Lee Cronin: Making matter come alive

73,471 views ・ 2011-09-09

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jeong-Lan Kinser κ²€ν† : Bianca Lee
00:15
What I'm going to try and do in the next 15 minutes or so
0
15260
3000
μ œκ°€ λ‹€μŒ 15 λΆ„ 정도 μ‹œλ„ν•˜κ³  μ‹€ν–‰ν•  것은
00:18
is tell you about an idea
1
18260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„
00:20
of how we're going to make matter come alive.
2
20260
3000
μƒμƒνžˆ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆκ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 방법에 λŒ€ν•œκ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:23
Now this may seem a bit ambitious,
3
23260
2000
이건 사싀 쑰금 μ•Όμ‹¬μ°¨κ²Œ 보일지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ,
00:25
but when you look at yourself, you look at your hands,
4
25260
2000
슀슀둜λ₯Ό λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ 보고, 손을 λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ 보면,
00:27
you realize that you're alive.
5
27260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹«κ²Œ λ˜μ§€μš”
00:29
So this is a start.
6
29260
2000
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ 이게 μ‹œμž‘μΈκ±°μ£ 
00:31
Now this quest started four billion years ago on planet Earth.
7
31260
3000
이 νƒκ΅¬λŠ” 지ꡬ ν–‰μ„±μ—μ„œ 40얡년전에 μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:34
There's been four billion years
8
34260
2000
40μ–΅λ…„λ™μ•ˆ 유기적이고 생물학적인
00:36
of organic, biological life.
9
36260
2000
생λͺ…이 μžˆμ–΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:38
And as an inorganic chemist,
10
38260
2000
무기 ν™”ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ,
00:40
my friends and colleagues make this distinction
11
40260
2000
제 μΉœκ΅¬μ™€ λ™λ£ŒλŠ”
00:42
between the organic, living world
12
42260
3000
유기, 생λͺ…μ˜ 세계와
00:45
and the inorganic, dead world.
13
45260
2000
λΉ„μœ κΈ°, 죽은 세계 사이λ₯Ό κ΅¬λ³„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:47
And what I'm going to try and do is plant some ideas
14
47260
3000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ μ‹œλ„ν•˜κ³  μ‹€ν–‰ν•˜λ € ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€
00:50
about how we can transform inorganic, dead matter
15
50260
4000
λΉ„μœ κΈ°, 죽은 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ 유기, 유기적 μƒλ¬Όν•™μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν˜•μ‹œν‚€λŠ”
00:54
into living matter, into inorganic biology.
16
54260
3000
방법에 λŒ€ν•΄ λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 아이디어λ₯Ό μ‹¬λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:57
Before we do that,
17
57260
2000
κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜κΈ°μ „μ—,
00:59
I want to kind of put biology in its place.
18
59260
3000
μ €λŠ” 생물학을 제 μœ„μΉ˜μ— 놓고 μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
And I'm absolutely enthralled by biology.
19
62260
2000
μ €λŠ” 생물학에 μ™„μ „νžˆ λ§€λ£Œλ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
I love to do synthetic biology.
20
64260
2000
μ €λŠ” 합성생물학을 ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ 정말 μ’‹μ•„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
I love things that are alive.
21
66260
2000
μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 것듀을 μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜μ§€μš”.
01:08
I love manipulating the infrastructure of biology.
22
68260
2000
μ €λŠ” μƒλ¬Όν•™μ˜ 인프라λ₯Ό μ‘°μž‘ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ μ‚¬λž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
But within that infrastructure,
23
70260
2000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ 인프라 λ‚΄μ—μ„œ,
01:12
we have to remember
24
72260
2000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒλ¬Όν•™μ˜ 좔진λ ₯이
01:14
that the driving force of biology
25
74260
2000
정말 μ§„ν™”μ—μ„œ μ˜¨λ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ„
01:16
is really coming from evolution.
26
76260
2000
κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
And evolution,
27
78260
2000
또 μ§„ν™”λŠ”,
01:20
although it was established well over 100 years ago by Charles Darwin
28
80260
3000
찰슀 λ‹€μœˆμ— μ˜ν•΄ 100λ…„ 전에 섀립이 λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
01:23
and a vast number of other people,
29
83260
2000
λ°©λŒ€ν•œ 숫자의 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ”
01:25
evolution still is a little bit intangible.
30
85260
3000
진화가 μ—¬μ „νžˆ 약간은 λ§‰μ—°ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
And when I talk about Darwinian evolution,
31
88260
2000
또 μ œκ°€ λ‹€μœˆμ˜ 진화에 λŒ€ν•΄ 이야기 ν•  λ•ŒλŠ”,
01:30
I mean one thing and one thing only,
32
90260
2000
μ €λŠ” ν•œκ°€μ§€λ₯Ό, 단 ν•œκ°€μ§€λ§Œμ„ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:32
and that is survival of the fittest.
33
92260
2000
그것은 μ μžμƒμ‘΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:34
And so forget about evolution
34
94260
2000
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ 진화λ₯Ό μ² ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ
01:36
in a kind of metaphysical way.
35
96260
2000
μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€ μžŠμ–΄λ²„λ¦¬μ„Έμš”
01:38
Think about evolution
36
98260
2000
진화λ₯Ό μžμ†μ΄ κ²½μŸν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
01:40
in terms of offspring competing,
37
100260
2000
또 λͺ‡λͺ‡μ΄ μ΄κΈ°λŠ”κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
01:42
and some winning.
38
102260
2000
μƒκ°ν•˜μ„Έμš”
01:44
So bearing that in mind,
39
104260
2000
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ 염두에 λ‘μ‹œκΈ° λ°”λΌλŠ”λ°,
01:46
as a chemist, I wanted to ask myself
40
106260
2000
ν™”ν™•μžλ‘œμ„œ, μ €λŠ” μ œμžμ‹ μ—κ²Œ
01:48
the question frustrated by biology:
41
108260
2000
μƒλ¬Όν•™μœΌλ‘œ μ§ˆλ¬Έν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆλ˜κ²Œ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€:
01:50
What is the minimal unit of matter
42
110260
3000
λ‹€μœˆμ˜ 진화λ₯Ό 거쳐갈 수 μžˆλŠ”
01:53
that can undergo Darwinian evolution?
43
113260
3000
κ°€μž₯ μ΅œμ†Œ λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ 무엇인가?
01:56
And this seems quite a profound question.
44
116260
2000
이것은 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έκ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:58
And as a chemist,
45
118260
2000
ν™”ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ,
02:00
we're not used to profound questions every day.
46
120260
2000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μΌμƒμ μœΌλ‘œ μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— μ΅μˆ™ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:02
So when I thought about it,
47
122260
2000
μ œκ°€ 그것에 λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해 λ³΄μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ,
02:04
then suddenly I realized
48
124260
2000
μ €λŠ” κ°‘μžκΈ°
02:06
that biology gave us the answer.
