Steven Pinker and Rebecca Newberger Goldstein: The long reach of reason

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Senzos Osijek

["Rebecca Newberger Goldstein"]

["Rebecca Newberger Goldstein"]

["Steven Pinker"]

["Steven Pinker"]

["The Long Reach of Reason"]

["Dugi Doseg Razuma"]

Cabbie: Twenty-two dollars. Steven Pinker: Okay.

Taksist: Dvadeset i dva dolara. Steven Pinker: U redu.

Rebecca Newberger Goldstein: Reason appears to have fallen on hard times:

Rebecca Newberger Goldstein: Razum je izgleda u problemima:

Popular culture plumbs new depths of dumbth

Popularna kultura stvara nove dubine gluposti

and political discourse has become a race

i politički diskurs je postao utrka

to the bottom.

prema dnu.

We're living in an era of scientific creationism,

Živimo u eri znanstvene kreacije,

9/11 conspiracy theories, psychic hotlines,

teorije zavjere 9/11, vidovnjački telefoni,

and a resurgence of religious fundamentalism.

i ponovno pojavljivanje religijskog fundamentalizma.

People who think too well

Ljudi koji razmišljaju isuviše dobro

are often accused of elitism,

su često optuženi za elitizam,

and even in the academy,

i čak i na fakultetima,

there are attacks on logocentrism,

postoje napadi na logocentrizam,

the crime of letting logic dominate our thinking.

zločin dopuštanja da logika dominira našim razmišljanjem.

SP: But is this necessarily a bad thing?

SP: Ali je li to nužno loša stvar?

Perhaps reason is overrated.

Možda je razum precijenjen.

Many pundits have argued that a good heart

Mnogi su tvrdili da dobro srce

and steadfast moral clarity

i ustrajna moralna jasnoća

are superior to triangulations of overeducated policy wonks,

odnose pobjedu nad triangulacijama preeduciranih političkih luđaka,

like the best and brightest and that dragged us

kao što je najbolji i najbistriji i što nas je odvuklo

into the quagmire of Vietnam.

u rat u Vijetnamu.

And wasn't it reason that gave us the means

I nije li razum ono što nam je dalo sredstva

to despoil the planet

da opljačkamo planet

and threaten our species with weapons of mass destruction?

i zaprijetimo svojoj vrsti oružjim za masovno uništenje?

In this way of thinking, it's character and conscience,

U ovom načinu razmišljanja, karakter i svijest,

not cold-hearted calculation, that will save us.

ne kalkuliranje, spašavaju nas.

Besides, a human being is not a brain on a stick.

Osim toga, ljudsko biće nije mozak na štapu.

My fellow psychologists have shown that we're led

Moji kolege psiholozi pokazali su da smo vođeni

by our bodies and our emotions

našim tijelima i emocijama

and use our puny powers of reason

i koristimo naše majušne moći razuma

merely to rationalize our gut feelings after the fact.

samo kako bismo racionalizirali naše instiknte.

RNG: How could a reasoned argument logically entail

RNG: Kako bi razumni argument logično mogao zahtijevati

the ineffectiveness of reasoned arguments?

neučinkovitost razumnih argumenata?

Look, you're trying to persuade us of reason's impotence.

Dakle, pokušavaš nas uvjeriti u impotenciju razuma.

You're not threatening us or bribing us,

Ne prijetiš nam niti nas podmićuješ,

suggesting that we resolve the issue

predlažući da riješimo problem

with a show of hands or a beauty contest.

dizanjem ruku ili natjecanjem ljepote.

By the very act of trying to reason us into your position,

Samim činom da nas urazumiš u svoj položaj,

you're conceding reason's potency.

proglašavaš potenciju razuma neuspješnom.

Reason isn't up for grabs here. It can't be.

Razum nije nadohvat ruke. Ne može biti.

You show up for that debate

Pojaviš se na toj debati

and you've already lost it.

i već si ju izgubio.

SP: But can reason lead us in directions

SP: Ali razum nas može voditi u smjerovima

that are good or decent or moral?

koji su dobri, pristojni ili moralni?

