Maps that show us who we are (not just where we are) | Danny Dorling

250,327 views ใƒป 2016-12-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Maayan Rozenberg ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:13
I'd like you to imagine the world anew.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
00:17
I'd like to show you some maps,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคื•ืช,
00:20
which have been drawn by Ben Hennig,
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ืฉืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื• ืข"ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื’,
00:22
of the planet in a way
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”
00:24
that most of you will never have seen the planet depicted before.
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ื›ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื.
00:30
Here's an image that you're very familiar with.
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ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื›ื.
00:34
I'm old enough that I was actually born before we saw this image.
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ืื ื™ ื›"ื› ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:38
Apparently some of my first words were "moona, moona,"
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื• "ื™ืจื—, ื™ืจื—",
00:41
but I think that's my mom having a particular fantasy
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืจืง ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ืฉืœื™
00:44
about what her baby boy could see
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืจืื•ืช
00:46
on the flickering black and white TV screen.
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ืขืœ ืžืกืš ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ.
00:51
It's only been a few centuries
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ืขื‘ืจื• ืจืง ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช
00:53
since we've actually, most of us, thought of our planet as spherical.
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ืžืื– ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
00:58
When we first saw these images in the 1960s,
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ื›ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื,
01:01
the world was changing at an incredible rate.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžืกื—ืจืจ.
01:06
In my own little discipline of human geography,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:10
a cartographer called Waldo Tobler
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ืงืจื˜ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื‘ืฉื ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ืœืจ
01:13
was drawing new maps of the planet,
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ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:15
and these maps have now spread,
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ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•,
01:17
and I'm going to show you one of them now.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:20
This map is a map of the world,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:23
but it's a map which looks to you
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืžืคื” ืฉืชื™ืจืื” ืœื›ื
01:26
a little bit strange.
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ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื–ืจื”.
01:28
It's a map in which we stretched places,
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ื–ื• ืžืคื” ื‘ื” ืžืชื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
01:32
so that those areas which contain many people are drawn larger,
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:36
and those areas, like the Sahara and the Himalayas,
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ื•ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื”ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื”,
01:39
in which there are few people, have been shrunk away.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžื•ืš, ื”ื•ืงื˜ื ื•.
01:42
Everybody on the planet is given an equal amount of space.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื”.
01:47
The cities are shown shining bright.
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ื”ืขืจื™ื ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช.
01:50
The lines are showing you submarine cables and trade routes.
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ื”ืงื•ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืœื›ื ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื•ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ.
01:54
And there's one particular line that goes from the Chinese port of Dalian
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืงื• ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื“ืืœื™ืŸ
01:57
through past Singapore,
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ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ,
01:59
through the Suez Canal,
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ื“ืจืš ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ,
02:01
through the Mediterranean and round to Rotterdam.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื ืœืจื•ื˜ืจื“ื.
02:03
And it's showing you the route
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘
02:05
of what was the world's largest ship just a year ago,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:09
a ship which was taking so many containers of goods
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ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœืงื—ื” ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื—ื•ืจื”
02:15
that when they were unloaded,
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ืฉื›ืฉืคืจืงื• ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช,
02:17
if the lorries had all gone in convoy, they would have been 100 kilometers long.
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ืื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžืื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
02:22
This is how our world is now connected.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ.
02:25
This is the quantity of stuff we are now moving around the world,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
02:31
just on one ship, on one voyage,
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ืจืง ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื” ืื—ืช, ื‘ืžืกืข ืื—ื“,
02:34
in five weeks.
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ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
02:38
We've lived in cities for a very long time,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
02:41
but most of us didn't live in cities.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
02:43
This is ร‡atalhรถyรผk, one of the world's first cities.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆ'ื˜ืœื”ื•ื™ื•ืง, ืื—ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:47
At its peak 9,000 years ago,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ืœืคื ื™ 9,000 ืฉื ื”,
02:51
people had to walk over the roofs of others' houses to get to their home.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืœ ื’ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืชื.
02:58
If you look carefully at the map of the city,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืคืช ื”ืขื™ืจ,
03:01
you'll see it has no streets,
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ืชืจืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
03:04
because streets are something we invented.
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ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืžืฆืื ื•.