49
126260
2000
생물학이 κ·Έ λŒ€λ‹΅μ„ μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ”κ±Έ κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:08
And in fact, the smallest unit of matter
50
128260
2000
사싀, λ…λ¦½μ μœΌλ‘œ 진화할 수 μžˆλŠ”
02:10
that can evolve independently
51
130260
2000
물질의 κ°€μž₯ μ΅œμ†Œλ‹¨μœ„λŠ”
02:12
is, in fact, a single cell --
52
132260
2000
사싀, ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 세포,
02:14
a bacteria.
53
134260
2000
즉 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:16
So this raises three really important questions:
54
136260
3000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이것이 μ„Έκ°€μ§€μ˜ λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ μ œκΈ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€:
02:19
What is life?
55
139260
2000
생λͺ…μ΄λž€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
02:21
Is biology special?
56
141260
2000
생물학은 νŠΉλ³„ν•œκ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
02:23
Biologists seem to think so.
57
143260
2000
μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ„ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒ κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:25
Is matter evolvable?
58
145260
2000
λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ 진화가λŠ₯ν• κΉŒμš”?
02:27
Now if we answer those questions in reverse order,
59
147260
3000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°˜λŒ€μˆœμ„œλ‘œ κ·Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡변을 ν•˜λŠ” 경우,
02:30
the third question -- is matter evolvable? --
60
150260
2000
μ„Έλ²ˆμ§Έ 질문--λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ 진화가λŠ₯ν• κΉŒμš”?
02:32
if we can answer that,
61
152260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 그것에 λŒ€ν•œ λŒ€λ‹΅μ„ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”κ²½μš°,
02:34
then we're going to know how special biology is,
62
154260
2000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 생물학이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ νŠΉλ³„ν•œμ§€ μ•Œκ²Œ 될 것이고,
02:36
and maybe, just maybe,
63
156260
2000
또 μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄,
02:38
we'll have some idea of what life really is.
64
158260
3000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 정말 생λͺ…μ΄λž€ μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ 무엇인가에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 아이디어λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:41
So here's some inorganic life.
65
161260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬κΈ° λͺ‡λͺ‡μ˜ λΉ„μœ κΈ°μ  생λͺ…이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:43
This is a dead crystal,
66
163260
2000
이건 죽은 μˆ˜μ •μΈλ°,
02:45
and I'm going to do something to it,
67
165260
2000
μ œκ°€ 그것에 λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό ν•˜λ € ν•˜κ³ ,
02:47
and it's going to become alive.
68
167260
2000
그건 μƒμƒνžˆ μ‚΄μ•„λ‚ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:49
And you can see,
69
169260
2000
보싀 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄,
02:51
it's kind of pollinating, germinating, growing.
70
171260
3000
그건 μΌμ’…μ˜ μˆ˜λΆ„μž‘μš©, λ°œμ•„μž‘μš©, μ„±μž₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:54
This is an inorganic tube.
71
174260
2000
이건 λΉ„μœ κΈ°μ  νŠœλΈŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:56
And all these crystals here under the microscope
72
176260
2000
그리고 이 μˆ˜μ •λ“€μ€ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½ν•˜μ—μ„œ
02:58
were dead a few minutes ago, and they look alive.
73
178260
2000
λͺ‡λΆ„전에 μ£½μ–΄μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°, 그것듀이 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:00
Of course, they're not alive.
74
180260
2000
λ¬Όλ‘ , 그듀이 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:02
It's a chemistry experiment where I've made a crystal garden.
75
182260
3000
그건 μ œκ°€ λ§Œλ“  μˆ˜μ • μ •μ›μ—μ„œμ˜ ν™”ν•™μ‹€ν—˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:05
But when I saw this, I was really fascinated,
76
185260
3000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ 이것을 λ³΄μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ, μ €λŠ” μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ λ§€λ£Œλ˜μ—ˆμ£ 
03:08
because it seemed lifelike.
77
188260
2000
κΌ­ 생λͺ…μ²˜λŸΌ 보이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ§€μš”
03:10
And as I pause for a few seconds, have a look at the screen.
78
190260
3000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” λͺ‡μ΄ˆλ₯Ό μ •μ§€μ‹œμΌœ, 화면을 κ΄€μ°°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:15
You can see there's architecture growing, filling the void.
79
195260
3000
κ±°κΈ°μ—λŠ” λΉˆν‹ˆμ„ μ±„μš°λ©΄μ„œ 건섀ꡬ쑰가 μžλΌλ‚˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:18
And this is dead.
80
198260
2000
이것은 μ£½μ—ˆλŠ”λ° λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
03:20
So I was positive that,
81
200260
2000
μ €λŠ” κ·Έλž˜μ„œ,
03:22
if somehow we can make things mimic life,
82
202260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 생λͺ…을 λͺ¨λ°©ν•˜λŠ”것을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
03:24
let's go one step further.
83
204260
2000
ν•œ 단계λ₯Ό 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ”κ±Έ ν™•μ‹ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:26
Let's see if we can actually make life.
84
206260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 생λͺ…을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 보기둜 ν•˜μ£ 
03:28
But there's a problem,
85
208260
2000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:30
because up until maybe a decade ago,
86
210260
2000
μ™œλƒλ©΄ μ‹­λ…„μ „κΉŒμ§€λ§Œν•΄λ„
03:32
we were told that life was impossible
87
212260
2000
μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λ―Ώμ„μˆ˜ μ—†λŠ” 기적은
03:34
and that we were the most incredible miracle in the universe.
88
214260
3000
μΈκ°„μ΄μ–΄μ„œ 생λͺ…은 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²¨μ‘ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ 
03:37
In fact, we were the only people
89
217260
2000
사싀 우리만이
03:39
in the universe.
90
219260
2000
μš°μ£Όμ— μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:41
Now, that's a bit boring.
91
221260
2000
그건 μ•½κ°„ μ§€λ£¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:43
So as a chemist,
92
223260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν™”ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ,
03:45
I wanted to say, "Hang on. What is going on here?
93
225260
2000
μ œκ°€ λ§ν•˜κ³  싢은것은, "κ°€λ§Œμžˆμ–΄λ³΄μž, μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 무슨일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€κ³  μžˆλŠ”κ±°μ§€?
03:47
Is life that improbable?"
94
227260
2000
생λͺ…이 λΉ„ν˜„μ‹€μ μΈ 건가?"
03:49
And this is really the question.
95
229260
3000
이게 λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:52
I think that perhaps the emergence of the first cells
96
232260
3000
μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ” 첫번째 μ„Έν¬μ˜ μΆœν˜„μ€
03:55
was as probable as the emergence of the stars.