After all, you pointed out that reason

Rečeno je da je razum

is just a means to an end,

samo sredstvo za postizanje cilja,

and the end depends on the reasoner's passions.

i da cilj ovisi o strastima onoga koji razmišlja razumno.

Reason can lay out a road map to peace and harmony

Razum može napraviti put do mira i sklada

if the reasoner wants peace and harmony,

ako onaj koji urazumljuje želi to,

but it can also lay out a road map to conflict and strife

ali također može napraviti put do sukoba i razmirica

if the reasoner delights in conflict and strife.

ako uživa u sukobu i razmiricama.

Can reason force the reasoner to want

Može li razum učiniti da želi

less cruelty and waste?

manje okrutnosti i rasipnosti?

RNG: All on its own, the answer is no,

RNG: Sam po sebi, odgovor je ne,

but it doesn't take much to switch it to yes.

ali ne treba puno da se to promijeni u da.

You need two conditions:

Trebaš dva uvjeta:

The first is that reasoners all care

Prvi je da svi koji misle razumno brinu

about their own well-being.

za vlastitu dobrobit.

That's one of the passions that has to be present

To je jedna od strasti koja mora biti prisutna

in order for reason to go to work,

da bi razum radio,

and it's obviously present in all of us.

i to je očito prisutno u svima nama.

We all care passionately

Svi se strastveno brinemo

about our own well-being.

oko svoje dobrobiti.

The second condition is that reasoners

Drugi uvjet je da oni koji urazumljuju

are members of a community of reasoners

su članovi takve zajednice,

who can affect one another's well-being,

koja može utjecati na međusobnu dobrobit,

can exchange messages,

koja može razmjenjivati poruke,

and comprehend each other's reasoning.

i razumjeti vlastite razloge.

And that's certainly true of our gregarious

I to je sigurno točno vezano za naše društvene

and loquatious species,

i govorljive vrste,

well endowed with the instinct for language.

dobro obradene s instinktom za jezik.

SP: Well, that sounds good in theory,

SP:Pa, to sve dobro zvuči u teoriji,

but has it worked that way in practice?

ali je li tako radilo i u praksi?

In particular, can it explain

Može li objasniti

a momentous historical development

taj povijesni razvoj

that I spoke about five years ago here at TED?

o kojem sam pričao otprilike prije pet godina na TED-u?

Namely, we seem to be getting more humane.

Postajemo sve humaniji.

Centuries ago, our ancestors would burn cats alive

Stoljećima prije, naši preci bi palili žive mačke

as a form of popular entertainment.

kao oblik zabave.

Knights waged constant war on each other

Vitezovi su stalno ratovali jedni s drugima

by trying to kill as many of each other's peasants as possible.

pokušavajući ubiti što više seljaka.

Governments executed people for frivolous reasons,

Vlade su pogubljivale ljude zbog smiješnih razloga

like stealing a cabbage

kao što je krađa kupusa

or criticizing the royal garden.

ili kritiziranje kraljevskog vrta.

The executions were designed to be as prolonged

Pogubljenja su osmišljena da bi trajala

and as painful as possible, like crucifixion,

što duže i bila što bolnija, kao razapinjanje na križ,

disembowelment, breaking on the wheel.

vađenje crijeva, lomljenje na kotaču.

Respectable people kept slaves.

Ugledni ljudi imali su robove.

For all our flaws, we have abandoned

Za sve naše mane, napustili smo

these barbaric practices.

te barbarske prakse.

RNG: So, do you think it's human nature that's changed?

RNG: Misliš da se ljudska priroda promijenila?

SP: Not exactly. I think we still harbor instincts

SP: Ne baš. Mislim da imamo puno instinkta

that can erupt in violence,

koji može eruptirati u nasilje,

like greed, tribalism, revenge, dominance, sadism.

kao pohlepa, osveta, dominacija, sadizaim.

But we also have instincts that can steer us away,

Ali imamo instinkte i koji nas vode od toga,

like self-control, empathy, a sense of fairness,

kao samokontrola, empatija, osjećaj za poštenje,

what Abraham Lincoln called

ono što je Abraham Lincoln nazvao

the better angels of our nature.

boljim anđelima naše prirode.

RNG: So if human nature didn't change,

RNG: Ako se ljudska priroda nije promijenila,

what invigorated those better angels?