03:07
The world changes.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื”.
03:10
It changes by trial and error.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืข"ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”.
03:13
We work out slowly and gradually
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืœืื˜ ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”
03:16
how to live in better ways.
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ืื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:19
And the world has changed incredibly quickly most recently.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” .
03:25
It's only within the last six, seven, or eight generations
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉืฉืช, ืฉื‘ืขืช ืื• ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
03:29
that we have actually realized that we are a species.
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ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™.
03:33
It's only within the last few decades
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ืจืง ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
03:37
that a map like this could be drawn.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืžืคื” ื›ื–ืืช.
03:42
Again, the underlying map is the map of world population,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืคืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
03:47
but over it, you're seeing arrows showing how we spread out of Africa
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืœื™ื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืชืคืจืฉื ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”
03:53
with dates showing you where we think we arrived
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ืขื ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืืŸ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื•
03:57
at particular times.
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
03:59
I have to redraw this map every few months,
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
04:03
because somebody makes a discovery that a particular date was wrong.
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื’ืœื” ืฉืชืืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื•ื™.
04:08
We are learning about ourselves at an incredible speed.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
04:15
And we're changing.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
04:18
A lot of change is gradual.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื™ื.
04:20
It's accretion.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ.
04:22
We don't notice the change
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
04:25
because we only have short lives,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืงืฆืจื™ื.
04:27
70, 80, if you're lucky 90 years.
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ืฉื‘ืขื™ื, ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื, ืชืฉืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื–ืœ.
04:30
This graph is showing you
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ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื
04:32
the annual rate of population growth in the world.
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ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:36
It was very low until around about 1850,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ 1850 ื‘ืขืจืš,
04:40
and then the rate of population growth
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ื•ืื– ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
04:42
began to rise
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ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช
04:44
so that around the time I was born,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื™,
04:46
when we first saw those images from the moon of our planet,
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ื›ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื”ื™ืจื—,
04:52
our global population was growing at two percent a year.
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
04:57
If it had carried on growing at two percent a year
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ืื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”
05:02
for just another couple of centuries,
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ืœืžืฉืš ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื,
05:06
the entire planet would be covered
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื”
05:08
with a seething mass of human bodies
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ื‘ืžืืกื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
05:11
all touching each other.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
05:15
And people were scared.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื“ื•.
05:16
They were scared of population growth
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ื”ื ืคื—ื“ื• ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
05:18
and what they called "the population bomb" in 1968.
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ื•ืžืžื” ืฉื‘-1968 ื›ื™ื ื• "ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ".
05:22
But then, if you look at the end of the graph,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืจืฃ,
05:25
the growth began to slow.
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ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืื˜.
05:28
The decade --
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05:30
the '70s, the '80s, the '90s, the noughties,
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ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70, ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80, ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื,
05:33
and in this decade, even faster --
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ื•ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“
05:36
our population growth is slowing.
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ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืื˜.
05:38
Our planet is stabilizing.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘.
05:39
We are heading towards nine, 10, or 11 billion people
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืชืฉืขื”, ืขืฉืจื” ืื• 11 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
05:42
by the end of the century.
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”.
05:44
Within that change, you can see tumult.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื“ืจ.
05:47
You can see the Second World War.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
05:49
You can see the pandemic in 1918 from influenza.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื‘-1918.
05:53
You can see the great Chinese famine.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
05:56
These are the events we tend to concentrate on.
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ืืœื• ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื.
05:58
We tend to concentrate on the terrible events in the news.
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
06:02
We don't tend to concentrate on the gradual change
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™
06:06
and the good news stories.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
06:09
We worry about people.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
06:11
We worry about how many people there are.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
06:13
We worry about how you can get away from people.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
06:17
But this is the map of the world changed again to make area large,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืฉื•ื ืชื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื’ื“ืœื• ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื
06:21
the further away people are from each area.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:26
So if you want to know where to go to get away from everybody,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืœืืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื›ื•ืœื,
06:30
here's the best places to go.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื.
06:32
And every year, these areas get bigger,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ืœื™ื,
06:35
because every year, we are coming off the land globally.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื.
06:38
We are moving into the cities.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืจื™ื.