97
235260
3000
λ³„λ“€μ˜ μΆœν˜„κ³Ό 같이 μžˆμŒμ§ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄λΌκ΅¬μš”
03:58
And in fact, let's take that one step further.
98
238260
3000
사싀, κ±°κΈ°μ„œ ν•œλ‹¨κ³„ 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°‘μ‹œλ‹€
04:01
Let's say
99
241260
2000
자,
04:03
that if the physics of fusion
100
243260
2000
μœ΅ν•©μ˜ 물리학이
04:05
is encoded into the universe,
101
245260
2000
μš°μ£Όμ†μœΌλ‘œ μ½”λ“œκ°€ μž…λ ₯λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄,
04:07
maybe the physics of life is as well.
102
247260
2000
생λͺ…μ˜ 물리학도 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μΌμ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€κ³  ν•©μ‹œλ‹€
04:09
And so the problem with chemists --
103
249260
2000
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ ν™”ν•™μžλ“€μ˜ λ¬Έμ œλŠ”--
04:11
and this is a massive advantage as well --
104
251260
2000
이건 큰 μž₯점이기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ--
04:13
is we like to focus on our elements.
105
253260
2000
우리의 μ›μ†Œλ“€μ— μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”λŠ”κ±Έ μ’‹μ•„ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:15
In biology, carbon takes center stage.
106
255260
3000
μƒλ¬Όν•™μ—μ„œ, νƒ„μ†ŒλŠ” λ¬΄λŒ€μ˜ 쀑심을 μ°¨μ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:18
And in a universe where carbon exists
107
258260
2000
그리고 νƒ„μ†Œκ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μš°μ£Όμ™€
04:20
and organic biology,
108
260260
2000
유기 μƒλ¬Όν•™μ—μ„œ,
04:22
then we have all this wonderful diversity of life.
109
262260
3000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 생λͺ…μ˜ 이런 μ˜€λ¬˜ν•œ 닀양성을 λ³΄μœ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:25
In fact, we have such amazing lifeforms that we can manipulate.
110
265260
4000
사싀, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‘°μž‘ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ ꡉμž₯히 멋진 생λͺ…ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λ³΄μœ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
We're awfully careful in the lab
111
269260
2000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 생λͺ…μ μœ„ν—˜μ„ μ‹œλ„ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
04:31
to try and avoid various biohazards.
112
271260
2000
νšŒν”Όν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 극도둝 μ‘°μ‹¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:33
Well what about matter?
113
273260
2000
κΈ€μŽ„μš” λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
04:35
If we can make matter alive, would we have a matterhazard?
114
275260
3000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆκ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆμœ„ν—˜μ„ κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”κ±΄κ°€μš”?
04:38
So think, this is a serious question.
115
278260
2000
μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”, 이건 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:40
If your pen could replicate,
116
280260
3000
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 펜이 λ³΅μ œν•  수 μžˆλŠ”κ²½μš°,
04:43
that would be a bit of a problem.
117
283260
2000
그건 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ˜κ² μ§€μš”
04:45
So we have to think differently
118
285260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 생각을 달리해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:47
if we're going to make stuff come alive.
119
287260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆκ²Œ λ§Œλ“€ μ˜ˆμ •μ΄λΌλ©΄ 말이죠
04:49
And we also have to be aware of the issues.
120
289260
2000
λ˜ν•œ κ·Έ λ¬Έμ œμ— μΈμ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:51
But before we can make life,
121
291260
2000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 생λͺ…을 λ§Œλ“€μˆ˜ μžˆκΈ°μ „μ—
04:53
let's think for a second
122
293260
2000
μž κΉλ™μ•ˆ 생λͺ…μ΄λΌλŠ” 것이
04:55
what life really is characterized by.
123
295260
2000
μ–΄λ– ν•œ 특질둜 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒλŠ”μ§€ 생각해 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€
04:57
And forgive the complicated diagram.
124
297260
2000
그리고 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λ„ν‘œλŠ” μš©μ„œν•΄μ£Όμ‹­μ‹œμ˜€
04:59
This is just a collection of pathways in the cell.
125
299260
3000
이건 단지 μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ 경둜의 λͺ¨μŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:02
And the cell is obviously for us
126
302260
2000
κ·Έ μ„Έν¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ”
05:04
a fascinating thing.
127
304260
2000
λͺ…λ°±νžˆ 맀혹적인 κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”
05:06
Synthetic biologists are manipulating it.
128
306260
3000
합성적 μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 이걸 μ‘°μž‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:09
Chemists are trying to study the molecules to look at disease.
129
309260
3000
ν™”ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ 쑰사할 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λ €κ³  μ‹œλ„ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:12
And you have all these pathways going on at the same time.
130
312260
2000
그와 λ™μ‹œμ— μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 이 λͺ¨λ“  경둜λ₯Ό κ°–κ²Œλ˜μ£ 
05:14
You have regulation;
131
314260
2000
κ·œμΉ™μ΄ 있고;
05:16
information is transcribed;
132
316260
2000
정보가 기둝되고;
05:18
catalysts are made; stuff is happening.
133
318260
2000
μ΄‰λ§€μž‘μš©μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³ , 물질이 λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:20
But what does a cell do?
134
320260
2000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 세포가 ν•˜λŠ”κ±΄ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
05:22
Well it divides, it competes,
135
322260
2000
μ„Έν¬λŠ” λΆ„ν• ν•˜κ³ , κ²½μŸν•˜κ³ ,
05:24
it survives.
136
324260
2000
μƒμ‘΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:26
And I think that is where we have to start
137
326260
2000
μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 생λͺ…에 λŒ€ν•œ 우리의 μƒκ°μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
05:28
in terms of thinking about
138
328260
2000
κ±΄μΆ•ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄λŠ” 것이
05:30
building from our ideas in life.
139
330260
2000
μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ•Όν•  단계라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:32
But what else is life characterized by?
140
332260
2000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 생λͺ…μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ νŠΉμ§ˆμ€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
05:34
Well, I like think of it
141
334260
2000
μ €λŠ” 그것을
05:36
as a flame in a bottle.
142
336260
2000
λ³‘μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” λΆˆκ½ƒμ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν•˜κ³ 
05:38
And so what we have here
143
338260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ” 것은
05:40
is a description of single cells
144
340260
2000
ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 세포에 λŒ€ν•œ
05:42
replicating, metabolizing,
145
342260
2000
λ³΅μ œν•˜κΈ°, μ‹ μ§„λŒ€μ‚¬ μ‹œν‚€κΈ°,
05:44
burning through chemistries.