što je potaknulo te bolje anđele?

SP: Well, among other things,

SP: Pa, između ostalog,

our circle of empathy expanded.

naš krug empatije se proširio.

Years ago, our ancestors would feel the pain

Mnogo godina prije, naši preci bi osjećali bol

only of their family and people in their village.

samo njihove obitelji ili ljudi u selu.

But with the expansion of literacy and travel,

Ali proširivanjem pismenosti i putovanja,

people started to sympathize

ljudi su počeli suosjećati

with wider and wider circles,

sa sve širim i širim krugovima,

the clan, the tribe, the nation, the race,

klan, pleme, nacija, rasa,

and perhaps eventually, all of humanity.

i možda konačno, svo čovječanstvo.

RNG: Can hard-headed scientists

RNG: Mogu li tvrdoglavi znanstvenici

really give so much credit to soft-hearted empathy?

dati toliko kredita empatiji mekog srca?

SP: They can and do.

SP: Mogu i to čine.

Neurophysiologists have found neurons in the brain

Neuropsiholozi pronašli su neurone u mozgu

that respond to other people's actions

koji odgovaraju na akcije drugih ljudi

the same way they respond to our own.

na isti način na koji reagiraju na naše.

Empathy emerges early in life,

Empatija se javlja rano u životu,

perhaps before the age of one.

možda i prije prve godine života,

Books on empathy have become bestsellers,

Knjige o empatiji postale su bestselleri,

like "The Empathic Civilization"

kao "Suosjećajna Civilizacija"

and "The Age of Empathy."

i "Razdoblje Empatije".

RNG: I'm all for empathy. I mean, who isn't?

RNG: Ja sam za empatiju. Mislim, tko nije?

But all on its own, it's a feeble instrument

Ali samo za sebe, to je slabašan instrument

for making moral progress.

za moralni napredak.

For one thing, it's innately biased

Kao prvo, to je pristrano

toward blood relations, babies

prema krvnom srodstvu, bebama

and warm, fuzzy animals.

i toplim, čupavim životinjama.

As far as empathy is concerned,

Što se tiče suosjećanja,

ugly outsiders can go to hell.

ružni outsideri mogu ići kvragu.

And even our best attempts to work up sympathy

I čak naši najbolji pokušaji da stvorimo simpatije

for those who are unconnected with us

za one koji nisu povezani s nama

fall miserably short, a sad truth about human nature

su neuspješni, tužna istina o ljudskoj prirodi

that was pointed out by Adam Smith.

koju je prokazao Adam Smith.

Adam Smith: Let us suppose that the great empire

Adam Smith: Pretpostavimo da veliko carstvo

of China was suddenly swallowed up by an earthquake,

Kine odjednom proguta potres,

and let us consider how a man of humanity in Europe

i razmislimo kako čovjek iz Europe

would react on receiving intelligence

reagira na primanje informacija

of this dreadful calamity.

o ovoj strašnoj nesreći.

He would, I imagine, first of all express very strongly

On bi, vjerujem, prvo snažno izrazio

his sorrow for the misfortune of that unhappy people.

svoju tugu zbog nesreće tih nesretnih ljudi.

He would make many melancholy reflections

Sa sjetom bi se prisjećao

upon the precariousness of human life,

krhkosti ljudskog života,

and when all these humane sentiments

i kada svi ovi ljudski osjećaji

had been once fairly expressed,

jednom budu pošteno izraženi,

he would pursue his business or his pleasure

on bi išao svojim poslom ili zadovoljstvom

with the same ease and tranquility

sa istom lakoćom i smirenošću

as if no such accident had happened.

kao da se takva nesreća nije dogodila.

If he was to lose his little finger tomorrow,

Ako bi izgubio prst sutra,

he would not sleep tonight,

ne bi spavao večeras,

but provided he never saw them,

ali da ih nikad nije vidio,

he would snore with the most profound security

hrkao bi sa najvećom smirenošću

over the ruin of a hundred million of his brethren.

zbog uništenja sto milijuna svoje braće.

SP: But if empathy wasn't enough to make us more humane,

SP: Ali ako suosjećanje nije dovoljno da nas učini ljudskijima,

what else was there?

