืขื ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ื.
10:10
And you can see on the screen a cell being made.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื.
10:13
And we're now going to put some chemistry inside and do some chemistry in this cell.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื• ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื–ื”.
10:16
And all I wanted to show you
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
10:18
is we can set up molecules
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
10:20
in membranes, in real cells,
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ื‘ืงืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชืื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื,
10:22
and then it sets up a kind of molecular Darwinism,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื–ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™,
10:26
a molecular survival of the fittest.
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ื‘ืจื™ืจื”-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
10:28
And this movie here
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ื•ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื”
10:30
shows this competition between molecules.
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ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
10:32
Molecules are competing for stuff.
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
10:34
They're all made of the same stuff,
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
10:36
but they want their shape to win.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืชื ืฆื—.
10:38
They want their shape to persist.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”.
10:40
And that is the key.
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ื•ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคืชื—.
10:42
If we can somehow encourage these molecules
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ืŸ
10:44
to talk to each other and make the right shapes and compete,
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ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช,
10:47
they will start to form cells
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ื”ืŸ ืชืชื—ืœื ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ื
10:49
that will replicate and compete.
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ืฉื™ืฉืชื›ืคืœื• ื•ื™ืชื—ืจื•.
10:51
If we manage to do that,
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ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
10:53
forget the molecular detail.
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ื•ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืœืจื’ืข ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™.
10:56
Let's zoom out to what that could mean.
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ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ.
10:58
So we have this special theory of evolution
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
11:00
that applies only to organic biology, to us.
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ื”ื—ืœื” ืจืง ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื•.
11:03
If we could get evolution into the material world,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ,
11:06
then I propose we should have a general theory of evolution.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
11:09
And that's really worth thinking about.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
11:12
Does evolution control
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ื”ืื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช
11:14
the sophistication of matter in the universe?
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื?
11:17
Is there some driving force through evolution
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ื”ืื ืงื™ื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื•ื— ืžื ื™ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
11:20
that allows matter to compete?
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ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช?
11:22
So that means we could then start
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
11:24
to develop different platforms
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ืœืคืชื— ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
11:27
for exploring this evolution.
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ืœื—ืงืจ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื–ื•.
11:29
So you imagine,
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ืื– ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•,
11:31
if we're able to create a self-sustaining artificial life form,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”,
11:34
not only will this tell us about the origin of life --
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื–ื” ื™ืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื --
11:37
that it's possible that the universe doesn't need carbon to be alive;
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ืืœื ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืคื—ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™;
11:40
it can use anything --
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ --
11:42
we can then take [it] one step further and develop new technologies,
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืœืคืชื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
11:45
because we can then use software control
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ื›ื™ ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”
11:47
for evolution to code in.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
11:49
So imagine we make a little cell.
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ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื ืื—ื“.
11:51
We want to put it out in the environment,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”,
11:53
and we want it to be powered by the Sun.
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ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ.
11:55
What we do is we evolve it in a box with a light on.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉืžืื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืื•ืจ.
11:58
And we don't use design anymore. We find what works.
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ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืชืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื”. ืื ื• ืจืง ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
12:01
We should take our inspiration from biology.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
12:03
Biology doesn't care about the design
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ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™,
12:05
unless it works.
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ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
12:07
So this will reorganize
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ื–ื” ื™ืืจื’ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
12:09
the way we design things.
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ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
12:11
But not only just that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”,
12:13
we will start to think about
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ืืœื ื’ื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ
12:15
how we can start to develop a symbiotic relationship with biology.
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ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืชื— ืงืฉืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืขื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
12:18
Wouldn't it be great
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ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืœื ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
12:20
if you could take these artificial biological cells
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ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
12:22
and fuse them with biological ones
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ื•ืœืื—ื“ ืื•ืชื ืขื ืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
12:24
to correct problems that we couldn't really deal with?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื?
12:27
The real issue in cellular biology
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ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื
12:29
is we are never going to understand everything,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ,
12:32
because it's a multidimensional problem put there by evolution.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจื‘-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืฉื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
12:35
Evolution cannot be cut apart.
