Nature is everywhere -- we just need to learn to see it | Emma Marris

160,456 views ใƒป 2016-08-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Niv Morgenstern ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
We are stealing nature from our children.
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ืื ื• ื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:16
Now, when I say this, I don't mean that we are destroying nature
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
00:19
that they will have wanted us to preserve,
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืจืฆื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืžืจ,
00:22
although that is unfortunately also the case.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื’ื ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื”.
00:25
What I mean here is that we've started to define nature in a way
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ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš
00:28
that's so purist and so strict
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื ื•ืงืฉื”
00:31
that under the definition we're creating for ourselves,
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ืฉืชื—ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื•,
00:34
there won't be any nature left for our children
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ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื•ื ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื ื•
00:37
when they're adults.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
00:39
But there's a fix for this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื–ื”.
00:41
So let me explain.
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ืื– ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
00:43
Right now, humans use half of the world
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ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื
00:47
to live, to grow their crops and their timber,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื ื•ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœื”ื,
00:49
to pasture their animals.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืžืจืขื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:51
If you added up all the human beings,
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ืื ืชืกื›ืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
00:53
we would weigh 10 times as much as all the wild mammals put together.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืงื•ืœ ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื” ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืคืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•.
00:58
We cut roads through the forest.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืขืจ.
01:01
We have added little plastic particles to the sand on ocean beaches.
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ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืœื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
01:06
We've changed the chemistry of the soil with our artificial fertilizers.
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืขื ื”ืžื“ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
01:11
And of course, we've changed the chemistry of the air.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
01:14
So when you take your next breath,
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื›ื,
01:16
you'll be breathing in 42 percent more carbon dioxide
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ืืชื ืชืฉืื‘ื• 42 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
01:20
than if you were breathing in 1750.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื‘-1750.
01:23
So all of these changes, and many others,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:25
have come to be kind of lumped together under this rubric of the "Anthropocene."
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ื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ื™ื—ื“ ืœืžื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฉ ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ "ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ".
01:30
And this is a term that some geologists are suggesting
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื›ืžื” ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื
01:33
we should give to our current epoch,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
01:34
given how pervasive human influence has been over it.
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ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืžื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขืœื™ื•.
01:38
Now, it's still just a proposed epoch, but I think it's a helpful way
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืง ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืข ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”
01:42
to think about the magnitude of human influence on the planet.
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
01:46
So where does this put nature?
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ื–ื” ืฉื ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข?
01:48
What counts as nature in a world where everything is influenced by humans?
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ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื?
01:53
So 25 years ago, environmental writer Bill McKibben said
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ 25 ืฉื ื™ื, ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืงืงื™ื‘ืŸ ืืžืจ
01:57
that because nature was a thing apart from man
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ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืื“ื
02:02
and because climate change meant
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
02:03
that every centimeter of the Earth was altered by man,
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ืฉื›ืœ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
02:07
then nature was over.
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ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื ื’ืžืจ.
02:09
In fact, he called his book "The End of Nature."
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœืกืคืจื• "ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข".
02:14
I disagree with this. I just disagree with this.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ืขื ื–ื”. ืื ื™ ืจืง ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ืขื ื–ื”.
02:16
I disagree with this definition of nature, because, fundamentally, we are animals.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ืขื ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ื’ืœืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช.
02:20
Right? Like, we evolved on this planet
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•
02:23
in the context of all the other animals with which we share a planet,
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”,
02:27
and all the other plants, and all the other microbes.
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ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:30
And so I think that nature
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข
02:32
is not that which is untouched by humanity, man or woman.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื ื ื’ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื’ื‘ืจ ืื• ืื™ืฉื”.
02:36
I think that nature is anywhere where life thrives,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื,
02:40
anywhere where there are multiple species together,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื–ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•,
02:43
anywhere that's green and blue and thriving and filled with life
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ืžืœืื™ื ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื
02:47
and growing.
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ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
02:49
And under that definition,
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ื•ืชื—ืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื•,
02:51
things look a little bit different.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”.
02:54
Now, I understand that there are certain parts of this nature
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื–ื”
02:57
that speak to us in a special way.
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ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
03:00
Places like Yellowstone,
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
03:02
or the Mongolian steppe,
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ืื• ื”ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ื,
03:03
or the Great Barrier Reef
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ืื• ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
03:05
or the Serengeti.