što još imamo?

RNG: Well, you didn't mention what might be

RNG: Nisi spomenuo što bi moglo biti

one of our most effective better angels: reason.

jedno od naših najučinkovitijih boljih anđela: razum.

Reason has muscle.

Razum ima mišiće.

It's reason that provides the push to widen

Razum nam daje poticaj da širimo

that circle of empathy.

taj krug suosjećanja.

Every one of the humanitarian developments

Sav humanitarni razvoj

that you mentioned originated with thinkers

koji si spomenuo potekao je od mislioca

who gave reasons for why some practice

koji su dali razloge zašto su neke prakse

was indefensible.

neobranjive.

They demonstrated that the way people treated

Demonstrirali su da je način na koji su ljudi tretirali

some particular group of others

neku određenu grupu drugih ljudi

was logically inconsistent

je logično nedosljedan

with the way they insisted on being treated themselves.

naspram načina na koji su htjeli da se prema njima odnosi.

SP: Are you saying that reason

SP: Želiš li reći da je razum

can actually change people's minds?

ono što može promijeniti stav ljudi?

Don't people just stick with whatever conviction

Ne stoje li ljudi uz ona uvjerenja

serves their interests

koja služe njihovim interesima

or conforms to the culture that they grew up in?

ili su prilagođena kulturi u kojoj su odrasli?

RNG: Here's a fascinating fact about us:

RNG: Ovo je fascinantna činjenica o nama:

Contradictions bother us,

Kontradiktornosti nas smetaju,

at least when we're forced to confront them,

barem onda kada smo prisiljeni prilagoditii im se,

which is just another way of saying

što je drugi način da kažemo

that we are susceptible to reason.

da smo povodljivi za razumom.

And if you look at the history of moral progress,

I ako pogledate povijest moralnog napretka,

you can trace a direct pathway from reasoned arguments

možete pratiti direktan put od razumnih argumenata

to changes in the way that we actually feel.

do promjena koje zaista osjećamo.

Time and again, a thinker would lay out an argument

Uvijek iznova, mislilac bi iznio argument

as to why some practice was indefensible,

zašto je neka praksa neobranjiva,

irrational, inconsistent with values already held.

neracionalna, nedosljedna s postojećim vrijednostima.

Their essay would go viral,

Njihov esej bi postao viralan,

get translated into many languages,

preveden na mnoge jezike,

get debated at pubs and coffee houses and salons,

o njemu bi se raspravljalo u pubovima, kafićima i salonima

and at dinner parties,

na večerama,

and influence leaders, legislators,

i utjecao bi na vođe, zakonodavce,

popular opinion.

javno mišljenje.

Eventually their conclusions get absorbed

S vremenom, njihovi zaključci bi bili absorbirani

into the common sense of decency,

u zdrav razum pristojnosti,

erasing the tracks of the original argument

brišući tragove originalne rasprave

that had gotten us there.

koja nas je tamo dovela.

Few of us today feel any need to put forth

Malo nas danas ima potrebu pokrenuti

a rigorous philosophical argument

žustru filozofsku raspravu

as to why slavery is wrong

zašto je ropstvo pogrešno

or public hangings or beating children.

ili javna vješanja ili kada se tuče djecu.

By now, these things just feel wrong.

Te stvari su sada krive.

But just those arguments had to be made,

Ali te su rasprave morale biti pokrenute,

and they were, in centuries past.

i bile su, u prošlim stoljećima.

SP: Are you saying that people needed

SP: Govoriš li da su ljudi trebali

a step-by-step argument to grasp

raspravu korak po korak da bi shvatili

why something might be a wee bit wrong

da je nešto mrvicu pogrešno

with burning heretics at the stake?

sa spaljivanjem nevjernika na lomači?

RNG: Oh, they did. Here's the French theologian

RNG: O da. Ovdje je francuski teolog

Sebastian Castellio making the case.

Sebastian Castello koji izlaže taj slučaj.

Sebastian Castellio: Calvin says that he's certain,

Sebastian Castello: Calvin kaže da je siguran,

and other sects say that they are.

i druge sekte da jesu.

Who shall be judge?

