How to win at evolution and survive a mass extinction | Lauren Sallan

79,866 views ใƒป 2017-11-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Orr Schlesinger
00:13
Congratulations.
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ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช.
00:14
By being here,
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ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืคื”,
00:15
listening, alive,
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ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:17
a member of a growing species,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—,
00:19
you are one of history's greatest winners --
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ืืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” --
00:22
the culmination of a success story four billion years in the making.
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ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:27
You are life's one percent.
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ืืชื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:30
The losers,
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ื”ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื,
00:32
the 99 percent of species who have ever lived,
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99 ืื—ื•ื“ ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื—ื™ื•,
00:34
are dead --
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ืžืชื™ื --
00:36
killed by fire, flood, asteroids,
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ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืืฉ, ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ืŸ, ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื,
00:39
predation, starvation, ice, heat
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ื˜ืจื™ืคื”, ืจืขื‘, ืงืจื—, ื—ื•ื
00:41
and the cold math of natural selection.
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ื•ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
00:45
Your ancestors,
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ืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื,
00:46
back to the earliest fishes,
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ืื—ื•ืจื” ืขื“ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:47
overcame all these challenges.
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ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:50
You are here because of golden opportunities
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ืืชื ืคื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘
00:53
made possible by mass extinction.
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ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช.
00:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:01
It's true.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:02
The same is true of your co-winners and relatives.
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ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื›ื ื•ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:05
The 34,000 kinds of fishes.
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34,000 ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
01:08
How did we all get so lucky?
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ืื™ืš ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ืœ?
01:10
Will we continue to win?
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ื”ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืช?
01:13
I am a fish paleobiologist who uses big data --
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ืื ื™ ืคืœืื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื’ ื“ืื˜ื” --
01:17
the fossil record --
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ืชืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื --
01:18
to study how some species win and others lose.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื.
01:22
The living can't tell us;
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื•;
01:23
they know nothing but winning.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืœื•ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœื ืฆื—.
01:25
So, we must speak with the dead.
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืžืชื™ื.
01:27
How do we make dead fishes talk?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื“ื’ื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ?
01:30
Museums contain multitudes of beautiful fish fossils,
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ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื,
01:34
but their real beauty emerges
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื’ื™ืข
01:36
when combined with the larger number of ugly, broken fossils,
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ื›ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ืขืจื™ื,
01:40
and reduced to ones and zeros.
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ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ื•ืืชื ืœืื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืืคืกื™ื,
01:43
I can trawl a 500-million-year database for evolutionary patterns.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืื’ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ 500 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:48
For example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
01:49
fish forms can be captured by coordinates
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืœื›ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช
01:53
and transformed to reveal major pathways of change
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
01:57
and trends through time.
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ื•ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
02:00
Here is the story of the winners and losers
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื
02:02
of just one pivotal event I discovered using fossil data.
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ืฉืœ ืจืง ืืจื•ืข ืื—ื“ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš ืื—ื“ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
02:07
Let's travel back 360 million years --
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื™ืกืข 360 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ --
02:11
six times as long ago as the last dinosaur --
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ืคื™ ืฉืฉ ืžื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ --
02:15
to the Devonian period;
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ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื“ื‘ื•ื ื™ืื ื™ืช;
02:17
a strange world.
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ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ื–ืจ.
02:19
Armored predators with razor-edge jaws dominated
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ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขื ืžืœืชืขื•ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืชืขืจ ืฉืœื˜ื•
02:23
alongside huge fishes with arm bones in their fins.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืขื ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:29
Crab-like fishes scuttled across the sea floor.
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ื“ื’ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
02:33
The few ray-fin relatives of salmon and tuna
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ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืขื ืกื ืคื™ืจ ื”ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื ื”
02:36
cowered at the bottom of the food chain.
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ืžืชื—ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:40
The few early sharks lived offshore in fear.
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ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื—ื“.
02:44
Your few four-legged ancestors, the tetrapods,
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ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ื˜ื˜ืจืคื•ื“ื™ื,
02:48
struggled in tropical river plains.
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ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื.
02:52
Ecosystems were crowded.
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืกื•ืช.
02:54
There was no escape,
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
02:56
no opportunity in sight.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ.
02:59
Then the world ended.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ.
03:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:02
No, it is a good thing.
