Maps that show us who we are (not just where we are) | Danny Dorling

譯者: 易帆 余 審譯者: SF Huang

I'd like you to imagine the world anew.

我想帶各位重新認識這世界。

I'd like to show you some maps,

我會展示一些地圖，

which have been drawn by Ben Hennig,

由班‧亨尼繪製，

of the planet in a way

是以前所未見的一種方式

that most of you will never have seen the planet depicted before.

所描繪的地球。

Here's an image that you're very familiar with.

這張圖片，各位應當非常熟悉。

I'm old enough that I was actually born before we saw this image.

早在世人看到這張照片之前， 我就已經出生了。

Apparently some of my first words were "moona, moona,"

顯然，我初學會的其中一句話 就是「月兒，月兒」，

but I think that's my mom having a particular fantasy

但我想，那是我母親認為

她的寶貝小男孩可以 在閃爍的黑白電視螢幕上，

about what her baby boy could see

on the flickering black and white TV screen.

看出什麼端倪來。

It's only been a few centuries

直到幾個世紀前，

since we've actually, most of us, thought of our planet as spherical.

我們才開始認識到地球是球體狀的。

When we first saw these images in the 1960s,

1960 年代，當我們 第一次看到這些照片時，

the world was changing at an incredible rate.

世界正以驚人的速度在改變。

In my own little discipline of human geography,

在我小小的人文地理專業領域中，

a cartographer called Waldo Tobler

有一位名叫 沃爾多‧托布勒的製圖師，

was drawing new maps of the planet,

當時正在繪製地球的新地圖，

and these maps have now spread,

而這些地圖現在已傳開來了，

and I'm going to show you one of them now.

我會展示其中一張圖片給各位看。

This map is a map of the world,

這是一張世界地圖，

but it's a map which looks to you

但是，對你們而言，

a little bit strange.

它看上去有一點點奇怪。

It's a map in which we stretched places,

因為我們在地圖上的 不同地區進行了縮放：

so that those areas which contain many people are drawn larger,

人口較多的地區， 面積會放得比較大；

and those areas, like the Sahara and the Himalayas,

而像撒哈拉沙漠和喜馬拉雅山脈 這些人煙稀少的地方，

in which there are few people, have been shrunk away.

則面積會縮得比較小。

Everybody on the planet is given an equal amount of space.

地球上的每個人 都被賦予等量的空間。

The cities are shown shining bright.

圖上光點標示的是城市。

The lines are showing you submarine cables and trade routes.

線條代表海底電纜以及貿易航線。

And there's one particular line that goes from the Chinese port of Dalian

其中有一條特別的路線， 從中國大連港出發

through past Singapore,

經過新加坡，

through the Suez Canal,

穿過蘇伊士運河，

through the Mediterranean and round to Rotterdam.

行經地中海， 最終繞到了荷蘭的鹿特丹港。

And it's showing you the route

它所展示的是一年前

of what was the world's largest ship just a year ago,

世界上最大的船運路線圖，

a ship which was taking so many containers of goods

這艘船滿載著無數的貨物，

that when they were unloaded,

當它進行卸貨時，

if the lorries had all gone in convoy, they would have been 100 kilometers long.

所有載運貨的卡車連接起來， 綿延不絕長達 100 公里。

This is how our world is now connected.

這是當今世界的連結方式。

This is the quantity of stuff we are now moving around the world,

這是在世界各地流通的貨物數量，

just on one ship, on one voyage,

只需要一艘船、一次航行，

in five weeks.

五個禮拜的時間就可以完成。

We've lived in cities for a very long time,

我們已生活在城市中 有很長的一段時間了，

but most of us didn't live in cities.

但古時候大多數的人， 並沒有生活在城市中。

This is Çatalhöyük, one of the world's first cities.

這是恰塔霍裕克 (Çatalhöyük)， 世界上最早的城市之一。

At its peak 9,000 years ago,

9,000 年前， 在這個城市的鼎盛時期，

people had to walk over the roofs of others' houses to get to their home.

人們需要踩過別人家的屋頂 才能回到自己的家中。

If you look carefully at the map of the city,

如果你仔細觀察這座城市的地圖，

you'll see it has no streets,

你會發現它並沒有街道，

because streets are something we invented.

因為街道是後人發明的。

The world changes.

世界不斷地改變，

It changes by trial and error.

透過不斷地嘗試錯誤、 修正而改變。

We work out slowly and gradually

我們緩慢而漸進地摸索

how to live in better ways.