Tko će prosuditi?

If the matter is certain, to whom is it so? To Calvin?

Ako je stvar sigurna, kome je to tako? Kalvinu?

But then, why does he write so many books about manifest truth?

Alo onda, zašto piše toliko knjiga o manifestiranju istine?

In view of the uncertainty, we must define heretics

Sa strane nesigurnosti, moramo definirati heretike

simply as one with whom we disagree.

jednostavno kao nekog s kim se ne slažemo.

And if then we are going to kill heretics,

A ako ćemo potom ubijati heretike,

the logical outcome will be a war of extermination,

logični ishod je rat do istrebljenja,

since each is sure of himself.

budući da je svatko siguran u sebe.

SP: Or with hideous punishments

SP: Ili s užasnim kaznama

like breaking on the wheel?

kao lomljenje na kotaču?

RNG: The prohibition in our constitution

RNG: Zabrana u ustavu

of cruel and unusual punishments

koja kaže da nema okrutne i neuobičajene kazne

was a response to a pamphlet circulated in 1764

odgovor je na letak koji je kružio 1764.

by the Italian jurist Cesare Beccaria.

a napravio ga je talijasnki porotnik Cesare Beccaria.

Cesare Beccaria: As punishments become more cruel,

Cesare Beccaria: Kako kazne postaju sve okrutnije,

the minds of men, which like fluids

umovi ljudi, koji kao tekućine

always adjust to the level of the objects

uvijek prilagođavaju svoju razinu onoj predmeta

that surround them, become hardened,

koji ih okružuju, postaju tvrđi,

and after a hundred years of cruel punishments,

i nakon stotinu godina okrutnog kažnjavanja,

breaking on the wheel causes no more fear

lomljenje na kotaču ne uzrokuje više straha

than imprisonment previously did.

nego zatvaranje prije.

For a punishment to achieve its objective,

Kako bi kazna postigla svoj cilj,

it is only necessary that the harm that it inflicts

potrebno je samo da je šteta koju nanosi

outweighs the benefit that derives from the crime,

teža od zločina,

and into this calculation ought to be factored

i u ovu računicu treba ubaciti

the certainty of punishment

sigurnost kazne

and the loss of the good

i gubitak dobra

that the commission of the crime will produce.

koje bi počinjenje zločina stvorilo.

Everything beyond this is superfluous,

Sve više od ovoga je previše,

and therefore tyrannical.

i samim time tiranski.

SP: But surely antiwar movements depended

SP: Ali zasigurno su pokreti protiv rata ovisili

on mass demonstrations

o masovnim demonstracijama

and catchy tunes by folk singers

i pjevnim pjesmama narodnih pjevača

and wrenching photographs of the human costs of war.

i fotografijama ljudskih žrtava u ratu.

RNG: No doubt, but modern anti-war movements

RNG: Bez sumnje, no moderni pokreti protiv rata

reach back to a long chain of thinkers

povezani su s dugim lancem mislioca

who had argued as to why we ought to mobilize

koji su raspravljali zašto bi trebali mobilizirati

our emotions against war,

svoje emocije protiv rata,

such as the father of modernity, Erasmus.

kao otac modernizma, Erasmus.

Erasmus: The advantages derived from peace

Erasmus: Prednost koju dobivamo iz mira

diffuse themselves far and wide,

širi se naširoko i nadaleko,

and reach great numbers,

i doseže velik broj,

while in war, if anything turns out happily,

dok u ratu, ako išta ispadne sretno,

the advantage redounds only to a few,

prednost se širi na nekolicinu,

and those unworthy of reaping it.

i to na one koji nisu zavrijedili to.

One man's safety is owing to the destruction of another.

Sigurnost jednog čovjeka duguje uništenju drugog.

One man's prize is derived from the plunder of another.

Nagrada jednog proizvod je nesreće drugog.

The cause of rejoicings made by one side

Razlog za veselje jedne strane

is to the other a cause of mourning.

je razlog tuge druge.