146
344260
2000
화학을 ν†΅ν•œ μ—°μ†Œν•˜κΈ°μ˜ μ •μ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:46
And so we have to understand
147
346260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
05:48
that if we're going to make artificial life or understand the origin of life,
148
348260
3000
인곡적 생λͺ…을 λ§Œλ“€κ±°λ‚˜ 생λͺ…μ˜ 기원에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €λŠ” 경우
05:51
we need to power it somehow.
149
351260
2000
κ·Έκ±Έ μ–΄λŠμ •λ„λ‘œ μ „λ ₯곡급을 ν•΄μ•Όν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:53
So before we can really start to make life,
150
353260
3000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ 생λͺ…을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κΈ° 전에
05:56
we have to really think about where it came from.
151
356260
2000
그것이 μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œ μ™”λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•˜ μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ 생각해 보아야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:58
And Darwin himself mused in a letter to a colleague
152
358260
2000
λ‹€μœˆ 슀슀둜 λ™λ£Œμ—κ²Œ 보낸 νŽΈμ§€μ—μ„œ μ‹¬μ‚¬μˆ™κ³ ν•œ 것은
06:00
that he thought that life probably emerged
153
360260
2000
κ·Έκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°μ— 생λͺ…μ΄λž€ ν•„κ²½
06:02
in some warm little pond somewhere --
154
362260
3000
μ–΄λ–€ λ”°λœ»ν•œ μ—°λͺ»μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ™”μ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠
06:05
maybe not in Scotland, maybe in Africa,
155
365260
2000
μŠ€μ½”ν‹€λžœλ“œλŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ , μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ,
06:07
maybe somewhere else.
156
367260
2000
μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–΄λ”˜κ°€μ—μ„œ 말이죠
06:09
But the real honest answer is, we just don't know,
157
369260
3000
ν•˜μžλ§Œ 정말 μ •μ§ν•œ λŒ€λ‹΅μ€, 단지 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그것을 λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:12
because there is a problem with the origin.
158
372260
3000
μ™œλƒλ©΄ 기원에 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:15
Imagine way back, four and a half billion years ago,
159
375260
3000
반 μ–΅λ…„ 이전을 상상해보면,
06:18
there is a vast chemical soup of stuff.
160
378260
2000
κ΄‘λŒ€ν•œ 화학적인 μˆ˜ν”„ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 것이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:20
And from this stuff we came.
161
380260
2000
μ΄κ²ƒμ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‚˜μ™”μ§€μš”
06:22
So when you think about the improbable nature
162
382260
3000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ λ‹€μŒ λͺ‡λΆ„ 후에 말할
06:25
of what I'm going to tell you in the next few minutes,
163
385260
2000
λΉ„ ν˜„μ‹€μ μΈ μžμ—°μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해 λ³Όλ•ŒλŠ”
06:27
just remember,
164
387260
2000
κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ„Έμš”,
06:29
we came from stuff on planet Earth.
165
389260
2000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§€κ΅¬ν–‰μ„±μ˜ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ™”λ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ„μš”
06:31
And we went through a variety of worlds.
166
391260
3000
또 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λͺ‡κ°œμ˜ 세계λ₯Ό κ±°μ³μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:34
The RNA people would talk about the RNA world.
167
394260
3000
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)κ΄€λ ¨μžλ“€μ€ RNA 에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:37
We somehow got to proteins and DNA.
168
397260
2000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ– ν•œ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆκ³Ό DNA에 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:39
We then got to the last ancestor.
169
399260
2000
κ·Έλ‹€μŒμ— μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 쑰상을 κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:41
Evolution kicked in -- and that's the cool bit.
170
401260
3000
진화가 λ°•μ°¨κ³  λ“€μ–΄μ™”κ³  그건 멋진 λΆ€λΆ„μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:44
And here we are.
171
404260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 μžλ¦¬μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ 
06:46
But there's a roadblock that you can't get past.
172
406260
3000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€λ‚˜μΉ  수 μ—†λŠ” μž₯애물이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:49
You can decode the genome, you can look back,
173
409260
3000
κ²Œλ†ˆ (genome: μƒλ¬Όμ˜ μ΅œμ†Œν•œ μœ μ „μžκ΅°(ηΎ€)을 가진 μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ˜ ν•œ μ„ΈνŠΈ)을 ν•΄λ…ν•˜κ³ ,
06:52
you can link us all together by a mitochondrial DNA,
174
412260
3000
κ³Όκ±°λ₯Ό λŒμ•„λ³΄κ³ , λ―Έν† μ½˜λ“œλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ DNA둜 우리 λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν•  수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
06:55
but we can't get further than the last ancestor,
175
415260
3000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μˆœμ„œλ₯Ό 생각할 수 μžˆκ±°λ‚˜ 역사λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ 거슬러 생각해 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”
06:58
the last visible cell
176
418260
2000
μ§€λ‚œ κ°€μ‹œμ μΈ 세포 μ΄μ „μ˜ 쑰상보닀
07:00
that we could sequence or think back in history.
177
420260
3000
더 깊이 이해할 μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:03
So we don't know how we got here.
178
423260
3000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 여기에 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ™”λŠ”μ§€ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:06
So there are two options:
179
426260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 여기에 두가지 μ˜΅μ…˜μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€:
07:08
intelligent design, direct and indirect --
180
428260
2000
직접적 및 간접적 지λŠ₯ν˜• λ””μžμΈμ΄μ£ --
07:10
so God,
181
430260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‹˜,
07:12
or my friend.
182
432260
3000
λ˜λŠ” μ €μ˜ 친ꡬ죠.
07:15
Now talking about E.T. putting us there, or some other life,
183
435260
3000
이제 우리λ₯Ό 저기에 놓은 E.T. λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 생λͺ…에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ©΄,
07:18
just pushes the problem further on.
184
438260
3000
κ·Έ 문제λ₯Ό 더 깊이 λ‹€κ·ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:21
I'm not a politician, I'm a scientist.
185
441260
3000
μ €λŠ” μ •μΉ˜κ°€κ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€, κ³Όν•™μžμ΄μ£ 
07:24
The other thing we need to think about
186
444260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 생각해야할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έκ²ƒμ€
07:26
is the emergence of chemical complexity.
187
446260
2000
화학적인 λ³΅μž‘ν•¨μ˜ μΆœν˜„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:28
This seems most likely.
188
448260
2000
이것이 κ°€μž₯ κ·ΈλŸ΄λ“― ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:30
So we have some kind of primordial soup.
189
450260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ›μ‹œμ μΈ μˆ˜ν”„κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:32
And this one happens to be
190
452260
2000
그리고 이것은 λͺ¨λ“  μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° 20개의
07:34
a good source of all 20 amino acids.
191
454260
2000
ν›Œλ£‘ν•œ μ›μ²œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:36
And somehow
192
456260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·ΈλŸ°λŒ€λ‘œ
07:38
these amino acids are combined,
193
458260
2000
이 아미노산듀이 κ²°ν•©ν•˜κ³ ,
07:40
and life begins.
