Steven Pinker and Rebecca Newberger Goldstein: The long reach of reason

154,027 views ใƒป 2014-03-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Michael Coslovsky ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
["Rebecca Newberger Goldstein"]
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["ืจื‘ืงื” ื ื™ื•ื‘ืจื’ืจ ื’ื•ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ"]
00:16
["Steven Pinker"]
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["ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืจ"]
00:18
["The Long Reach of Reason"]
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["ื™ื“ื• ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ"]
00:23
Cabbie: Twenty-two dollars. Steven Pinker: Okay.
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ื ื”ื’ ืžื•ื ื™ืช: ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืจ: ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
00:29
Rebecca Newberger Goldstein: Reason appears to have fallen on hard times:
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ืจื‘ืงื” ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ: ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืงืœืข ืœื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื:
00:33
Popular culture plumbs new depths of dumbth
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช
00:37
and political discourse has become a race
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืคืš
00:39
to the bottom.
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ืœืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช.
00:42
We're living in an era of scientific creationism,
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืชื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
00:47
9/11 conspiracy theories, psychic hotlines,
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ 9/11, ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื•ืžื™ื,
00:51
and a resurgence of religious fundamentalism.
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ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื“ืชื™.
00:54
People who think too well
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™
00:56
are often accused of elitism,
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ืžื•ืืฉืžื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืœื™ื˜ื™ื–ื,
00:58
and even in the academy,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื”,
01:01
there are attacks on logocentrism,
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื•ื’ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:03
the crime of letting logic dominate our thinking.
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ื”ืคืฉืข ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
01:08
SP: But is this necessarily a bad thing?
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ืก"ืค: ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข?
01:11
Perhaps reason is overrated.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช.
01:13
Many pundits have argued that a good heart
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ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืœื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘
01:15
and steadfast moral clarity
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ื•ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืžื•ืฆืง
01:17
are superior to triangulations of overeducated policy wonks,
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ื”ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœืช ื™ืชืจ,
01:21
like the best and brightest and that dragged us
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื’ืจืจื• ืื•ืชื ื•
01:24
into the quagmire of Vietnam.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื.
01:26
And wasn't it reason that gave us the means
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื
01:27
to despoil the planet
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ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ื“ื”
01:29
and threaten our species with weapons of mass destruction?
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ื•ืœืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช?
01:32
In this way of thinking, it's character and conscience,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืืœื• ื”ื ืื•ืคื™ ื•ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ,
01:35
not cold-hearted calculation, that will save us.
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ืœื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื•.
01:39
Besides, a human being is not a brain on a stick.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื— ืขืœ ืžืงืœ.
01:42
My fellow psychologists have shown that we're led
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืœื™ื
01:45
by our bodies and our emotions
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื• ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•
01:47
and use our puny powers of reason
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:49
merely to rationalize our gut feelings after the fact.
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ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื”.
01:52
RNG: How could a reasoned argument logically entail
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ืจื "ื’: ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืžืง ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
01:55
the ineffectiveness of reasoned arguments?
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ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื•ืžืงื™ื?
01:59
Look, you're trying to persuade us of reason's impotence.
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ืชืจืื”, ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
02:03
You're not threatening us or bribing us,
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ืืชื” ืœื ืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืื• ืžืฉื—ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•,
02:05
suggesting that we resolve the issue
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ืื• ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
02:07
with a show of hands or a beauty contest.
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ื‘ื”ืจืžืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืคื™.
02:10
By the very act of trying to reason us into your position,
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืขืžื“ืชืš
02:14
you're conceding reason's potency.
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ืืชื” ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
02:17
Reason isn't up for grabs here. It can't be.
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ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืข ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
02:20
You show up for that debate
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืฉื›ื–ื”
02:21
and you've already lost it.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกื“ืช ืื•ืชื•.
02:24
SP: But can reason lead us in directions
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ืก"ืค: ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื
02:27
that are good or decent or moral?
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ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื• ื”ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื?