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ืื• ื”ืกืจื ื’ื˜ื™.
03:06
Places that we think of as kind of Edenic representations
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ
03:10
of a nature before we screwed everything up.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจืกื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
03:14
And in a way, they are less impacted by our day to day activities.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:18
Many of these places have no roads or few roads,
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ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืื• ืžืขื˜ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
03:21
so on, like such.
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ื”ืœืื”, ื›ืžื• ืืœื”.
03:22
But ultimately, even these Edens are deeply influenced by humans.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื ื™ ื”ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืœืœื• ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
03:28
Now, let's just take North America, for example,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ืจืง ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
03:31
since that's where we're meeting.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื.
03:32
So between about 15,000 years ago when people first came here,
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ืื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 15,000 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืง ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ืืŸ,
03:36
they started a process of interacting with the nature
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
03:38
that led to the extinction of a big slew of large-bodied animals,
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
03:43
from the mastodon to the giant ground sloth,
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ืžื”ืžืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืขืฆืœืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืขื ืง,
03:45
saber-toothed cats,
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ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ืฉืŸ-ื—ืจื‘,
03:46
all of these cool animals that unfortunately are no longer with us.
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ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืื™ืชื ื•.
03:50
And when those animals went extinct,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื“ื•,
03:52
you know, the ecosystems didn't stand still.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื ืขืžื“ื” ืžืœื›ืช.
03:54
Massive ripple effects changed grasslands into forests,
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ื’ืœื™ ืืคืงื˜ ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช,
03:58
changed the composition of forest from one tree to another.
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ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ืขืจ ืžืขืฅ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื•.
04:02
So even in these Edens,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ื ื™-ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืœืœื•,
04:03
even in these perfect-looking places
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
04:05
that seem to remind us of a past before humans,
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ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:09
we're essentially looking at a humanized landscape.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
04:12
Not just these prehistoric humans, but historical humans, indigenous people
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื
04:16
all the way up until the moment when the first colonizers showed up.
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ืขื“ ืœืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื•.
04:20
And the case is the same for the other continents as well.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
04:23
Humans have just been involved in nature
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
04:26
in a very influential way for a very long time.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืืจื•ืš.
04:30
Now, just recently, someone told me,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ืœื™,
04:32
"Oh, but there are still wild places."
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"ืื•, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืคืจืื™ื™ื."
04:34
And I said, "Where? Where? I want to go."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ืื™ืคื”? ืื™ืคื”? ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช."
04:36
And he said, "The Amazon."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก".
04:38
And I was like, "Oh, the Amazon. I was just there.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ืื•, ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื.
04:41
It's awesome. National Geographic sent me to Manรบ National Park,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื™ืจ. ื ืืฉื™ื•ื ืืœ ื’'ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืื ื•,
04:44
which is in the Peruvian Amazon,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก ื”ืคืจื•ืื ื™,
04:46
but it's a big chunk of rainforest, uncleared, no roads,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ืขื ืง, ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืจื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
04:50
protected as a national park,
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ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื›-ืคืืจืง ืœืื•ืžื™,
04:51
one of the most, in fact, biodiverse parks in the world.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:54
And when I got in there with my canoe, what did I find, but people.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืฉื ืขื ื”ืงืื ื• ืฉืœื™, ืžื” ืžืฆืืชื™, ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:59
People have been living there for hundreds and thousands of years.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืื•ืช ื•ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
05:03
People live there, and they don't just float over the jungle.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื, ื•ื”ื ืœื ืกืชื ืฆืคื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ.
05:06
They have a meaningful relationship with the landscape.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฃ.
05:09
They hunt. They grow crops.
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ื”ื ืฆื“ื™ื. ื”ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื.
05:11
They domesticate crops.
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื™ืชื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื.
05:13
They use the natural resources to build their houses,
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื,
05:16
to thatch their houses.
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ืœืกื•ื›ืš ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืชื™ื”ื.
05:17
They even make pets out of animals that we consider to be wild animals.
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืจืื™ื™ื.
05:21
These people are there
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื
05:23
and they're interacting with the environment
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
05:25
in a way that's really meaningful and that you can see in the environment.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
05:29
Now, I was with an anthropologist on this trip,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
05:31
and he told me, as we were floating down the river,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืคื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ,
05:34
he said, "There are no demographic voids in the Amazon."