194
460260
2000
생λͺ…이 μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:42
But life begins, what does that mean?
195
462260
2000
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 생λͺ…이 μ‹œμž‘ν•œλ‹€, 그게 무슨 μ˜λ―ΈμΈκ°€μš”?
07:44
What is life? What is this stuff of life?
196
464260
3000
생λͺ…μ΄λž€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΈκ°€μš”? 생λͺ…μ˜ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ΄λž€ λ¬΄μ—‡μž…λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
07:47
So in the 1950s,
197
467260
2000
1950λ…„λŒ€μ—
07:49
Miller-Urey did their fantastic chemical Frankenstein experiment,
198
469260
5000
λ°€λŸ¬μ™€ μœ λ ˆμ΄λŠ” 화학적 μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ
07:54
where they did the equivalent in the chemical world.
199
474260
2000
ν™˜μƒμ μΈ 화학적 ν”„λž‘μΌ„μŠ€νƒ€μΈ μ‹€ν—˜μ— μƒμ‘ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:56
They took the basic ingredients, put them in a single jar
200
476260
3000
그듀은 기본적인 재료λ₯Ό 가지고, 그것듀을 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 단지에 λ„£μ–΄
07:59
and ignited them
201
479260
2000
λΆˆμ„ λΆ™μ˜€κ³ 
08:01
and put a lot of voltage through.
202
481260
2000
λ§Žμ€ μ „λ ₯을 ν†΅κ³Όμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:03
And they had a look at what was in the soup,
203
483260
2000
그리고 그듀은 μˆ˜ν”„μ•ˆμ— 무엇이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ‘°μ‚¬ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
08:05
and they found amino acids,
204
485260
3000
그듀은 아미노산은 μ°Ύμ•˜μœΌλ‚˜
08:08
but nothing came out, there was no cell.
205
488260
2000
아무것도 λ‚˜μ˜€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, κ±°κΈ°μ—λŠ” 세포가 μ—†μ—ˆμ–΄μš”
08:10
So the whole area's been stuck for a while,
206
490260
3000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έ λΆ„μ•ΌλŠ” μ–Όλ§ˆλ™μ•ˆ μ •μ²΄λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
08:13
and it got reignited in the '80s
207
493260
3000
80λ…„λŒ€μ— 뢄석적 ν…Œν¬λ†€λ‘œμ§€μ™€ 컴퓨터 ν…Œν¬λ†€λ‘œμ§€κ°€ λ„λž˜ν•  λ•Œ
08:16
when analytical technologies and computer technologies were coming on.
208
496260
3000
λ‹€μ‹œ μ—΄κΈ°κ°€ λΆ™μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:19
In my own laboratory,
209
499260
2000
μ €μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ—μ„œ
08:21
the way we're trying to create inorganic life
210
501260
3000
λΉ„μœ κΈ°μ²΄μ μΈ 생λͺ…을 μ°½μ‘°ν•˜λ €κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜λŠ” 방법은
08:24
is by using many different reaction formats.
211
504260
2000
μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ λ§Žμ€ λ°˜μž‘μš© 포멧을 μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:26
So what we're trying to do is do reactions --
212
506260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 저희가 ν•˜λ €κ³  μ‹œλ„ν•˜λŠ” 것은 λ°˜μž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:28
not in one flask, but in tens of flasks,
213
508260
2000
ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν¬μ—μ„œ ν•˜λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, μˆ˜μ‹­κ°œμ˜ ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν¬μ—μ„œ,
08:30
and connect them together,
214
510260
2000
그리고 그것듀을 μ—°κ²°μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것이죠,
08:32
as you can see with this flow system, all these pipes.
215
512260
2000
이 λͺ¨λ“  νŒŒμ΄ν”„μ˜ μœ ν†΅ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμœΌλ‘œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌμš”
08:34
We can do it microfluidically, we can do it lithographically,
216
514260
3000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그것을 λ―Έμ„Έμœ λ™μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•  수 있고, λ¦¬μ†Œκ·Έλž˜ν”Ό μ‹μœΌλ‘œ ν•  수 있고,
08:37
we can do it in a 3D printer,
217
517260
2000
3D ν”„λ¦°ν„°μ—μ„œ ν•  수 있고,
08:39
we can do it in droplets for colleagues.
218
519260
2000
λ™λ£Œλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ¬Όλ°©μšΈμ•ˆμ—μ„œ ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:41
And the key thing is to have lots of complex chemistry
219
521260
3000
그리고 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 점은
08:44
just bubbling away.
220
524260
2000
λΆ€κΈ€λΆ€κΈ€ λ“λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό λ§Žμ€ λ³΅μž‘μ„± 화학을 κ°€μ§€κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:46
But that's probably going to end in failure,
221
526260
4000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그것은 ν•„κ²½ μ‹€νŒ¨λ‘œ 끝날것이고,
08:50
so we need to be a bit more focused.
222
530260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‘°κΈˆλ” 집쀑 ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:52
And the answer, of course, lies with mice.
223
532260
2000
κ·Έ λŒ€λ‹΅μ€ λ¬Όλ‘  μ₯λ“€μ— λ‹¬λ €μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:54
This is how I remember what I need as a chemist.
224
534260
3000
이것이 μ œκ°€ ν™”ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ 무엇이 ν•„μš”ν•œμ§€μ˜ 방법을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:57
I say, "Well I want molecules."
225
537260
2000
μ œκ°€ "λΆ„μžλ₯Ό 원해" 라고 ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
08:59
But I need a metabolism, I need some energy.
226
539260
3000
제게 ν•„μš”ν•œκ²ƒμ€ μ‹ μ§„λŒ€μ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€, μ €λŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ 쑰금 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:02
I need some information, and I need a container.
227
542260
3000
μ €λŠ” 정보가 ν•„μš”ν•˜κ³ , 담을 μš©κΈ°κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:05
Because if I want evolution,
228
545260
2000
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, μ œκ°€ 진화λ₯Ό μ›ν• κ²½μš°,
09:07
I need containers to compete.
229
547260
2000
κ·Έκ±Έ μ™„λ£Œν•  μš©κΈ°κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ§€μš”
09:09
So if you have a container,
230
549260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš©κΈ°κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
09:11
it's like getting in your car.
231
551260
2000
그건 차에 νƒ€λŠ”κ²ƒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:13
"This is my car,
232
553260
2000
"이건 λ‚΄μ°¨μ•Ό,
09:15
and I'm going to drive around and show off my car."