02:29
After all, you pointed out that reason
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
02:32
is just a means to an end,
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืืžืฆืขื™, ื•ืœื ืžื˜ืจื”,
02:34
and the end depends on the reasoner's passions.
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
02:36
Reason can lay out a road map to peace and harmony
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ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžืคืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”
02:39
if the reasoner wants peace and harmony,
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ืื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”,
02:41
but it can also lay out a road map to conflict and strife
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžืคืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืžืื‘ืง ื•ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš
02:44
if the reasoner delights in conflict and strife.
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ืื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื ื” ืžืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื•ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื.
02:46
Can reason force the reasoner to want
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ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
02:49
less cruelty and waste?
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ืœืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื–?
02:51
RNG: All on its own, the answer is no,
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ืจื "ื’: ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื,
02:54
but it doesn't take much to switch it to yes.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื–ืืช ืœื›ืŸ.
02:57
You need two conditions:
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ืืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื:
02:59
The first is that reasoners all care
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืื’ื•
03:02
about their own well-being.
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ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
03:03
That's one of the passions that has to be present
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—
03:06
in order for reason to go to work,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“,
03:09
and it's obviously present in all of us.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
03:10
We all care passionately
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืื™ื›ืคืช ืžืื“
03:13
about our own well-being.
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ืžืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
03:15
The second condition is that reasoners
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ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
03:17
are members of a community of reasoners
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
03:20
who can affect one another's well-being,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
03:22
can exchange messages,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืกืจื™ื,
03:23
and comprehend each other's reasoning.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:26
And that's certainly true of our gregarious
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™
03:29
and loquatious species,
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ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:31
well endowed with the instinct for language.
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงื ื˜ ื”ืฉืคื”.
03:34
SP: Well, that sounds good in theory,
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ืก"ืค: ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื™ืคื” ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”,
03:36
but has it worked that way in practice?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช?
03:38
In particular, can it explain
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
03:40
a momentous historical development
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
03:42
that I spoke about five years ago here at TED?
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ืขืœื™ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘-TED?
03:45
Namely, we seem to be getting more humane.
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ื•ื”ื™ื, ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
03:47
Centuries ago, our ancestors would burn cats alive
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
03:51
as a form of popular entertainment.
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ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ.
03:53
Knights waged constant war on each other
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ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™
03:55
by trying to kill as many of each other's peasants as possible.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ.
03:58
Governments executed people for frivolous reasons,
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ื•ืช
04:01
like stealing a cabbage
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจื•ื‘
04:02
or criticizing the royal garden.
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ืื• ื”ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
04:04
The executions were designed to be as prolonged
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ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืืจื›ื•ืช
04:07
and as painful as possible, like crucifixion,
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ื•ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฆืœื™ื‘ื”,
04:10
disembowelment, breaking on the wheel.
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ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžื•ืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื“.
04:12
Respectable people kept slaves.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื™ื.
04:14
For all our flaws, we have abandoned
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื ื˜ืฉื ื• ืืช
04:16
these barbaric practices.
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ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
04:17
RNG: So, do you think it's human nature that's changed?
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ืจื "ื’: ืื– ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื”?
04:20
SP: Not exactly. I think we still harbor instincts
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ืก"ืค: ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื
04:23
that can erupt in violence,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืฅ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
04:24
like greed, tribalism, revenge, dominance, sadism.
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ื›ืžื• ืชืื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืข, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื ืงืžื”, ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืกื“ื™ื–ื.
04:29
But we also have instincts that can steer us away,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืฉื,
04:32
like self-control, empathy, a sense of fairness,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืืžืคืชื™ื”, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช,
04:35
what Abraham Lincoln called
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ืžื” ืฉืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืงืจื ืœื•
04:37
the better angels of our nature.
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ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื•.
04:38
RNG: So if human nature didn't change,
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ืจื "ื’: ืื– ืื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื”,
04:40
what invigorated those better angels?
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ืžื” ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืœืœื•?
04:42
SP: Well, among other things,
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ืก"ืค: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ,
04:44
our circle of empathy expanded.
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ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชืจื—ื‘.