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
12:38
You need to somehow find the fitness function.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
12:41
And the profound realization for me
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื™ืง ืฉืœื™
12:43
is that, if this works,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
12:45
the concept of the selfish gene gets kicked up a level,
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ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื•ืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ืจื’ื”,
12:48
and we really start talking about selfish matter.
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ื•ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื ื•ื›ื™.
12:51
And what does that mean in a universe
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ื•ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
12:53
where we are right now the highest form of stuff?
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
12:56
You're sitting on chairs.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช.
12:58
They're inanimate, they're not alive.
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ื”ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื, ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™-ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:00
But you are made of stuff, and you are using stuff,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจ, ื•ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ,
13:02
and you enslave stuff.
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ื•ืืชื ืžืฉืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ.
13:04
So using evolution
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ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
13:06
in biology,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
13:08
and in inorganic biology,
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ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช,
13:10
for me is quite appealing, quite exciting.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืฉืš, ื“ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
13:12
And we're really becoming very close
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื
13:15
to understanding the key steps
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ืืœ ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืžืคืชื—
13:17
that makes dead stuff come alive.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ื•ืžื ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
13:20
And again, when you're thinking about how improbable this is,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
13:23
remember, five billion years ago,
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ืชื–ื›ืจื•, ืœืคื ื™ 5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”,
13:25
we were not here, and there was no life.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:28
So what will that tell us
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•
13:30
about the origin of life and the meaning of life?
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื?
13:33
But perhaps, for me as a chemist,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ื™ืžืื™,
13:35
I want to keep away from general terms;
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืจื—ืง ืžืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื;
13:37
I want to think about specifics.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
13:39
So what does it mean about defining life?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื?
13:41
We really struggle to do this.
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ืื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืืžืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
13:43
And I think, if we can make inorganic biology,
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ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช,
13:45
and we can make matter become evolvable,
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืชืคืชื—,
13:48
that will in fact define life.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:50
I propose to you
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื
13:52
that matter that can evolve is alive,
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ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ื—ื™,
13:55
and this gives us the idea of making evolvable matter.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืชืคืชื—.
13:58
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:00
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:07
Chris Anderson: Just a quick question on timeline.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืจืง ืฉืืœื” ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
14:11
You believe you're going to be successful in this project?
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ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•?
14:13
When?
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ืžืชื™?
14:15
Lee Cronin: So many people think
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ืœื™ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืŸ: ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
14:17
that life took millions of years to kick in.
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ืฉืœืงื— ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
14:19
We're proposing to do it in just a few hours,
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ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืจืง ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช,
14:22
once we've set up
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ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘
14:24
the right chemistry.
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ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
14:26
CA: And when do you think that will happen?
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ื›.ื.: ื•ืžืชื™ ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”?
14:28
LC: Hopefully within the next two years.
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ืœ.ื›.: ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
14:31
CA: That would be a big story.
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ื›.ื.: ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ืง.
14:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:35
In your own mind, what do you believe the chances are
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ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชืš, ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื
14:37
that walking around on some other planet
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ืฉื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ
14:39
is non-carbon-based life,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
14:41
walking or oozing or something?
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ืฉืžืชื”ืœื›ื™ื ืฉื ืื• ืฉื•ืจืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•'?
14:43
LC: I think it's 100 percent.
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ืœ.ื›.: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘-100 ืื—ื•ื–.
14:45
Because the thing is, we are so chauvinistic to biology,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื” ืงื ืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
14:48
if you take away carbon, there's other things that can happen.
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ืื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
14:50
So the other thing
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื
14:52
that if we were able to create life that's not based on carbon,
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ืฉืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
14:54
maybe we can tell NASA what really to look for.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ืืกื ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื—ืคืฉ.
14:57
Don't go and look for carbon, go and look for evolvable stuff.
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ืฉืœื ื™ืœื›ื• ื•ื™ื—ืคืฉื• ืื—ืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืฉื™ืœื›ื• ื•ื™ื—ืคืฉื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชืคืชื—.
15:00
CA: Lee Cronin, good luck. (LC: Thank you very much.)
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ื›.ื.: ืœื™ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. (ืœ.ื›.: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.)
15:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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