06:40
We are packing in more densely.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช.
06:42
There are wolves again in Europe,
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
06:44
and the wolves are moving west across the continent.
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ื•ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื–ื–ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
06:49
Our world is changing.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื”.
06:52
You have worries.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื“ืื’ื•ืช.
06:55
This is a map showing where the water falls on our planet.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืคื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:00
We now know that.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข.
07:02
And you can look at where ร‡atalhรถyรผk was,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆ'ื˜ืœื”ื•ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื”,
07:06
where three continents meet, Africa, Asia, and Europe,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช, ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืกื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
07:08
and you can see there are a large number of people living there
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ืจื• ืฉื
07:11
in areas with very little water.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื“ ื‘ื”ื ืžืขื˜ ื’ืฉื.
07:13
And you can see areas in which there is a great deal of rainfall as well.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืจื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืฉืžื™ื.
07:17
And we can get a bit more sophisticated.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
07:20
Instead of making the map be shaped by people,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ืžืคื” ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:23
we can shape the map by water,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ืžืคื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื,
07:26
and then we can change it every month
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ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
07:27
to show the amount of water
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื
07:29
falling on every small part of the globe.
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ืฉื™ืจื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:33
And you see the monsoons moving around the planet,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ื ื™ื ื–ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
07:37
and the planet almost appears to have a heartbeat.
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉ ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘.
07:41
And all of this only became possible
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ
07:46
within my lifetime
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ืจืง ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™.
07:48
to see this is where we are living.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:52
We have enough water.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ื.
07:55
This is a map of where we grow our food in the world.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืคื” ืฉืžืจืื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:01
This is the areas that we will rely on most for rice and maize and corn.
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ืืœื” ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื ืกืชืžืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืงืช ืื•ืจื– ื•ืชื™ืจืก.
08:07
People worry that there won't be enough food, but we know,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ื›ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
08:10
if we just ate less meat and fed less of the crops to animals,
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ืื ืจืง ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœ,
08:15
there is enough food for everybody
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ืœื
08:17
as long as we think of ourselves as one group of people.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืช.
08:24
And we also know
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
08:27
about what we do
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ืื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
08:29
so terribly badly nowadays.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข.
08:33
You will have seen this map of the world before.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ืžืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
08:39
This is the map
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืคื”
08:41
produced by taking satellite images,
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื” ืข"ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
08:44
if you remember those satellites around the planet
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ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
08:47
in the very first slide I showed,
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ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™,
08:51
and producing an image of what the Earth looks like at night.
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ืš ื ืจืื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
08:55
When you normally see that map,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,
08:57
on a normal map, the kind of map that most of you will be used to,
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ืขืœ ืžืคื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื›ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื”,
09:02
you think you are seeing a map of where people live.
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืคื” ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ืจื™ื.
09:06
Where the lights are shining up is where people live.
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ื›ืฉื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื.
09:09
But here, on this image of the world,
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื”, ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื•,
09:13
remember we've stretched the map again.
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ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืคื”.
09:17
Everywhere has the same density of people on this map.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื.
09:22
If an area doesn't have people,
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ืื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:24
we've shrunk it away
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฆื ื• ืื•ืชื•
09:26
to make it disappear.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื.
09:28
So we're showing everybody
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
09:30
with equal prominence.
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ืื•ืชื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช.
09:33
Now, the lights no longer show you where people are,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืจืื™ื ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื,
09:36
because people are everywhere.
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ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
09:39
Now the lights on the map,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”,
09:41
the lights in London, the lights in Cairo, the lights in Tokyo,
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ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ, ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•,
09:44
the lights on the Eastern Seaboard of the United States,
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ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
09:47
the lights show you where people live
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ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžืจืื™ื ืœื›ื ืื™ืคื” ื—ื™ื™ื
09:50
who are so profligate with energy
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
09:53
that they can afford
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื
09:55
to spend money
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ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื›ืกืฃ
09:57
powering lights to shine up into the sky,
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ืขืœ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืงื™ื
10:00
so satellites can draw an image like this.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ื–ืืช.