04:46
Years ago, our ancestors would feel the pain
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘
04:48
only of their family and people in their village.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื•ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:51
But with the expansion of literacy and travel,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช,
04:54
people started to sympathize
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช
04:56
with wider and wider circles,
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ืขื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:57
the clan, the tribe, the nation, the race,
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ื”ื—ืžื•ืœื”, ื”ืฉื‘ื˜, ื”ืื•ืžื”, ื”ื’ื–ืข,
05:00
and perhaps eventually, all of humanity.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”.
05:03
RNG: Can hard-headed scientists
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ืจื "ื’: ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืงืฉื ื™ื
05:05
really give so much credit to soft-hearted empathy?
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ืœืชืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืœืืžืคืชื™ื” ืจื›ืช ืœื‘?
05:08
SP: They can and do.
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ืก"ืค: ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
05:10
Neurophysiologists have found neurons in the brain
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ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
05:12
that respond to other people's actions
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ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
05:14
the same way they respond to our own.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ืื ื•.
05:16
Empathy emerges early in life,
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ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
05:18
perhaps before the age of one.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื”.
05:20
Books on empathy have become bestsellers,
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ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืจื‘ื™-ืžื›ืจ,
05:21
like "The Empathic Civilization"
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ื›ืžื• "ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืืžืคืชื™ืช"
05:23
and "The Age of Empathy."
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ื•"ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื”".
05:26
RNG: I'm all for empathy. I mean, who isn't?
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ืจื "ื’: ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขื“ ืืžืคืชื™ื”. ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืžื™ ืœื?
05:28
But all on its own, it's a feeble instrument
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื‘ื“ื”, ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื—ืœื•ืฉ
05:32
for making moral progress.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
05:34
For one thing, it's innately biased
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช
05:36
toward blood relations, babies
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงืฉืจื™ ื“ื, ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช,
05:38
and warm, fuzzy animals.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืžื™ืžื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
05:40
As far as empathy is concerned,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื”,
05:42
ugly outsiders can go to hell.
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ื–ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ืขืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืคื•ืฅ.
05:46
And even our best attempts to work up sympathy
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืกื™ืžืคืชื™ื”
05:49
for those who are unconnected with us
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื ื•
05:51
fall miserably short, a sad truth about human nature
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ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื—ืจื•ืฅ, ืืžืช ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
05:56
that was pointed out by Adam Smith.
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ืฉืื•ื‘ื—ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช.
05:58
Adam Smith: Let us suppose that the great empire
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ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช: ื”ื‘ื” ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืื™ืคืจื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื”
06:00
of China was suddenly swallowed up by an earthquake,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื‘ืœืขืช ืœืคืชืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”,
06:02
and let us consider how a man of humanity in Europe
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืื“ื ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
06:05
would react on receiving intelligence
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ืžืขื• ืžื™ื“ืข
06:07
of this dreadful calamity.
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ืขืœ ืืกื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจื ืฉื›ื–ื”.
06:09
He would, I imagine, first of all express very strongly
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื”
06:11
his sorrow for the misfortune of that unhappy people.
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ืืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื.
06:14
He would make many melancholy reflections
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
06:16
upon the precariousness of human life,
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ืขืœ ืืจืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
06:18
and when all these humane sentiments
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
06:20
had been once fairly expressed,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกืคืงืช,
06:22
he would pursue his business or his pleasure
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื• ืื• ื‘ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื•
06:24
with the same ease and tranquility
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื”
06:26
as if no such accident had happened.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืชืื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื• ืœื ืงืจืชื”.
06:28
If he was to lose his little finger tomorrow,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื–ืจืช ืฉืœื• ืžื—ืจ,
06:31
he would not sleep tonight,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
06:32
but provided he never saw them,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื,
06:34
he would snore with the most profound security
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:36
over the ruin of a hundred million of his brethren.
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ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื™ื•.
06:39
SP: But if empathy wasn't enough to make us more humane,
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ืก"ืค: ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:42
what else was there?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื—ืจืช?