Whatever is unfortunate in war,

Što god je nesretno u ratu,

is severely so indeed,

je zaista snažno tako,

and whatever, on the contrary,

a što god, sa druge strane,

is called good fortune,

se zove dobrom srećom,

is a savage and a cruel good fortune,

je okrutna i divlja sreća,

an ungenerous happiness deriving its existence from another's woe.

nevelikodušna sreća stvarajući svoje postojanje iz nesreće drugoga.

SP: But everyone knows that the movement

SP: Ali svi znaju da je pokret

to abolish slavery depended on faith and emotion.

za ukidanje ropstva ovisi o vjeri i emociji.

It was a movement spearheaded by the Quakers,

To je pokret potaknut Kvejkerima,

and it only became popular when Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel

i tek je postao popularan kada je roman Harriet Beecher Stowe

"Uncle Tom's Cabin" became a bestseller.

"Čiča Tomina koliba" postao bestseller.

RNG: But the ball got rolling a century before.

RNG: Ali da bi pokrenuo loptu prije stoljeća,

John Locke bucked the tide of millennia

John Locke borio se s plimom stoljeća

that had regarded the practice as perfectly natural.

koja je smatrala da je ta praksa normalna.

He argued that it was inconsistent

Tvrdio je da je nedosljedno

with the principles of rational government.

sa principima racionalnog vladanja.

John Locke: Freedom of men under government

John Locke: Sloboda ljudi pod vladom

is to have a standing rule to live by

mora imati pravilo po kojem živimo

common to everyone of that society

zajedničko svima iz tog društva

and made by the legislative power erected in it,

i određeno zakonskom moći podignutom u njemu,

a liberty to follow my own will in all things

slobodu da slijedim moju volju u svim stvarima

where that rule prescribes not,

gdje to pravilo ne propisuje,

not to be subject to the inconstant,

ne da budemo predmeti nedosljedne,

uncertain, unknown, arbitrary will of another man,

nesigurne, nepoznate, proizvoljne volje drugog čovjeka,

as freedom of nature is to be under no other restraint

jer sloboda prirode ne smije biti pod ograničenjem

but the law of nature.

osim zakona prirode.

SP: Those words sound familiar.

SP: Te riječi zvuče poznato.

Where have I read them before? Ah, yes.

Gdje sam ih već pročitao? Ah, da.

Mary Astell: If absolute sovereignty be not necessary

Mary Astell: Ako je potpuna neovisnost nepotrebna

in a state, how comes it to be so in a family?

u državi, kako je to točno u obitelji?

Or if in a family, why not in a state?

Ako je u obitelji tako, zašto ne i u državi?

Since no reason can be alleged for the one

Kako nema razuma da će jedno

that will not hold more strongly for the other,

biti snažnije podržano od drugog,

if all men are born free,

ako su svi muškarci rođeni slobodni,

how is it that all women are born slaves,

kako su sve žene rođene robinjama,

as they must be if being subjected

što zasigurno jesu ako su predmetom

to the inconstant, uncertain,

nedosljedne, nesigurne,

unknown, arbitrary will of men

nepoznate, proizvoljne volje muškaraca

be the perfect condition of slavery?

koja je savršen uvjet za ropstvo?

RNG: That sort of co-option

RNG: Takva ko opcija

is all in the job description of reason.

je u opisu posla razuma.

One movement for the expansion of rights

Jedan pokret za proširenje prava

inspires another because the logic is the same,

inspirira drugi jer je logika jednaka,

and once that's hammered home,

i kada je to utemeljeno,

it becomes increasingly uncomfortable

postaje sve neugodnije

to ignore the inconsistency.

ignorirati nedosljednost.

In the 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement

1960., pokret za ljudska prava

inspired the movements for women's rights,

inspirirao je pokret za prava žena,

children's rights, gay rights and even animal rights.

prave djece, gay prava i prava životinja.

But fully two centuries before,

Ali puna dva stoljeća prije,

the Enlightenment thinker Jeremy Bentham

Prosvijetljeni mislioc Jeremy Bentham

had exposed the indefensibility

izložio je neobranjiovst

of customary practices such as

uobičajenih praksi kao što je

the cruelty to animals.

okrutnost prema životinjama.

Jeremy Bentham: The question is not, can they reason,

Jeremy Bentham: Pitanje nije imaju li razum

nor can they talk, but can they suffer?

niti mogu li pričati, već mogu li patiti?