233
555260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‚˜λŠ” μš΄μ „μ„ ν•˜κ³  λ‹€λ‹ˆλ©° λ‚΄ μ°¨λ₯Ό μžλž‘ν• κ±°μ•Ό"
09:17
And I imagine you have a similar thing
234
557260
2000
그리고 μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄
09:19
in cellular biology
235
559260
2000
μ„Έν¬μ˜ μƒλ¬Όν•™μ—μ„œ
09:21
with the emergence of life.
236
561260
2000
생λͺ…μ˜ μΆœν˜„μœΌλ‘œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œκ²ƒμ„ 가진것을 μƒμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:23
So these things together give us evolution, perhaps.
237
563260
3000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ΄λŸ°κ²ƒλ“€μ΄ ν•„κ²½ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ ν•¨κ»˜ 진화λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” 것이겠죠
09:26
And the way to test it in the laboratory
238
566260
2000
그것을 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈν•˜λŠ” 방법은
09:28
is to make it minimal.
239
568260
2000
그것을 μ΅œμ†Œν•œμœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€λ €λŠ” 것이기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:30
So what we're going to try and do
240
570260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 저희가 μ‹œλ„ν•˜κ³  μ‹€ν–‰ν•˜λ €λŠ”κ²ƒμ€
09:32
is come up with an inorganic Lego kit of molecules.
241
572260
3000
λΆ„μžμ˜ λΉ„μœ κΈ°μ μΈ 레고 λ„κ΅¬μƒμžλ₯Ό 생각해 λ‚Έ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:35
And so forgive the molecules on the screen,
242
575260
2000
화면에 μžˆλŠ” λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ μš©μ„œν•΄μ£Όμ„Έμš”
09:37
but these are a very simple kit.
243
577260
2000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것듀은 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ λ„κ΅¬μƒμžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:39
There's only maybe three or four different types of building blocks present.
244
579260
2000
ν˜„μž¬μ˜ λΉŒλ”© λΈ”λ‘μ˜ μ„œλ„ˆκ°œμ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜κ°€ μžˆμ„λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:41
And we can aggregate them together
245
581260
2000
그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그것듀을 집계할 수 있고
09:43
and make literally thousands and thousands
246
583260
2000
λ¬Έμžκ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 수천개의
09:45
of really big nano-molecular molecules
247
585260
3000
정말 큰 λ‚˜λ…ΈλΆ„μžμ˜ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό
09:48
the same size of DNA and proteins,
248
588260
2000
DNA와 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ 같은 크기둜,
09:50
but there's no carbon in sight.
249
590260
2000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ νƒ„μ†Œκ°€ λˆˆμ— 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” 크기둜 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:52
Carbon is banned.
250
592260
2000
νƒ„μ†ŒλŠ” λ‚˜μ©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:54
And so with this Lego kit,
251
594260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 레고 λ„κ΅¬μƒμžλ‘œ
09:56
we have the diversity required
252
596260
2000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” DNAκ°€ μ—†λŠ”
09:58
for complex information storage
253
598260
3000
λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 정보저μž₯κ³ λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄
10:01
without DNA.
254
601260
2000
ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ 닀양성을 μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:03
But we need to make some containers.
255
603260
2000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš©κΈ°κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:05
And just a few months ago in my lab,
256
605260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λͺ‡λ‹¬ μ „ 제 μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ—μ„œ,
10:07
we were able to take these very same molecules and make cells with them.
257
607260
3000
μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 μ•„μ£Ό λ˜‘κ°™μ€ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό 가지고 세포λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:10
And you can see on the screen a cell being made.
258
610260
3000
세포가 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€κ³  μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ„ ν™”λ©΄μ—μ„œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ§€μš”
10:13
And we're now going to put some chemistry inside and do some chemistry in this cell.
259
613260
3000
μ €ν¬λŠ” μ§€κΈˆ 화학물을 μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ 쑰금 λ„£μ–΄ μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ 화학을 μ‹€ν–‰ν• κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:16
And all I wanted to show you
260
616260
2000
μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κΈ° μ›ν–ˆλ˜ 것 μ „λΆ€λŠ”
10:18
is we can set up molecules
261
618260
2000
μ§„μ§œ 세포 ν”Όλ§‰μ‘°μ§μ—μ„œ
10:20
in membranes, in real cells,
262
620260
2000
λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μ„€μ •ν•  수 있고
10:22
and then it sets up a kind of molecular Darwinism,
263
622260
4000
κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ—λŠ” λΆ„μžμ˜ μ μžμƒμ‘΄μ΄,
10:26
a molecular survival of the fittest.
264
626260
2000
λΆ„μžμ˜ λ‹€μœˆμ„€μ΄ μ„€μ •λœλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:28
And this movie here
265
628260
2000
μ—¬κΈ° 이 μ˜ν™”λŠ”
10:30
shows this competition between molecules.
266
630260
2000
λΆ„μžμ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 이 κ²½μŸμ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:32
Molecules are competing for stuff.
267
632260
2000
λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μœ„ν•΄ κ²½μŸν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:34
They're all made of the same stuff,
268
634260
2000
그것듀은 같은 물질둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ Έ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
10:36
but they want their shape to win.
269
636260
2000
그듀은 μŠΉλ¦¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό μ›ν•˜μ§€μš”
10:38
They want their shape to persist.
270
638260
2000
그듀은 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν˜•νƒœκ°€ μ§€μ†λ˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€
10:40
And that is the key.
271
640260
2000
그리고 그것이 μ—΄μ‡ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:42
If we can somehow encourage these molecules
272
642260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 λΆ„μžλ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ³ 
10:44
to talk to each other and make the right shapes and compete,
273
644260
3000
μ μ ˆν•œ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κ³  κ²½μŸν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ 격렀할 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
10:47
they will start to form cells
274
647260
2000
그듀은 λ³΅μ œν•˜κ³  κ²½μŸν• 
10:49
that will replicate and compete.
275
649260
2000
세포λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:51
If we manage to do that,
276
651260
2000
λΆ„μžμ˜ 세뢀사항을 잊고
10:53
forget the molecular detail.
277
653260
3000
κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 경우,
10:56
Let's zoom out to what that could mean.
278
656260
2000
그게 μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ 될지 λ³΄κΈ°μœ„ν•΄ κΈ‰νžˆ μΆ•μ†Œν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€
10:58
So we have this special theory of evolution
279
658260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
11:00
that applies only to organic biology, to us.
280
660260
3000
유기적 생물학에 μ μš©λ˜λŠ” νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ§„ν™”μ˜ 이둠이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:03
If we could get evolution into the material world,
281
663260
3000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 물질적인 μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ 진화가 되게 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”κ²½μš°,
11:06
then I propose we should have a general theory of evolution.
282
666260
3000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§„ν™”μ˜ 일반적 이둠을 κ°€μ§€κ²Œ 될 것이라고 μ œμ•ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:09
And that's really worth thinking about.