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ืœื, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:04
96 percent of all fish species died
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96 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืชื•
03:08
during the Hangenberg event, 359 million years ago:
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืจื•ืข ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ืจื’, ืœืคื ื™ 359 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”:
03:13
an interval of fire and ice.
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ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืืฉ ื•ืงืจื—.
03:15
A crowded world was disrupted and swept away.
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ืขื•ืœื ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืคืจืข ื•ื ืกื—ืฃ.
03:19
Now, you might think that's the end of the story.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
03:22
The mighty fell, the meek inherited the earth,
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื ืคืœื•, ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
03:24
and here we are.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื•.
03:26
But winning is not that simple.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜.
03:30
The handful of survivors came from many groups --
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ืžืขื˜ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช --
03:33
all greatly outnumbered by their own dead.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจื ืขืœ ืžืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:36
They ranged from top predator to bottom-feeder,
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ื”ื ื ืขื• ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืชื—ืชื™ืช,
03:39
big to small,
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ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
03:40
marine to freshwater.
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ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื.
03:42
The extinction was a filter.
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ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื ืŸ.
03:44
It merely leveled the playing field.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืฉื™ื˜ื—ื” ืืช ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
03:47
What really counted was what survivors did over the next several million years
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
03:52
in that devastated world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ืจื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื.
03:56
The former overlords should have had an advantage.
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ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ.
03:59
They became even larger,
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ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:01
storing energy,
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ืื’ืจื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
04:02
investing in their young,
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ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:04
spreading across the globe,
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก,
04:05
feasting on fishes,
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ืื›ืœื• ื“ื’ื™ื,
04:07
keeping what had always worked, and biding their time.
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ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช.
04:10
Yet they merely persisted for a while,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸื™ ื”ื ืจืง ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
04:13
declining without innovating,
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ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื• ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
04:16
becoming living fossils.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:18
They were too stuck in their ways
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื”ื
04:20
and are now largely forgotten.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ื•.
04:24
A few of the long-suffering ray-fins, sharks and four-legged tetrapods
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ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื ื™ ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื˜ื˜ืจืคื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื
04:29
went the opposite direction.
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ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš.
04:31
They became smaller --
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ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ --
04:33
living fast, dying young,
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ื—ื™ื• ืžื”ืจ, ืžืชื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
04:35
eating little and reproducing rapidly.
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ืื›ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
04:37
They tried new foods,
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ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:39
different homes,
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ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
04:40
strange heads and weird bodies.
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ืจืืฉื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:44
And they found opportunity, proliferated,
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•,
04:47
and won the future for their 60,000 living species,
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ื•ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื’ืœืœ 60,000 ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:51
including you.
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ื›ื•ื•ืœืœ ืืชื.
04:52
That's why they look familiar.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.
04:54
You know their names.
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ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช.
04:57
Winning is not about random events
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ื–ื›ื™ื” ืœื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื™ื
05:00
or an arms race.
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ืื• ืžืจื•ืฅ ื ืฉืง.
05:01
Rather, survivors went down alternative, evolutionary pathways.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
05:06
Some found incredible success,
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ื›ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
05:08
while others became dead fish walking.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื“ื’ื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื.
05:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:14
A real scientific term.
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ืžื•ื ื— ืžื“ืขื™ ืืžื™ืชื™.
05:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:18
I am now investigating
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ืื ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื•ืงืจืช
05:19
how these pathways to victory and defeat repeat across time.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
05:24
My lab has already compiled thousands upon thousands of dead fishes,
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ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืชื™ื,
05:28
but many more remain.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืฉืืจื•.
05:29
However, it is already clear
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ
05:31
that your ancestors' survival through mass extinction,
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ืฉื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื›ื ื‘ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช,
05:35
and their responses in the aftermath
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ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
05:37
made you who you are today.
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ืขืฉืชื” ืืชื›ื ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:40
What does this tell us for the future?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
05:42
As long as a handful of species survive,
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื,
05:45
life will recover.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ.
05:47
The versatile and the lucky will not just replace what was lost,
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื™ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืžื” ืฉืื‘ื“,
05:51
but win in new forms.
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ืืœื ื™ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
05:53
It just might take several million years.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืงื— ื›ืžื” ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
05:56
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
05:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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