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ืง ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก."
05:39
This statement has really stuck with me,
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ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืžืฉ ื ืชืงืขื” ืื™ืชื™,
05:41
because what it means is that the whole Amazon is like this.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
05:43
There's people everywhere.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
05:45
And many other tropical forests are the same,
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ื•ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ,
05:48
and not just tropical forests.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื.
05:49
People have influenced ecosystems in the past,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
05:53
and they continue to influence them in the present,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”,
05:55
even in places where they're harder to notice.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ.
05:59
So, if all of the definitions of nature that we might want to use
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ืื–, ืื– ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
06:04
that involve it being untouched by humanity
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ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
06:07
or not having people in it,
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ืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื,
06:09
if all of those actually give us a result where we don't have any nature,
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ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื˜ื‘ืข,
06:14
then maybe they're the wrong definitions.
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืืœื• ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
06:17
Maybe we should define it by the presence of multiple species,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื,
06:20
by the presence of a thriving life.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื.
06:23
Now, if we do it that way,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•,
06:25
what do we get?
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ืžื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•?
06:26
Well, it's this kind of miracle.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”.
06:29
All of a sudden, there's nature all around us.
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ืœืคืชืข, ื™ืฉื ื• ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
06:32
All of a sudden, we see this Monarch caterpillar
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ืœืคืชืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื“ื ืื™ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช
06:34
munching on this plant,
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ืกื•ืขื“ืช ืžื”ืฆืžื— ื”ื–ื”,
06:36
and we realize that there it is,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื” ื–ื”,
06:38
and it's in this empty lot in Chattanooga.
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ื•ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฆ'ื˜ื ื•ื’ื”.
06:42
And look at this empty lot.
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ื–ื”.
06:43
I mean, there's, like, probably,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื”ื ื”, ื›ืžื•, ื›ื ืจืื”,
06:45
a dozen, minimum, plant species growing there,
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ืชืจื™ืกืจ, ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื, ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื,
06:48
supporting all kinds of insect life,
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ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
06:50
and this is a completely unmanaged space, a completely wild space.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื ื•ื”ืœ, ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืœ ืคืจืื™.
06:55
This is a kind of wild nature right under our nose,
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคื™ื ื•,
06:58
that we don't even notice.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•.
07:00
And there's an interesting little paradox, too.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
07:03
So this nature,
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ืื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื–ื”,
07:04
this kind of wild, untended part
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืœื ืžืจื•ืกืŸ
07:07
of our urban, peri-urban, suburban agricultural existence
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ืคืจื”-ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™, ื—ืงืœืื™ ืคืจื‘ืจื™
07:11
that flies under the radar,
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ืฉื˜ืก ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื“ืืจ,
07:13
it's arguably more wild than a national park,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจืื™ ืžืคืืจืง ืœืื•ืžื™,
07:18
because national parks are very carefully managed
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืคืืจืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื™ืชืจื”
07:20
in the 21st century.
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21.
07:22
Crater Lake in southern Oregon, which is my closest national park,
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ืื’ื ืงืจื˜ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™,
07:25
is a beautiful example of a landscape that seems to be coming out of the past.
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœื ื•ืฃ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
07:31
But they're managing it carefully.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”.
07:32
One of the issues they have now is white bark pine die-off.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ.
07:36
White bark pine is a beautiful, charismatic --
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ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื”, ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ --
07:39
I'll say it's a charismatic megaflora
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืŸ ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™
07:42
that grows up at high altitude --
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ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื --
07:43
and it's got all these problems right now with disease.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืข ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
07:46
There's a blister rust that was introduced,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื•,
07:48
bark beetle.
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืงืœื™ืคื”.
07:50
So to deal with this, the park service has been planting
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืคืืจืง ืฉืชืœื•
07:54
rust-resistant white bark pine seedlings in the park,
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ื–ืจืขื™ ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื—ืœื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคืืจืง,
07:58
even in areas that they are otherwise managing as wilderness.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื›ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
08:02
And they're also putting out beetle repellent in key areas
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ื•ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืžื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžืคืชื—
08:05
as I saw last time I went hiking there.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืฉื.