283
669260
3000
그건 μƒκ°ν•΄λ³Όλ§Œν•œ κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ΄μ£ 
11:12
Does evolution control
284
672260
2000
μ§„ν™”λŠ” 이 μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ 물질의 정ꡐ함을
11:14
the sophistication of matter in the universe?
285
674260
3000
μ‘°μ ˆν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:17
Is there some driving force through evolution
286
677260
3000
물질이 κ²½μŸν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ ν—ˆμš©ν•˜λŠ”
11:20
that allows matter to compete?
287
680260
2000
진화λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 원동λ ₯이 μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
11:22
So that means we could then start
288
682260
2000
κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 그게 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€
11:24
to develop different platforms
289
684260
3000
이 진화λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 탐색을 μœ„ν•΄
11:27
for exploring this evolution.
290
687260
2000
λ‹€λ₯Έ ν”Œλž«νΌμ„ λ°œλ‹¬μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:29
So you imagine,
291
689260
2000
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ 상상해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”,
11:31
if we're able to create a self-sustaining artificial life form,
292
691260
3000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μžκΈ‰μžμ‘±ν•˜λŠ” 인곡의 생λͺ… 양식을 μ°½μ‘°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 경우,
11:34
not only will this tell us about the origin of life --
293
694260
3000
이것은 생λͺ…μ˜ 기원에 λŒ€ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 말할 수 μžˆμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ-
11:37
that it's possible that the universe doesn't need carbon to be alive;
294
697260
3000
μš°μ£Όκ°€ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆκΈ° μœ„ν•΄ νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 것이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:40
it can use anything --
295
700260
2000
그건 어떀것이든 μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:42
we can then take [it] one step further and develop new technologies,
296
702260
3000
그러면 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•œ 단계 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν…Œν¬λ†€λ‘œμ§€ κ°œλ°œμ„ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:45
because we can then use software control
297
705260
2000
μ™œλƒλ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μž…λ ₯ν•  진화λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄
11:47
for evolution to code in.
298
707260
2000
μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄ μ»¨νŠΈλ‘€μ„ μ΄μš©ν•  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:49
So imagine we make a little cell.
299
709260
2000
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μž‘μ€ 세포λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것을 상상해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”
11:51
We want to put it out in the environment,
300
711260
2000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그것을 ν™˜κ²½μ— 내놓기λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜κ³ 
11:53
and we want it to be powered by the Sun.
301
713260
2000
νƒœμ–‘μ— μ˜ν•΄ 동λ ₯을 μ–»κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€
11:55
What we do is we evolve it in a box with a light on.
302
715260
3000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€ 빛을 λ°νžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒμžμ— κ·Έκ±Έ ν¬ν•¨μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:58
And we don't use design anymore. We find what works.
303
718260
3000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더이상 λ””μžμΈμ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그게 μž‘μš©ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•˜μ£ .
12:01
We should take our inspiration from biology.
304
721260
2000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒλ¬Όν•™μ—μ„œ μ˜κ°μ„ λ°›μ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:03
Biology doesn't care about the design
305
723260
2000
생물학은 그게 μž‘λ™ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”μ΄μƒ
12:05
unless it works.
306
725260
2000
λ””μžμΈμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 관심을 가지지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:07
So this will reorganize
307
727260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이것은
12:09
the way we design things.
308
729260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 물건을 λ””μžμΈν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:11
But not only just that,
309
731260
2000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έκ²ƒλΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
12:13
we will start to think about
310
733260
2000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒλ¬Όν•™μœΌλ‘œ 곡생관계 개발 μ°©μˆ˜κ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 방법에 λŒ€ν•΄
12:15
how we can start to develop a symbiotic relationship with biology.
311
735260
3000
μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ λ°œλ‹¬μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:18
Wouldn't it be great
312
738260
2000
이 인곡적이고 생물학적인 세포λ₯Ό μ·¨ν•  수 있고
12:20
if you could take these artificial biological cells
313
740260
2000
κ·Έ 생물학적인 세포듀과 μœ΅ν•©ν•˜μ—¬
12:22
and fuse them with biological ones
314
742260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‹€λ£°μˆ˜ μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„
12:24
to correct problems that we couldn't really deal with?
315
744260
3000
μˆ˜μ •ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ 멋진일이 μ•„λ‹ˆκ² μ–΄μš”?
12:27
The real issue in cellular biology
316
747260
2000
세포 μƒλ¬Όν•™μ˜ μ§„μ •ν•œ λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
12:29
is we are never going to understand everything,
317
749260
3000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ „λΆ€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•  κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:32
because it's a multidimensional problem put there by evolution.
318
752260
3000
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 진화에 μ˜ν•΄ 놓여진 λ‹€μ°¨μ›μ˜ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:35
Evolution cannot be cut apart.
319
755260
3000
μ§„ν™”λŠ” λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ μžˆμ„ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:38
You need to somehow find the fitness function.
320
758260
3000
μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  적절기λŠ₯을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:41
And the profound realization for me
321
761260
2000
제게 μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ κΉ¨λ‹¬μŒμ€
12:43
is that, if this works,
322
763260
2000
이기적인 μœ μ „μžκ°€ ν•œλ‹¨κ³„ 더 λ°•μ°¨λ₯Ό κ°€ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•œ κ°œλ…μ΄
12:45
the concept of the selfish gene gets kicked up a level,
323
765260
3000
μ‹€ν–‰λ˜λŠ” κ²½μš°μ—,
12:48
and we really start talking about selfish matter.
324
768260
3000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ 이기적인 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ 이야기λ₯Ό μ°©μˆ˜ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:51
And what does that mean in a universe
325
771260
2000
그러면 μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ 이게 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” λ°”λŠ” λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
12:53
where we are right now the highest form of stuff?
326
773260
3000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ°€μž₯ μ΅œμƒμ˜ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ–‘μ‹μ—μ„œ ν˜„μž¬ μ–΄λ–€ μœ„μΉ˜μ— μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
12:56
You're sitting on chairs.
327
776260
2000
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ˜μžμ— μ•‰μ•„κ³„μ‹­λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:58
They're inanimate, they're not alive.
328
778260
2000
그것듀은 움직이지 μ•Šμ£ , 그것듀은 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:00
But you are made of stuff, and you are using stuff,
329
780260
2000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 물질둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ Έ 있고, λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜κ³ ,
13:02
and you enslave stuff.
330
782260
2000
λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ…Έμ˜ˆν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:04
So using evolution
331
784260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ
13:06
in biology,
332
786260
2000
μƒλ¬Όν•™μ—μ„œμ™€
13:08
and in inorganic biology,
333
788260
2000
유기 μƒλ¬Όν•™μ—μ„œ 진화λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€
13:10
for me is quite appealing, quite exciting.