06:44
RNG: Well, you didn't mention what might be
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ืจื "ื’: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืชื” ืœื ืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
06:46
one of our most effective better angels: reason.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• - ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
06:50
Reason has muscle.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
06:53
It's reason that provides the push to widen
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘
06:56
that circle of empathy.
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ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
06:58
Every one of the humanitarian developments
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืช
07:01
that you mentioned originated with thinkers
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ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ื’ื™ื
07:04
who gave reasons for why some practice
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ืฉืžืฆืื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
07:07
was indefensible.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ื”.
07:09
They demonstrated that the way people treated
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ื”ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•
07:11
some particular group of others
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื
07:13
was logically inconsistent
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
07:15
with the way they insisted on being treated themselves.
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ืขื ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉื• ืฉื™ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื”ื ืขืฆืžื.
07:18
SP: Are you saying that reason
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ืก"ืค: ืืช ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
07:19
can actually change people's minds?
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ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื?
07:22
Don't people just stick with whatever conviction
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืืžื•ื ื”
07:24
serves their interests
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ืฉืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื
07:25
or conforms to the culture that they grew up in?
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ืื• ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื•?
07:28
RNG: Here's a fascinating fact about us:
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ืจื "ื’: ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืจืชืงืช ืขืœื™ื ื•:
07:31
Contradictions bother us,
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ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•,
07:33
at least when we're forced to confront them,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืื•ืœืฆื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื,
07:35
which is just another way of saying
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ื•ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ืœื•ืžืจ
07:37
that we are susceptible to reason.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
07:40
And if you look at the history of moral progress,
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ,
07:43
you can trace a direct pathway from reasoned arguments
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
07:46
to changes in the way that we actually feel.
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ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื.
07:50
Time and again, a thinker would lay out an argument
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื•ื’ื” ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ
07:53
as to why some practice was indefensible,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื“ืงื”,
07:57
irrational, inconsistent with values already held.
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ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™, ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
08:02
Their essay would go viral,
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ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ื•ื™ืจืืœื™,
08:04
get translated into many languages,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
08:06
get debated at pubs and coffee houses and salons,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืคืื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื•ืžืกื‘ืื•ืช,
08:09
and at dinner parties,
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ื•ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
08:11
and influence leaders, legislators,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื,
08:15
popular opinion.
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช.
08:16
Eventually their conclusions get absorbed
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื•ืช
08:20
into the common sense of decency,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ,
08:22
erasing the tracks of the original argument
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ื•ืžื•ื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™
08:25
that had gotten us there.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื.
08:27
Few of us today feel any need to put forth
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ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืืชื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’
08:29
a rigorous philosophical argument
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ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก
08:31
as to why slavery is wrong
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”
08:34
or public hangings or beating children.
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ืื• ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื›ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
08:37
By now, these things just feel wrong.
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ื›ืขืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
08:40
But just those arguments had to be made,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ,
08:43
and they were, in centuries past.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื•, ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช.
08:46
SP: Are you saying that people needed
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ืก"ืค: ื”ืื ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื
08:48
a step-by-step argument to grasp
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ืœื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคื•ืก
08:50
why something might be a wee bit wrong
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ืœืžื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ
08:52
with burning heretics at the stake?
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ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืงื“?
08:53
RNG: Oh, they did. Here's the French theologian
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ืจื "ื’: ืื•ื”ื•, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืš. ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™
08:56
Sebastian Castellio making the case.
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ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื• ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœื›ืš.
08:59
Sebastian Castellio: Calvin says that he's certain,
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ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืงืกื˜ืœื™ื•: ืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข,
09:01
and other sects say that they are.
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ื•ืคืœื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื.
09:03
Who shall be judge?
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ืžื™ ื™ืฉืคื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื?
09:04
If the matter is certain, to whom is it so? To Calvin?
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ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืœืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ? ืœืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ?
09:07
But then, why does he write so many books about manifest truth?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ืš, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืžืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”?