如何才能生活得更好。

And the world has changed incredibly quickly most recently.

但近期以來，世界卻以飛速在轉變。

It's only within the last six, seven, or eight generations

直到約六、七或八個世代前，

that we have actually realized that we are a species.

我們才真正意識到我們是一個物種。

It's only within the last few decades

直到幾十年以前，

that a map like this could be drawn.

我們才得以繪製像這樣的地圖。

Again, the underlying map is the map of world population,

是的，這張地圖本質上 是一張世界人口地圖。

but over it, you're seeing arrows showing how we spread out of Africa

在圖上，箭頭方向標示了人類 從非洲遷徙到全球的路徑，

with dates showing you where we think we arrived

還有我們抵達各處的

at particular times.

特定時間。

I have to redraw this map every few months,

每隔幾月我都需要 重新繪製這張地圖，

because somebody makes a discovery that a particular date was wrong.

因為有些人可能會發現 地圖上某個特定日期有誤。

We are learning about ourselves at an incredible speed.

我們以不可思議的速度 不斷地了解我們自己。

And we're changing.

而我們也不斷地改變。

A lot of change is gradual.

很多改變是循序漸進的，

It's accretion.

它會慢慢累積。

We don't notice the change

我們難以察覺到這些改變，

because we only have short lives,

因為我們的壽命十分短暫，

70, 80, if you're lucky 90 years.

只有 70、80 年，長的也不過 90 年。

This graph is showing you

這幅圖展示了

the annual rate of population growth in the world.

世界上的人口年增長率。

It was very low until around about 1850,

在西元 1850 年前，增長率相當低，

and then the rate of population growth

自那之後人口增長率

began to rise

便開始上升，

so that around the time I was born,

到我出生的時候，

when we first saw those images from the moon of our planet,

當時正是人類第一次看到 從月球傳來的地球圖像，

our global population was growing at two percent a year.

全球人口開始以每年 2% 的增長率快速攀升。

If it had carried on growing at two percent a year

如果人口保持 2% 的年增長率，

for just another couple of centuries,

不出幾個世紀的時間，

the entire planet would be covered

整個地球

with a seething mass of human bodies

就將會人滿為患，

all touching each other.

摩肩擦踵，擁擠不堪。

And people were scared.

到時人們會開始擔心，

They were scared of population growth

擔心人口增長，

and what they called "the population bomb" in 1968.

擔心 1968 年所說的 「人口爆炸」現象會來臨。

But then, if you look at the end of the graph,

不過，如果你有觀察到圖表的末端，

the growth began to slow.

增長率已開始放緩。

The decade --

那些年代 ──

the '70s, the '80s, the '90s, the noughties,

70 年代、80 年代、 90 年代、00 年代，

and in this decade, even faster --

以及我們現在這個時代， 下降幅度更快了──

our population growth is slowing.

人口增長正在減緩。

Our planet is stabilizing.

我們的地球正趨於穩定。

We are heading towards nine, 10, or 11 billion people

在 21 世紀末，

我們的人口將達到 90億、 100 億或是 110 億。

by the end of the century.

Within that change, you can see tumult.

在人口增長的過程中， 你所看到的是混亂，

You can see the Second World War.

你所看到的是第二次世界大戰，

You can see the pandemic in 1918 from influenza.

你所看到的是 1918 年的大流感。

You can see the great Chinese famine.

還有中國的大饑荒。

These are the events we tend to concentrate on.

這些都是我們關注的大事件。

We tend to concentrate on the terrible events in the news.

我們傾向於關注可怕、 駭人聽聞的新聞事件，

We don't tend to concentrate on the gradual change

而不是關注那些循序漸進的變化

and the good news stories.

以及那些美好的新聞故事。

We worry about people.

我們擔心人口，

We worry about how many people there are.

我們擔心到底有多少人。

We worry about how you can get away from people.

我們擔心要如何遠離人群。

But this is the map of the world changed again to make area large,

這又是一幅不同的世界地圖，

the further away people are from each area.

人與人之間離的距離越遠， 區域面積越大。

So if you want to know where to go to get away from everybody,

所以如果你想了解哪裡可以遠離人群，

here's the best places to go.

這些地方都還不錯。

And every year, these areas get bigger,

每一年，這些地區的面積 都在不斷地擴大，

because every year, we are coming off the land globally.

因為全球性的、每年 人們不斷地離開這些地區。

We are moving into the cities.

不斷地往城市移動，

We are packing in more densely.