10:04
And the areas that are dark on the map
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ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื”
10:07
are either areas where people do not have access to that much energy,
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ื”ื ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”,
10:12
or areas where people do,
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ืื• ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื”
10:14
but they have learned to stop shining the light up into the sky.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ.
10:19
And if I could show you this map animated over time,
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ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืคื” ืžื•ื ืคืฉืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ
10:23
you would see that Tokyo has actually become darker,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:27
because ever since the tsunami in Japan,
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ื›ื™ ืžืื– ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ
10:30
Japan has had to rely on a quarter less electricity
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ื™ืคืŸ ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ,
10:33
because it turned the nuclear power stations off.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืชืง ืืช ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
10:37
And the world didn't end.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื™ืฆื•.
10:39
You just shone less light
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืจ
10:41
up into the sky.
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ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
10:45
There are a huge number
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“
10:48
of good news stories in the world.
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ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
10:51
Infant mortality is falling
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ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื”,
10:55
and has been falling at an incredible rate.
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ื•ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
10:59
A few years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
11:02
the number of babies dying in their first year of life in the world
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื
11:06
fell by five percent in just one year.
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ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช.
11:11
More children are going to school
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ,
11:14
and learning to read and write
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ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘,
11:16
and getting connected to the Internet
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ื•ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
11:19
and going on to go to university
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
11:22
than ever before at an incredible rate,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
11:26
and the highest number of young people going to university in the world
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
11:32
are women, not men.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื, ืœื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:35
I can give you good news story after good news story
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
11:39
about what is getting better in the planet,
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
11:41
but we tend to concentrate
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“
11:45
on the bad news that is immediate.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
11:48
Rebecca Solnit, I think, put it brilliantly,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืจื‘ืงื” ืกื•ืœื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืกื—ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”
11:53
when she explained: "The accretion of incremental, imperceptible changes
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื”: "ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืชืคืกื™ื
11:58
which can constitute progress and which render our era
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"ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
12:01
dramatically different from the past" --
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ืœืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ" โ€“
12:04
the past was much more stable --
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ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ โ€“
12:07
"a contrast obscured by the undramatic nature of gradual transformation,
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"ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืข"ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื”ืœื-ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™,
12:12
punctuated by occasional tumult."
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ื”ื ืงื˜ืข ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืขืดื™ ืžื”ื•ืžื” ืืจืขื™ืช."
12:16
Occasionally, terrible things happen.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื.
12:19
You are shown those terrible things
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
12:22
on the news every night of the week.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืขืจื‘.
12:25
You are not told about the population slowing down.
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ืœื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืื˜ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”.
12:29
You are not told about the world becoming more connected.
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ืœื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:32
You are not told about the incredible improvements in understanding.
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ืœื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื”.
12:36
You are not told about how we are learning to begin
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ืœื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
12:39
to waste less and consume less.
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ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช.
12:42
This is my last map.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™.
12:44
On this map, we have taken the seas
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ื‘ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื
12:46
and the oceans out.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
12:49
Now you are just looking
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืจืง
12:51
at about 7.4 billion people
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ืขืœ ื›-7.4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื
12:55
with the map drawn in proportion to those people.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืคื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
12:59
You're looking at over a billion in China,
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ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
13:01
and you can see the largest city in the world in China,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
13:04
but you do not know its name.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ.
13:07
You can see that India
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื“ื•
13:08
is in the center of this world.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.
13:11
You can see that Europe is on the edge.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืงืฆื”.
13:14
And we in Exeter today
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืงืกื˜ืจ
13:18
are on the far edge of the planet.
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
13:21
We are on a tiny scrap of rock
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืกืœืข ืงื˜ื ื”
13:24
off Europe
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ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
13:25
which contains less than one percent
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“
13:28
of the world's adults,
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ืžืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:30
and less than half a percent
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื–
13:32
of the world's children.
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ืžื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
13:35
We are living in a stabilizing world, an urbanizing world,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื™ื•ืจ,
13:40
an aging world,
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ืขื•ืœื ืžื–ื“ืงืŸ,
13:42
a connecting world.
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ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ.
13:44
There are many, many things to be frightened about,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืคื—ื“ ืžื”ื,
13:48
but there is no need for us to fear each other as much as we do,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคื—ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื,
13:53
and we need to see that we are now living in a new world.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ.
13:58
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:00
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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