09:10
In view of the uncertainty, we must define heretics
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ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื
09:12
simply as one with whom we disagree.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืืœื• ืฉืืชื ืื ื• ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื.
09:14
And if then we are going to kill heretics,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื,
09:16
the logical outcome will be a war of extermination,
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ื•ืจืžื”,
09:18
since each is sure of himself.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื‘ืฆื“ืงืชื•.
09:20
SP: Or with hideous punishments
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ืก"ืค: ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืขื™ื
09:22
like breaking on the wheel?
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื“?
09:23
RNG: The prohibition in our constitution
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ืจื "ื’: ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื‘ื—ื•ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•,
09:26
of cruel and unusual punishments
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ืขืœ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื
09:28
was a response to a pamphlet circulated in 1764
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ื”ื™ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืœื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืคืฅ ื‘-1764
09:32
by the Italian jurist Cesare Beccaria.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืฆ'ื–ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื”.
09:35
Cesare Beccaria: As punishments become more cruel,
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ืฆ'ื–ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื”: ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:37
the minds of men, which like fluids
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ืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื›ืžื• ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื
09:39
always adjust to the level of the objects
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ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื
09:41
that surround them, become hardened,
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ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืžืชืงืฉื™ื,
09:43
and after a hundred years of cruel punishments,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื,
09:46
breaking on the wheel causes no more fear
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ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ื“
09:48
than imprisonment previously did.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžื” ืฉืคืขื ืžืืกืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ.
09:50
For a punishment to achieve its objective,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื™ืขื“ื•,
09:53
it is only necessary that the harm that it inflicts
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืจื•ื
09:55
outweighs the benefit that derives from the crime,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืžื”ืคืฉืข,
09:58
and into this calculation ought to be factored
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ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก
10:00
the certainty of punishment
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ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื”
10:02
and the loss of the good
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ื•ืืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘
10:03
that the commission of the crime will produce.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืฉืข ื™ื™ืฆืจื•.
10:06
Everything beyond this is superfluous,
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:08
and therefore tyrannical.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจื•ื“ื ื™.
10:10
SP: But surely antiwar movements depended
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ืก"ืค: ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื— ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ื•ืช
10:12
on mass demonstrations
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ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื
10:13
and catchy tunes by folk singers
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ื•ื‘ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืจื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื
10:16
and wrenching photographs of the human costs of war.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ืจืขื™ ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
10:18
RNG: No doubt, but modern anti-war movements
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ืจื "ื’: ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ืื‘ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
10:22
reach back to a long chain of thinkers
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ื ืฉืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื’ื™ื
10:24
who had argued as to why we ought to mobilize
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ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ื™ื™ืก
10:27
our emotions against war,
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ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืœื—ืžื”,
10:29
such as the father of modernity, Erasmus.
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ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช, ืืจืกืžื•ืก.
10:32
Erasmus: The advantages derived from peace
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ืืจืกืžื•ืก: ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื
10:34
diffuse themselves far and wide,
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ืžืชืžื•ืกืกื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘,
10:36
and reach great numbers,
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื,
10:38
while in war, if anything turns out happily,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืžื— ืงื•ืจื”,
10:40
the advantage redounds only to a few,
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื ืœืžืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
10:42
and those unworthy of reaping it.
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ื•ืœืืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื•.
10:44
One man's safety is owing to the destruction of another.
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ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ.
10:47
One man's prize is derived from the plunder of another.
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ื”ืคืจืก ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื’ื–ื™ื–ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ.
10:50
The cause of rejoicings made by one side
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืื—ื“
10:52
is to the other a cause of mourning.
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ.
10:54
Whatever is unfortunate in war,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื–ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”,
10:56
is severely so indeed,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื–ืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ,
10:57
and whatever, on the contrary,
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ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื›ืœ ืžื”
10:59
is called good fortune,
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ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘,
11:00
is a savage and a cruel good fortune,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคืจืื™ ื•ืื›ื–ืจื™,
11:02
an ungenerous happiness deriving its existence from another's woe.
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ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื’ื•ื–ืจืช ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืžืฆืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ.