擠入人口密集且日益狹窄的城市。

There are wolves again in Europe,

歐洲再次有了狼群，

and the wolves are moving west across the continent.

如今狼群正越過整個大陸向西遷移。

Our world is changing.

我們的世界正在改變。

You have worries.

你會擔心。

This is a map showing where the water falls on our planet.

這張地圖展示了全球各地的降雨量。

We now know that.

我們現在都知道了。

And you can look at where Çatalhöyük was,

你可以看到恰塔霍裕克的位置，

where three continents meet, Africa, Asia, and Europe,

位於亞、非、歐三大洲的交界處，

and you can see there are a large number of people living there

你還可以看到數量極大的人口

in areas with very little water.

生活在這片極度缺水的地區中。

And you can see areas in which there is a great deal of rainfall as well.

你也可以看到降雨量充沛的地區。

And we can get a bit more sophisticated.

我們可以更深入地探索下去。

Instead of making the map be shaped by people,

除了以人口分布來繪製地圖，

we can shape the map by water,

我們還可以根據降雨量來繪製，

and then we can change it every month

我們可以每個月更改一次，

to show the amount of water

來顯示地球上每一個 小角落的降雨總量。

falling on every small part of the globe.

And you see the monsoons moving around the planet,

你可以看到全球的季風移動，

and the planet almost appears to have a heartbeat.

地球看起來像顆心臟在跳動。

And all of this only became possible

而這些都是在我有生之年中，

within my lifetime

才能夠觀察到的

to see this is where we are living.

屬於我們居住的地球 所展現的各種樣貌。

We have enough water.

我們有足夠的水資源。

This is a map of where we grow our food in the world.

這張地圖展示了全世界 糧食種植的分布情況。

This is the areas that we will rely on most for rice and maize and corn.

這些區域是我們賴以生存的 米飯、玉米、穀物的種植區。

People worry that there won't be enough food, but we know,

人們擔心食物將會短缺， 但是我們清楚，

if we just ate less meat and fed less of the crops to animals,

只要我們少吃點肉， 少給牲畜餵食穀物，

there is enough food for everybody

我們的糧食就綽綽有餘了，

as long as we think of ourselves as one group of people.

只要我們把所有人視為 單一生命共同體。

And we also know

我們也清楚，

about what we do

我們現在的所作所為

so terribly badly nowadays.

有多麽糟糕。

You will have seen this map of the world before.

各位以前可能見過這張世界地圖。

This is the map

這是一張由衛星圖像製成的地圖。

produced by taking satellite images,

if you remember those satellites around the planet

如果各位還記得我在一開始展示的

in the very first slide I showed,

那些環繞地球的人造衛星，

and producing an image of what the Earth looks like at night.

這些人造衛星拍出地球的夜間圖像。

When you normally see that map,

當你以平常看地圖的習慣 來看那張地圖，

on a normal map, the kind of map that most of you will be used to,

那張你習以為常的地圖，

you think you are seeing a map of where people live.

你會認為你眼前的地圖 標示了人們的居住地。

Where the lights are shining up is where people live.

燈光明亮的地方 就是人們居住的地方。

But here, on this image of the world,

但是在這張世界圖像中，

remember we've stretched the map again.

記得，我們又一次縮放了地圖。

Everywhere has the same density of people on this map.

這張地圖上 每個地方的人口密度相等。

If an area doesn't have people,

如果一片區域荒蕪人煙，

we've shrunk it away

我們便把它縮小，

to make it disappear.

使它在地圖上消失。

So we're showing everybody

所以在這張地圖上，

with equal prominence.

每個人都占有一席之地。

Now, the lights no longer show you where people are,

現在，光點顯示的 不再是人們的所在地，

because people are everywhere.

因為人口在地圖上均勻分布著。

Now the lights on the map,

現在地圖上的光，

the lights in London, the lights in Cairo, the lights in Tokyo,

出現在倫敦、開羅、東京

the lights on the Eastern Seaboard of the United States,

美國東海岸的這些光，

the lights show you where people live

它告訴我們那些地區的人們

who are so profligate with energy

是多麽不珍惜能源，

that they can afford

他們揮霍大筆的鈔票

to spend money

powering lights to shine up into the sky,

讓各式燈光照亮整個夜空，

so satellites can draw an image like this.

所以衛星才得以繪製出這樣的圖像。

And the areas that are dark on the map

而地圖上那些黯淡的區域，

are either areas where people do not have access to that much energy,

是因為那裡的人並沒有那麽多能源，

or areas where people do,

又或是他們有足夠的能源，

but they have learned to stop shining the light up into the sky.