334
790260
2000
μ œκ²ŒλŠ” μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ 섀득λ ₯있고 ν₯λ―Έλ‘­μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:12
And we're really becoming very close
335
792260
3000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 죽은 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆκ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”
13:15
to understanding the key steps
336
795260
2000
μ£Όμš” 단계듀을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ—
13:17
that makes dead stuff come alive.
337
797260
3000
μ•„μ£Ό κ°€κΉŒμ›Œμ§€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:20
And again, when you're thinking about how improbable this is,
338
800260
3000
λ‹€μ‹œν•œλ²ˆ, 이것이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λΉ„ν˜„μ‹€μ μΈμ§€ 생각할 λ•Œ,
13:23
remember, five billion years ago,
339
803260
2000
κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ„Έμš”, 5μ–΅λ…„μ „μ—λŠ”
13:25
we were not here, and there was no life.
340
805260
3000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 여기에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ„, 그리고 생λͺ…이 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ„
13:28
So what will that tell us
341
808260
2000
그러면 그게 생λͺ…μ˜ 기원과 생λͺ…μ˜ μ˜λ―Έμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ
13:30
about the origin of life and the meaning of life?
342
810260
3000
무엇을 λ§ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
13:33
But perhaps, for me as a chemist,
343
813260
2000
μ•„λ§ˆλ„, ν™”ν•™μžμΈ μ €λŠ”,
13:35
I want to keep away from general terms;
344
815260
2000
일반적 μš©μ–΄μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것을 μœ μ§€ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:37
I want to think about specifics.
345
817260
2000
μ €λŠ” νŠΉμ •ν•œ 것듀에 λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해 보고 μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:39
So what does it mean about defining life?
346
819260
2000
그러면 그것이 생λͺ…에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ •μ˜ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
13:41
We really struggle to do this.
347
821260
2000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 ν•˜λŠ”λ° 정말 κ³ κ΅°λΆ„νˆ¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:43
And I think, if we can make inorganic biology,
348
823260
2000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 제 생각에, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λΉ„μœ κΈ°μ  생물학을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ”κ²½μš°
13:45
and we can make matter become evolvable,
349
825260
3000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 싀상 생λͺ…을 μ •μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ 될
13:48
that will in fact define life.
350
828260
2000
λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ 진화할 수 있게 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:50
I propose to you
351
830260
2000
μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜
13:52
that matter that can evolve is alive,
352
832260
3000
진화할 수 μžˆλŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆκ³ 
13:55
and this gives us the idea of making evolvable matter.
353
835260
3000
이것은 진화가λŠ₯ν•œ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 아이디어λ₯Ό μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€λŠ”κ±Έ μ œμ•ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:58
Thank you very much.
354
838260
2000
λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:00
(Applause)
355
840260
7000
(λ°•μˆ˜)
14:07
Chris Anderson: Just a quick question on timeline.
356
847260
4000
크리슀 μ•€λ”μŠ¨: μ‹œκ°„λŒ€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 짧은 질문이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:11
You believe you're going to be successful in this project?
357
851260
2000
이 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈκ°€ 성곡할 것이라고 λ―ΏλŠ”λ‹€κ΅¬μš”?
14:13
When?
358
853260
2000
μ–Έμ œμš”?
14:15
Lee Cronin: So many people think
359
855260
2000
리 ν¬λ‘ λ‹Œ: λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό
14:17
that life took millions of years to kick in.
360
857260
2000
생λͺ…이 λ°•μ°¨κ³  λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λŠ” 데 μˆ˜λ°±λ§Œλ…„μ΄ κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:19
We're proposing to do it in just a few hours,
361
859260
3000
μ €ν¬λŠ” 그것을 ν•˜λŠ”λ° 단지 λͺ‡μ‹œκ°„ 이내에 할것을 μ œμ•ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:22
once we've set up
362
862260
2000
저희가 일단 μ •ν™•ν•œ 화학을
14:24
the right chemistry.
363
864260
2000
μ„€μ •ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λ©΄μš”
14:26
CA: And when do you think that will happen?
364
866260
2000
CA: κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그게 μ–Έμ œ 일어날 거라고 μƒκ°ν•˜μ„Έμš”?
14:28
LC: Hopefully within the next two years.
365
868260
3000
LC: 2λ…„ μ΄λ‚΄μ˜€μœΌλ©΄ ν•˜κ³  λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:31
CA: That would be a big story.
366
871260
2000
CA: 그건 ꡉμž₯ν•œ 이야기거리가 λ˜κ² κ΅°μš”
14:33
(Laughter)
367
873260
2000
(μ›ƒμŒ)
14:35
In your own mind, what do you believe the chances are
368
875260
2000
당신이 개인적으둜 μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°μ—,
14:37
that walking around on some other planet
369
877260
2000
λͺ‡λͺ‡μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν–‰μ„±μ—μ„œ
14:39
is non-carbon-based life,
370
879260
2000
νƒ„μ†ŒκΈ°λ°˜μ΄ μ•„λ‹Œ 생λͺ…이 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
14:41
walking or oozing or something?
371
881260
2000
μ–΄μŠ¬λ κ±°λ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜ μŠ€λ©°λ“€κ±°λ‚˜, 걸어닀닐 ν™•λ₯ μ΄ μ–΄λŠμ •λ„λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ„Έμš”?
14:43
LC: I think it's 100 percent.
372
883260
2000
LC: μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ” 100 νΌμ„ΌνŠΈλΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:45
Because the thing is, we are so chauvinistic to biology,
373
885260
3000
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 생물학을 λ§Ήλͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ 신봉해
14:48
if you take away carbon, there's other things that can happen.
374
888260
2000
νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό μ œκ±°ν•˜λ©΄, λ‹€λ₯Έκ²ƒλ“€μ΄ 일어날 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:50
So the other thing
375
890260
2000
또 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
14:52
that if we were able to create life that's not based on carbon,
376
892260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό 기반으둜 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 생λͺ…을 μ°½μ‘°ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
14:54
maybe we can tell NASA what really to look for.
377
894260
3000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” NASAμ—κ²Œ 무엇을 탐색해야 할지에 λŒ€ν•΄ 말할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:57
Don't go and look for carbon, go and look for evolvable stuff.
378
897260
3000
νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό 찾으러 닀닐것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, 진화할 수 μžˆλŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ 찾으러 λ‹€λ…€μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:00
CA: Lee Cronin, good luck. (LC: Thank you very much.)
379
900260
2000
CA: 리 ν¬λ‘ λ‹Œ, ν–‰μš΄μ΄ 있기λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€ (LC: λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€)
15:02
(Applause)
380
902260
2000
(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7