11:05
SP: But everyone knows that the movement
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ืก"ืค: ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื”
11:07
to abolish slavery depended on faith and emotion.
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ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ืกืžื›ื” ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
11:11
It was a movement spearheaded by the Quakers,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืงืจื™ื,
11:13
and it only became popular when Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฆ'ืจ ืกื˜ื•ืื•
11:16
"Uncle Tom's Cabin" became a bestseller.
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"ืื•ื”ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ืชื•ื" ื”ืคืš ืœืจื‘-ืžื›ืจ.
11:18
RNG: But the ball got rolling a century before.
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ืจื "ื’: ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
11:21
John Locke bucked the tide of millennia
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืง ืฉื—ื” ื ื’ื“ ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื
11:25
that had regarded the practice as perfectly natural.
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืœื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
11:28
He argued that it was inconsistent
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“
11:31
with the principles of rational government.
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ืขื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ื™.
11:32
John Locke: Freedom of men under government
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืง: ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžืžืฉืœ
11:34
is to have a standing rule to live by
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ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืžืช-ืžื™ื“ื”
11:36
common to everyone of that society
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ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
11:38
and made by the legislative power erected in it,
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ื•ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื”,
11:41
a liberty to follow my own will in all things
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ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื™, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
11:43
where that rule prescribes not,
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ืื•ืชื ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื”,
11:45
not to be subject to the inconstant,
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ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืขืงื‘ื™,
11:47
uncertain, unknown, arbitrary will of another man,
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ื”ืœื ื•ื“ืื™, ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ,
11:51
as freedom of nature is to be under no other restraint
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืจื™ืกื•ื ื•
11:53
but the law of nature.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
11:55
SP: Those words sound familiar.
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ืก"ืค: ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช.
11:57
Where have I read them before? Ah, yes.
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ืื™ืคื” ืงืจืืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืงื•ื“ื? ืื”, ื›ืŸ.
12:00
Mary Astell: If absolute sovereignty be not necessary
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ืžืืจื™ ืืกื˜ืœ: ืื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
12:02
in a state, how comes it to be so in a family?
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ืื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”?
12:05
Or if in a family, why not in a state?
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ืื• ืื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืœืžื” ืœื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”?
12:08
Since no reason can be alleged for the one
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ื“
12:10
that will not hold more strongly for the other,
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ืฉืœื ืชื—ื–ื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจ,
12:12
if all men are born free,
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ืื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื,
12:13
how is it that all women are born slaves,
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ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉืคื—ื•ืช,
12:16
as they must be if being subjected
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช
12:18
to the inconstant, uncertain,
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ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขืงื‘ื™, ื”ืœื ื•ื“ืื™,
12:20
unknown, arbitrary will of men
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ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
12:23
be the perfect condition of slavery?
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช?
12:26
RNG: That sort of co-option
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ืจื "ื’: ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
12:28
is all in the job description of reason.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
12:30
One movement for the expansion of rights
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ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื—ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช
12:32
inspires another because the logic is the same,
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ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืื—ืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”ื”,
12:36
and once that's hammered home,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื˜ืžืข,
12:38
it becomes increasingly uncomfortable
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื—
12:41
to ignore the inconsistency.
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ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช.
12:43
In the 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—
12:46
inspired the movements for women's rights,
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื,
12:47
children's rights, gay rights and even animal rights.
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ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
12:51
But fully two centuries before,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
12:54
the Enlightenment thinker Jeremy Bentham
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ื”ื”ื•ื’ื” ืžืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ื’'ืจืžื™ ื‘ื ืช'ื,
12:56
had exposed the indefensibility
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ื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ
12:58
of customary practices such as
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ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ
13:01
the cruelty to animals.
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ื”ืชืื›ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:03
Jeremy Bentham: The question is not, can they reason,
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ื’'ืจืžื™ ื‘ื ืช'ื: ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ,
13:05
nor can they talk, but can they suffer?
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ืื• ืื ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืœื ื”ืื ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื?
13:09
RNG: And the persecution of homosexuals.