但是明白節約能源的重要性。

And if I could show you this map animated over time,

如果我把這張地圖 用動態時間方式來展示，

you would see that Tokyo has actually become darker,

你會看到實際上東京變得較暗了，

because ever since the tsunami in Japan,

因為日本自從海嘯以來，

Japan has had to rely on a quarter less electricity

它減少了四分之一的電力供應，

because it turned the nuclear power stations off.

因為關閉了核電廠。

And the world didn't end.

世界並沒有走向末日。

You just shone less light

只是你在黑夜中看到

up into the sky.

比較少的光點而已。

There are a huge number

世界上還有無數

of good news stories in the world.

振奮人心的好消息。

Infant mortality is falling

嬰兒死亡率正在下降，

and has been falling at an incredible rate.

以不可思議的速度下降。

A few years ago,

幾年前，

the number of babies dying in their first year of life in the world

未滿一歲嬰兒的死亡率，

fell by five percent in just one year.

一年就下降 5%。

More children are going to school

越來越多的孩子到學校上課，

and learning to read and write

學習聽、說、讀、寫，

and getting connected to the Internet

使用網路，

and going on to go to university

之後繼續攻讀大學，

than ever before at an incredible rate,

相較以往，是以驚人的速度增長。

and the highest number of young people going to university in the world

全球上大學人數最多的年輕人，

are women, not men.

是女生，而不是男生。

I can give you good news story after good news story

我可以源源不斷地舉出

about what is getting better in the planet,

我們地球上越變越好的事情，

but we tend to concentrate

但是我們卻傾向關注

on the bad news that is immediate.

眼前的壞消息。

Rebecca Solnit, I think, put it brilliantly,

我認為，麗貝卡‧索爾尼的 描述頗為精確，

when she explained: "The accretion of incremental, imperceptible changes

她說：「循序漸進的累積， 難以察覺的改變，

which can constitute progress and which render our era

可以堆砌出時代的進步歷程，

dramatically different from the past" --

使我們的世代與過去完全不同」

the past was much more stable --

──過去比較穩定──

"a contrast obscured by the undramatic nature of gradual transformation,

「其對比因漸進式改變 平淡的本質而模糊，

punctuated by occasional tumult."

被偶發的混亂打斷」

Occasionally, terrible things happen.

偶爾，可怕的事情會發生。

You are shown those terrible things

但是，每晚的新聞

on the news every night of the week.

都在循環播報那些可怕的事情。

You are not told about the population slowing down.

新聞不會告訴你， 人口增長已經趨緩。

You are not told about the world becoming more connected.

新聞不會告訴你， 世界的連結日益緊密。

You are not told about the incredible improvements in understanding.

新聞不會告訴你，國家社會間的 相互諒解有多大的進展。

You are not told about how we are learning to begin

新聞不會告訴你， 我們已經開始學習

to waste less and consume less.

如何逐漸減少浪費與降低花費。

This is my last map.

這是我最後一張地圖。

On this map, we have taken the seas

這張地圖上，我們移除了海洋。

and the oceans out.

Now you are just looking

現在你看到的

at about 7.4 billion people

就是一張顯示了 74 億人口比例的地圖。

with the map drawn in proportion to those people.

You're looking at over a billion in China,

你看到中國超過 10 億的人口，

and you can see the largest city in the world in China,

你可以看到中國世界上最大的城市，

but you do not know its name.

但你並不知道它的名字。

You can see that India

你可以看到印度

is in the center of this world.

位於世界的中心。

You can see that Europe is on the edge.

你可以看到歐洲位於世界的邊緣。

And we in Exeter today

我們今天所在的艾克斯特，

are on the far edge of the planet.

在更遙遠的地球邊境上。

我們在歐洲一塊蕞爾之地上，

We are on a tiny scrap of rock

off Europe

which contains less than one percent

這裡有不到 1% 的全世界成年人口

of the world's adults,

and less than half a percent

和不到 0.5% 的兒童。

of the world's children.

We are living in a stabilizing world, an urbanizing world,

我們生活在一個穩定的世界、 一個城市化的世界，

an aging world,

一個高齡化的世界、

a connecting world.

一個相互連結的世界。

There are many, many things to be frightened about,

有許多許多事情需要擔心，

but there is no need for us to fear each other as much as we do,

但是我們沒有必要互相猜忌，

and we need to see that we are now living in a new world.

我們必需了解我們現在 正生活在一個嶄新的世界。

Thank you very much.

非常感謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）