08:07
And this kind of thing is really much more common than you would think.
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘.
08:11
National parks are heavily managed.
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ืคืืจืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”.
08:12
The wildlife is kept to a certain population size and structure.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืจืื™ื™ื ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
08:15
Fires are suppressed.
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ืฉืจืคื•ืช ื ื‘ืœืžื•ืช.
08:17
Fires are started.
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ืฉืจืคื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืชื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
08:18
Non-native species are removed.
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
08:20
Native species are reintroduced.
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื.
08:22
And in fact, I took a look,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™,
08:23
and Banff National Park is doing all of the things I just listed:
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ื•ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื ืฃ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™:
08:27
suppressing fire, having fire,
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ืžื“ื›ื ืฉืจืคื•ืช, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืจืคื•ืช,
08:28
radio-collaring wolves, reintroducing bison.
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ืงื•ืœืจ ืจื“ื™ื• ืœื–ืื‘ื™ื, ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื.
08:30
It takes a lot of work to make these places look untouched.
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ื–ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื ื’ืขื•.
08:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:37
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:43
And in a further irony, these places that we love the most
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ื•ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื, ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืื”ื‘ื ื• ืžืื•ื“
08:47
are the places that we love a little too hard, sometimes.
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ืืœื• ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™, ืœืคืขืžื™ื.
08:50
A lot of us like to go there,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉืžื—ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉื,
08:51
and because we're managing them to be stable
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื
08:54
in the face of a changing planet,
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ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”,
08:56
they often are becoming more fragile over time.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
08:59
Which means that they're the absolute worst places
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
09:01
to take your children on vacation,
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ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื”,
09:03
because you can't do anything there.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืœื•ื.
09:05
You can't climb the trees.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
09:07
You can't fish the fish.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
09:08
You can't make a campfire out in the middle of nowhere.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
09:11
You can't take home the pinecones.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืฆื˜ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
09:12
There are so many rules and restrictions
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
09:14
that from a child's point of view,
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ืฉืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“,
09:16
this is, like, the worst nature ever.
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ืื™ ืคืขื.
09:19
Because children don't want to hike
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ื›ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆืขื•ื“
09:21
through a beautiful landscape for five hours
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ื“ืจืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ื™ืคื™ืคื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช
09:24
and then look at a beautiful view.
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฃ ื™ืคื”.
09:26
That's maybe what we want to do as adults,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
09:28
but what kids want to do is hunker down in one spot
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช
09:31
and just tinker with it, just work with it,
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉื—ืง ืืช ื–ื”, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื–ื”,
09:33
just pick it up, build a house, build a fort, do something like that.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืจ, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
09:38
Additionally, these sort of Edenic places
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ ื”ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืœืœื•
09:40
are often distant from where people live.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:44
And they're expensive to get to. They're hard to visit.
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ื•ื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื. ื”ื ืงืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ.
09:46
So this means that they're only available to the elites,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืจืง ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช,
09:49
and that's a real problem.
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืžืชื™ืช.
09:53
The Nature Conservancy did a survey of young people,
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืกืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
09:56
and they asked them, how often do you spend time outdoors?
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ื•ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื, ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืืชื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ?
10:00
And only two out of five spent time outdoors
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ื•ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
10:02
at least once a week.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
10:03
The other three out of five were just staying inside.
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ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
10:06
And when they asked them why, what are the barriers to going outside,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื ืœืžื”, ืžื”ื ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
10:11
the response of 61 percent was,
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 61 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื”,
10:14
"There are no natural areas near my home."
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"ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™."
10:18
And this is crazy. This is just patently false.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื’ืข. ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
10:21
I mean, 71 percent of people in the US
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, 71 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
10:24
live within a 10-minute walk of a city park.
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ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 10 ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืžืคืืจืง ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™.
10:27
And I'm sure the figures are similar in other countries.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
10:30
And that doesn't even count your back garden,
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ื•ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
10:32
the urban creek, the empty lot.
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ื”ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืจื™ืง.
10:35
Everybody lives near nature.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื˜ื‘ืข.
10:37
Every kid lives near nature.
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ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื—ื™ ืœื™ื“ ื˜ื‘ืข.
