The most mysterious star in the universe | Tabetha Boyajian

6,306,726 views ใƒป 2016-04-29

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence,
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ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
00:17
and it is my job, my responsibility, as an astronomer
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ื›ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช
00:22
to remind people that alien hypotheses should always be a last resort.
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ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
00:29
Now, I want to tell you a story about that.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
00:31
It involves data from a NASA mission,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ืืกื,
00:35
ordinary people and one of the most extraordinary stars in our galaxy.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:41
It began in 2009 with the launch of NASA's Kepler mission.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ 2009 ืขื ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืงืคืœืจ ืฉืœ ื ืืกื.
00:46
Kepler's main scientific objective
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืคืœืจ
00:48
was to find planets outside of our solar system.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:51
It did this by staring at a single field in the sky,
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
00:54
this one, with all the tiny boxes.
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ื–ื”, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
00:57
And in this one field,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื–ื”,
00:58
it monitored the brightness of over 150,000 stars
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 150,000 ืืœืฃ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
01:03
continuously for four years,
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ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื” ืœืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื,
01:05
taking a data point every 30 minutes.
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ื•ืœืงื— ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœ 30 ื“ืงื•ืช.
01:10
It was looking for what astronomers call a transit.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืžื” ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืžืขื‘ืจ.
01:13
This is when the planet's orbit is aligned in our line of sight,
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ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืงื• ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
01:18
just so that the planet crosses in front of a star.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
01:22
And when this happens, it blocks out a tiny bit of starlight,
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืกื ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
01:27
which you can see as a dip in this curve.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืงื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:31
And so the team at NASA had developed very sophisticated computers
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ืืกื ืคื™ืชื— ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
01:36
to search for transits in all the Kepler data.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืงืคืœืจ.
01:40
At the same time of the first data release,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
01:44
astronomers at Yale were wondering an interesting thing:
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ:
01:48
What if computers missed something?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคื™ืกืคืกื• ืžืฉื”ื•?
01:53
And so we launched the citizen science project called Planet Hunters
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื“ืข ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช
01:57
to have people look at the same data.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ืข.
02:01
The human brain has an amazing ability for pattern recognition,
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ืœืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:05
sometimes even better than a computer.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
02:07
However, there was a lot of skepticism around this.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
02:10
My colleague, Debra Fischer, founder of the Planet Hunters project,
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ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™, ื“ื‘ืจื” ืคื™ืฉืจ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
02:13
said that people at the time were saying,
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ืืžืจื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืจื•,
02:15
"You're crazy. There's no way that a computer will miss a signal."
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"ืืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ืคืกืคืก ืืช ื”ืื•ืช."
02:19
And so it was on, the classic human versus machine gamble.
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
02:23
And if we found one planet, we would be thrilled.
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ื•ืื ื ืžืฆื ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืื—ืช, ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
02:27
When I joined the team four years ago,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื,
02:29
we had already found a couple.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฆืื ื• ื›ืžื”.
02:32
And today, with the help of over 300,000 science enthusiasts,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขื ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 300,000 ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื,
02:37
we have found dozens,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช,
02:38
and we've also found one of the most mysterious stars
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื
02:42
in our galaxy.
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ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:45
So to understand this,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”,
02:46
let me show you what a normal transit in Kepler data looks like.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืงืคืœืจ ื ืจืื”.
02:50
On this graph on the left-hand side you have the amount of light,
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ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ,
02:54
and on the bottom is time.
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ื•ืžืชื—ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:55
The white line is light just from the star,
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจ ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
02:59
what astronomers call a light curve.
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ืžื” ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืขืงื•ืžืช ืื•ืจ.
03:01
Now, when a planet transits a star, it blocks out a little bit of this light,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืคืœื ื˜ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืžืช ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:05
and the depth of this transit reflects the size of the object itself.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื ืขืฆืžื•.
03:10
And so, for example, let's take Jupiter.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืงื—ื• ืืช ืฆื“ืง.
03:13
Planets don't get much bigger than Jupiter.
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ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืœื ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื“ืง.
03:15
Jupiter will make a one percent drop in a star's brightness.
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ืฆื“ืง ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
03:19
Earth, on the other hand, is 11 times smaller than Jupiter,
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื™ 11 ืžืฆื“ืง,
03:23
and the signal is barely visible in the data.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข.
03:26
So back to our mystery.
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ืื– ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:28
A few years ago, Planet Hunters were sifting through data looking for transits,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื,
03:33
and they spotted a mysterious signal coming from the star KIC 8462852.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืื•ืช ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ KIC 8462852.