RNG: And the persecution of homosexuals.

RNG: I progon homoseksualaca.

JB: As to any primary mischief,

JB: Kao bilo koji prvotni nestašluk,

it's evident that it produces no pain in anyone.

evidentno je da ne stvara bol nikom.

On the contrary, it produces pleasure.

Nasuprot, izaziva zadovoljstvo.

The partners are both willing.

Partneri su voljni.

If either of them be unwilling,

Da se ijedno od njih protivi,

the act is an offense,

čin je uvreda,

totally different in its nature of effects.

potpuno drugačiji po svojoj prirodi.

It's a personal injury. It's a kind of rape.

To je osobna ozlijeda, silovanje na neki način.

As to the any danger exclusive of pain,

Kao bilo koja opasnost, osim boli,

the danger, if any, much consist

opasnost, ako je ima, sastoji se

in the tendency of the example.

od tendencije primjera.

But what is the tendency of this example?

Ali što je tendencija ovog primjera?

To dispose others to engage in the same practices.

Pobrinuti se da drugi ne prakticiraju to.

But this practice produces not pain of any kind

Ali ta praksa ne proizvodi nikakvu bol

to anyone.

nikome.

SP: Still, in every case, it took at least a century

SP: Ipak, u svakom slučaju, trebalo je skoro stoljeće

for the arguments of these great thinkers

za argumente ovih velikih mislioca

to trickle down and infiltrate the population as a whole.

da budu prihvaćeni i infiltriraju populaciju kao cjelinu.

It kind of makes you wonder about our own time.

Ponekad se zapitamo za vlastito razdoblje.

Are there practices that we engage in

Postoje li prakse u koje smo uključeni

where the arguments against them are there for all to see

gdje su argumenti protiv njih jasno vidljivi,

but nonetheless we persist in them?

ali ipak ustrajemo u njima?

RNG: When our great grandchildren look back at us,

RNG: Kada naša pra-praunučad bude gledala na nas,

will they be as appalled by some of our practices

hoće li biti sablažnjeni nekim našim praksama

as we are by our slave-owning, heretic-burning,

kao što smo mi bili robovlasništvom, spaljivanjem nevjernika,

wife-beating, gay-bashing ancestors?

zlostavljanjem žena i progonu gay populacije naših predaka?

SP: I'm sure everyone here could think of an example.

SP: Siguran sam da svi ovdje možemo naći primjer.

RNG: I opt for the mistreatment of animals

RNG: Glasam za zlostavljanje životinja

in factory farms.

na tvorničkim farmama.

SP: The imprisonment of nonviolent drug offenders

SP: Zatvaranje nenasilnih korisnika droga

and the toleration of rape in our nation's prisons.

i toleriranje silovanja u zatvorima naše nacije.

RNG: Scrimping on donations to life-saving charities

RNG: Uzimanje donacija iz humanitarnih organizacija

in the developing world.

za svijet u razvoju.

SP: The possession of nuclear weapons.

SP: Posjedovanje nuklearnog oružja.

RNG: The appeal to religion to justify

RNG: Poziv da religija pravda

the otherwise unjustifiable,

inače neopravdane stvari,

such as the ban on contraception.

kao što je zabrana kontracepcije.

SP: What about religious faith in general?

SP: Što sa vjerom, općenito?

RNG: Eh, I'm not holding my breath.

RNG: Ah, ne nadam se.

SP: Still, I have become convinced

SP: Ipak, postao sam uvjeren

that reason is a better angel

da je razum bolji anđeo

that deserves the greatest credit

koji zaslužuje najveće zasluge

for the moral progress our species has enjoyed

za moralni napredak naše vrste

and that holds out the greatest hope

i da je u njemu najveća nada

for continuing moral progress in the future.

za nastavak moralnog napretka u budućnosti.

RNG: And if, our friends,

RNG: I ako vi, naši prijatelji,

you detect a flaw in this argument,

nađete manu u ovom argumentu,

just remember you'll be depending on reason

upamtite da ćete ovisiti o razumu

to point it out.

kako biste to istakli.

Thank you. SP: Thank you.

Hvala vam. SP: Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)