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ืจื "ื’: ื•ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื.
13:12
JB: As to any primary mischief,
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ื’"ื‘: ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
13:14
it's evident that it produces no pain in anyone.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื” ืœืื™ืฉ.
13:17
On the contrary, it produces pleasure.
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ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื ืื”.
13:19
The partners are both willing.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
13:21
If either of them be unwilling,
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ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ืŸ,
13:22
the act is an offense,
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ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™,
13:23
totally different in its nature of effects.
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ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
13:26
It's a personal injury. It's a kind of rape.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืก.
13:28
As to the any danger exclusive of pain,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืกื›ื ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืื‘,
13:31
the danger, if any, much consist
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ื”ืกื›ื ื”, ืื ื™ืฉื ื”, ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื”
13:32
in the tendency of the example.
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ืžื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
13:34
But what is the tendency of this example?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื™ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื–ื•?
13:37
To dispose others to engage in the same practices.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื.
13:39
But this practice produces not pain of any kind
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื–ื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื•ื ื›ืื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื
13:42
to anyone.
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ืœืื™ืฉ.
13:44
SP: Still, in every case, it took at least a century
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ืก"ืค: ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื•ืžืงืจื”, ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื
13:46
for the arguments of these great thinkers
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
13:48
to trickle down and infiltrate the population as a whole.
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ืœื˜ืคื˜ืฃ ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช.
13:52
It kind of makes you wonder about our own time.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื•.
13:54
Are there practices that we engage in
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉื ื ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
13:56
where the arguments against them are there for all to see
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื
13:59
but nonetheless we persist in them?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื?
14:01
RNG: When our great grandchildren look back at us,
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ืจื "ื’: ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืื—ื•ืจื” ืืœื™ื ื•,
14:04
will they be as appalled by some of our practices
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืขื™ื ืžื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
14:07
as we are by our slave-owning, heretic-burning,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืขื™ื ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉื•ืจืคื™-ื”ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื,
14:11
wife-beating, gay-bashing ancestors?
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ืžื›ื™-ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืื™ื?
14:14
SP: I'm sure everyone here could think of an example.
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ืก"ืค: ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
14:17
RNG: I opt for the mistreatment of animals
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ืจื "ื’: ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจืข ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
14:19
in factory farms.
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ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืกื—ืจื•ืช.
14:21
SP: The imprisonment of nonviolent drug offenders
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ืก"ืค: ืžืืกืจื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ ืกืžื™ื ืœื ืืœื™ืžื™ื
14:23
and the toleration of rape in our nation's prisons.
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ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ื ืก ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกื”ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•.
14:25
RNG: Scrimping on donations to life-saving charities
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ืจื "ื’: ื”ืชืงืžืฆื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื
14:28
in the developing world.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช.
14:30
SP: The possession of nuclear weapons.
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ืก"ืค: ืื—ื–ืงืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
14:32
RNG: The appeal to religion to justify
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ืจื "ื’: ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง
14:35
the otherwise unjustifiable,
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื—ืจืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื“ืง ื›ืœืœ,
14:36
such as the ban on contraception.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื”.
14:39
SP: What about religious faith in general?
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ืก"ืค: ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
14:41
RNG: Eh, I'm not holding my breath.
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ืจื "ื’: ืื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ืขื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™.
14:43
SP: Still, I have become convinced
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ืก"ืค: ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข
14:45
that reason is a better angel
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ืฉื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืœืืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:46
that deserves the greatest credit
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ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
14:48
for the moral progress our species has enjoyed
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืžืžื ื” ื ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
14:51
and that holds out the greatest hope
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ื•ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:53
for continuing moral progress in the future.
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ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
14:56
RNG: And if, our friends,
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ืจื "ื’: ื•ืื, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
14:58
you detect a flaw in this argument,
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ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืคื’ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
15:00
just remember you'll be depending on reason
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืฉืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
15:04
to point it out.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœื™ื•. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:05
Thank you. SP: Thank you.
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ืก"ืค: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:08
(Applause)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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