10:39
We've just somehow forgotten how to see it.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
10:41
We've spent too much time watching David Attenborough documentaries
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื•
10:45
where the nature is really sexy --
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ืฉื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืžืฉ ืกืงืกื™ --
10:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:47
and we've forgotten how to see the nature that is literally right outside our door,
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืžืฉืžืขื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ืœืชื ื•,
10:51
the nature of the street tree.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘.
10:53
So here's an example: Philadelphia.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื: ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”.
10:56
There's this cool elevated railway
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกื™ืœื” ืžื•ืจืžืช ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื”
10:58
that you can see from the ground, that's been abandoned.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื”ืงืจืงืข, ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื ืชืฉื”.
11:01
Now, this may sound like the beginning of the High Line story in Manhattan,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื™-ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ,
11:04
and it's very similar, except they haven't developed this into a park yet,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืืœื ืฉื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืืจืง ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
11:08
although they're working on it.
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11:09
So for now, it's still this little sort of secret wilderness
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ืื– ื›ืจื’ืข, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืกื•ื“ื™
11:12
in the heart of Philadelphia,
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ื‘ืœื‘ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”,
11:14
and if you know where the hole is in the chain-link fence,
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืคื” ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช,
11:17
you can scramble up to the top
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ืก ืœืžืขืœื”
11:19
and you can find this completely wild meadow
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืื—ื• ื”ืคืจืื™ ื”ื–ื”
11:22
just floating above the city of Philadelphia.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืฃ ืžืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”.
11:25
Every single one of these plants grew from a seed
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื’ื“ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื–ืจืข
11:27
that planted itself there.
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ืฉื–ืจืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื.
11:28
This is completely autonomous, self-willed nature.
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ื–ื” ื˜ื‘ืข ืคืจืื™-ืขืฆืžืื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
11:31
And it's right in the middle of the city.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ.
11:34
And they've sent people up there to do sort of biosurveys,
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ื•ื”ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืกืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
11:37
and there are over 50 plant species up there.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 50 ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”.
11:40
And it's not just plants.
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ื•ืืœื• ืœื ืจืง ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
11:41
This is an ecosystem, a functioning ecosystem.
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ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื”.
11:45
It's creating soil. It's sequestering carbon.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื“ืžื”, ื”ื™ื ืกื•ืคื—ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ.
11:47
There's pollination going on.
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ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช.
11:49
I mean, this is really an ecosystem.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื–ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
11:53
So scientists have started calling ecosystems like these "novel ecosystems,"
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ืื– ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื›"ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช"
11:57
because they're often dominated by non-native species,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
11:59
and because they're just super weird.
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
12:01
They're just unlike anything we've ever seen before.
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ื”ื ืœื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื.
12:04
For so long, we dismissed all these novel ecosystems as trash.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ืฉื˜ื•ืช.
12:08
We're talking about regrown agricultural fields,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
12:10
timber plantations that are not being managed on a day-to-day basis,
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ืžื˜ืขื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™,
12:14
second-growth forests generally, the entire East Coast,
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ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™,
12:16
where after agriculture moved west, the forest sprung up.
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ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื ืขื” ืžืขืจื‘ื”, ื”ื™ืขืจ ืฆืฅ ื—ื–ืจื”.
12:21
And of course, pretty much all of Hawaii,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื•ืื™,
12:23
where novel ecosystems are the norm,
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ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื”,
12:26
where exotic species totally dominate.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื.
12:29
This forest here has Queensland maple,
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ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขืฅ ืื“ืจ ืžื™ื™ืคืœ,
12:31
it has sword ferns from Southeast Asia.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉืจื›ื™ ื—ืจื‘ ืžื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”.
12:35
You can make your own novel ecosystem, too.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื›ื.
12:37
It's really simple.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
12:38
You just stop mowing your lawn.
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ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืกื—ืช ื”ื“ืฉื.
12:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:41
Ilkka Hanski was an ecologist in Finland, and he did this experiment himself.