03:39
The observations in May of 2009 were the first they spotted,
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ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืื™ 2009 ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื ื–ื™ื”ื•,
03:43
and they started talking about this in the discussion forums.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื.
03:47
They said and object like Jupiter
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉืขืฆืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื“ืง
03:49
would make a drop like this in the star's light,
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ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
03:52
but they were also saying it was giant.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ืง.
03:55
You see, transits normally only last for a few hours,
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืจื›ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช,
03:58
and this one lasted for almost a week.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
04:01
They were also saying that it looks asymmetric,
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ื”ื ื’ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™,
04:05
meaning that instead of the clean, U-shaped dip that we saw with Jupiter,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื ืงื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช U ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืขื ืฆื“ืง,
04:09
it had this strange slope that you can see on the left side.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ.
04:13
This seemed to indicate
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš
04:14
that whatever was getting in the way and blocking the starlight
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื•ื—ืกื ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘
04:18
was not circular like a planet.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื›ืžื• ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
04:21
There are few more dips that happened,
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•,
04:23
but for a couple of years, it was pretty quiet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืฉืงื˜.
04:26
And then in March of 2011, we see this.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2011, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
04:31
The star's light drops by a whole 15 percent,
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ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฆื•ื ื— ื‘ 15 ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœืžื™ื,
04:35
and this is huge compared to a planet,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืฆื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืคืœื ื˜ื”,
04:37
which would only make a one percent drop.
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ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื ืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:40
We described this feature as both smooth and clean.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื’ื ื—ืœืงื” ื•ื’ื ื ืงื™ื”.
04:44
It also is asymmetric,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช,
04:46
having a gradual dimming that lasts almost a week,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืžืขื•ื ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
04:48
and then it snaps right back up to normal in just a matter of days.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืคืฅ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื.
04:52
And again, after this, not much happens
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ื•ืื–, ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ืจื”
04:57
until February of 2013.
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ืขื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2013.
05:00
Things start to get really crazy.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
05:03
There is a huge complex of dips in the light curve that appear,
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ื™ืฉ ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช,
05:08
and they last for like a hundred days,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžืื” ื™ืžื™ื,
05:10
all the way up into the Kepler mission's end.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืœืกื•ืฃ ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืงืคืœืจ.
05:13
These dips have variable shapes.
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ืœื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช.
05:15
Some are very sharp, and some are broad,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช,
05:17
and they also have variable durations.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:19
Some last just for a day or two, and some for more than a week.
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ื›ืžื” ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื ืื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื” ืœืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืข.
05:24
And there's also up and down trends within some of these dips,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
05:27
almost like several independent events were superimposed on top of each other.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื›ืžื” ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื‘ืฉื• ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
05:32
And at this time, this star drops in its brightness over 20 percent.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฆื•ื ื— ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 20 ืื—ื•ื–.
05:39
This means that whatever is blocking its light
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืกื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื•
05:41
has an area of over 1,000 times the area of our planet Earth.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ 1,000 ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:46
This is truly remarkable.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
05:49
And so the citizen scientists, when they saw this,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”,
05:51
they notified the science team that they found something weird enough
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ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
05:55
that it might be worth following up.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื•.
05:58
And so when the science team looked at it,
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ื•ื›ืš ื›ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•,
06:00
we're like, "Yeah, there's probably just something wrong with the data."
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืื™ืœื•, "ื›ืŸ, ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข."
06:04
But we looked really, really, really hard,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช, ื‘ืืžืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข,
06:06
and the data were good.
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:10
And so what was happening had to be astrophysical,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™,
06:13
meaning that something in space was getting in the way
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืข
06:17
and blocking starlight.
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ื•ื—ืกื ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
06:20
And so at this point,
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•,
06:21
we set out to learn everything we could about the star
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ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘
06:24
to see if we could find any clues to what was going on.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ืจืžื– ืœืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
06:27
And the citizen scientists who helped us in this discovery,
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ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™,
06:30
they joined along for the ride
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ื”ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืžืกืข
06:32
watching science in action firsthand.
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ื•ืฆืคื• ื‘ืžื“ืข ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
06:37
First, somebody said, you know, what if this star was very young
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื” ืื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจ
06:42
and it still had the cloud of material it was born from surrounding it.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืขื ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื•ืœื“.