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ืœืœืงื” ื”ืื ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
12:45
He just stopped mowing his lawn,
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื›ืกื— ืืช ื”ื“ืฉื ืฉืœื•,
12:46
and after a few years, he had some grad students come,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื,
12:49
and they did sort of a bio-blitz of his backyard,
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ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฅ-ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื•,
12:52
and they found 375 plant species,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฆืื• 375 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
12:56
including two endangered species.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
12:59
So when you're up there on that future High Line of Philadelphia,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ื™-ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”,
13:06
surrounded by this wildness,
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ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืคืจื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื–ื”,
13:07
surrounded by this diversity, this abundance, this vibrance,
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ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
13:11
you can look over the side
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”
13:12
and you can see a local playground for a local school,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™,
13:16
and that's what it looks like.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
13:18
These children have, that --
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ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ, ื–ื” --
13:20
You know, under my definition,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืชื—ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื™,
13:21
there's a lot of the planet that counts as nature,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื˜ื‘ืข,
13:24
but this would be one of the few places that wouldn't count as nature.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื—ื“ ืžืžืขื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื˜ื‘ืข.
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืฉื•ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
13:27
There's nothing there except humans, no other plants, no other animals.
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13:30
And what I really wanted to do
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:32
was just, like, throw a ladder over the side
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ื”ื™ื” ืจืง, ื›ืžื•, ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืกื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“
13:34
and get all these kids to come up with me into this cool meadow.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืื™ืชื™ ืœืื—ื• ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
13:38
In a way, I feel like this is the choice that faces us.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื™ื™ืžืช, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืœื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•.
13:41
If we dismiss these new natures as not acceptable or trashy or no good,
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ืื ื ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœื ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืื• ืกืชืžื™ ืื• ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘,
13:47
we might as well just pave them over.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื“ืจื›ื”.
13:49
And in a world where everything is changing,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชื ื”.
13:52
we need to be very careful about how we define nature.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืข.
13:55
In order not to steal it from our children,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
13:57
we have to do two things.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:59
First, we cannot define nature as that which is untouched.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื ื ื’ืข.
14:04
This never made any sense anyway.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื›ื›ื”.
14:05
Nature has not been untouched for thousands of years.
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ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืœื ืžื’ืข ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
14:08
And it excludes most of the nature that most people can visit
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื•
14:12
and have a relationship with,
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ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ืชื•,
14:14
including only nature that children cannot touch.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืง ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืขืช.
14:18
Which brings me to the second thing that we have to do,
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ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
14:21
which is that we have to let children touch nature,
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
14:23
because that which is untouched is unloved.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœื ื ื ื’ืข ืœื ื ืื”ื‘.
14:26
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:35
We face some pretty grim environmental challenges on this planet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ืขื’ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
14:39
Climate change is among them.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
14:40
There's others too: habitat loss is my favorite thing
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ื™ืฉื ื ืขื•ื“: ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™
14:43
to freak out about in the middle of the night.
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ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
14:45
But in order to solve them,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
14:47
we need people -- smart, dedicated people --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื -- ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื™ื --
14:50
who care about nature.
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ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
14:51
And the only way we're going to raise up a generation of people
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
14:54
who care about nature
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ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข
14:56
is by letting them touch nature.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
14:58
I have a Fort Theory of Ecology,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืขืœ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
15:00
Fort Theory of Conservation.
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.
15:02
Every ecologist I know, every conservation biologist I know,
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ื›ืœ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื”,
15:05
every conservation professional I know,
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ื›ืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื”,
15:07
built forts when they were kids.
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ื‘ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
15:10
If we have a generation that doesn't know how to build a fort,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืจ,
15:13
we'll have a generation that doesn't know how to care about nature.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื›ืคืช ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
15:17
And I don't want to be the one to tell this kid,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืชืกืคืจ ืœื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื”,
ืฉื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
15:19
who is on a special program
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15:20
that takes Philadelphia kids from poor neighborhoods
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ืฉืœื•ืงื—ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื”
ื•ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืคืืจืงื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื,
15:23
and takes them to city parks,
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15:24
I don't want to be the one to tell him that the flower he's holding
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืชืกืคืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ืคืจื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง
15:27
is a non-native invasive weed that he should throw away as trash.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื‘ ืคื•ืœืฉ ืœื ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ืจื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืืฉืคื”.
15:31
I think I would much rather learn from this boy
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื”
15:34
that no matter where this plant comes from,
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ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข,
15:37
it is beautiful, and it deserves to be touched and appreciated.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืคื™ืคื”, ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื• ืฉื™ื’ืขื• ื‘ื• ื•ื™ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื•.
15:41
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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