06:47
And then somebody else said,
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ื•ืื– ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืืžืจ,
06:48
well, what if the star had already formed planets,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืจ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
06:51
and two of these planets had collided,
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ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•,
06:53
similar to the Earth-Moon forming event.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืจื•ืข ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื™ืจื—.
06:56
Well, both of these theories could explain part of the data,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
07:00
but the difficulties were that the star showed no signs of being young,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื ื”ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืขื™ืจ,
07:03
and there was no glow from any of the material
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
07:06
that was heated up by the star's light,
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ืฉื”ืชื—ืžื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
07:08
and you would expect this if the star was young
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื–ื” ืื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ
07:11
or if there was a collision and a lot of dust was produced.
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ืื• ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื‘ืง ื ื•ืฆืจ.
07:15
And so somebody else said,
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ื•ื›ืš ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืืžืจ,
07:17
well, how about a huge swarm of comets
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืขื ื ื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื
07:22
that are passing by this star in a very elliptical orbit?
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™?
07:26
Well, it ends up that this is actually consistent with our observations.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืงื‘ื™ ืขื ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:32
But I agree, it does feel a little contrived.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื”, ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ืœืฅ.
07:35
You see, it would take hundreds of comets
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื
07:38
to reproduce what we're observing.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
07:41
And these are only the comets
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ื•ื”ื ืจืง ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื
07:42
that happen to pass between us and the star.
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
07:45
And so in reality, we're talking thousands to tens of thousands of comets.
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืœืคื™ื ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื.
07:51
But of all the bad ideas we had,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื•,
07:55
this one was the best.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:57
And so we went ahead and published our findings.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžืฉื›ื ื• ื•ืคืจืกืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:00
Now, let me tell you, this was one of the hardest papers I ever wrote.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื›ืชื‘ืชื™.
08:04
Scientists are meant to publish results,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืจืกื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช,
08:07
and this situation was far from that.
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื–ื”.
08:09
And so we decided to give it a catchy title,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืชืช ืœื• ืฉื ืชื•ืคืก,
08:13
and we called it: "Where's The Flux?"
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ื•ืงืจืื ื• ืœื•: "ืื™ืคื” ื”ืคืœืืงืก?"
08:15
I will let you work out the acronym.
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช.
08:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:22
So this isn't the end of the story.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
08:24
Around the same time I was writing this paper,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื”,
08:26
I met with a colleague of mine, Jason Wright,
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ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืขื ืขืžื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื˜,
08:28
and he was also writing a paper on Kepler data.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืงืคืœืจ.
08:31
And he was saying that with Kepler's extreme precision,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืขื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืคืœืจ,
08:35
it could actually detect alien megastructures around stars,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขื ืง ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
08:40
but it didn't.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื.
08:42
And then I showed him this weird data that our citizen scientists had found,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื™ืœื•,
08:47
and he said to me,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™,
08:48
"Aw crap, Tabby.
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"ืื–, ื—ืจื, ื˜ืื‘ื™.
08:50
Now I have to rewrite my paper."
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ."
08:54
So yes, the natural explanations were weak,
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ืื– ื›ืŸ, ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืฉ,
08:58
and we were curious now.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืกืงืจื ื™ื.
09:00
So we had to find a way to rule out aliens.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื.
09:03
So together, we convinced a colleague of ours
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ืื– ื™ื—ื“, ืฉื™ื›ื ืขื ื• ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื ื•
09:06
who works on SETI, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ SETI, ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ืช,
09:09
that this would be an extraordinary target to pursue.
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ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง.
09:14
We wrote a proposal to observe the star
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ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘
09:16
with the world's largest radio telescope at the Green Bank Observatory.
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ืขื ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฆืคื” ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืง.
09:21
A couple months later,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:22
news of this proposal got leaked to the press
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ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื•ื“ืœืคื• ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช
09:27
and now there are thousands of articles,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืืœืคื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื,
09:31
over 10,000 articles, on this star alone.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 10,000 ืžืืžืจื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•.
09:34
And if you search Google Images,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
09:36
this is what you'll find.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื.
09:39
Now, you may be wondering, OK, Tabby, well,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื, ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื˜ืื‘ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
09:42
how do aliens actually explain this light curve?
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ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ืขืงื•ืžืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื•?
09:46
OK, well, imagine a civilization that's much more advanced than our own.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
09:51
In this hypothetical circumstance,
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
09:54
this civilization would have exhausted the energy supply of their home planet,
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื™ืฆืชื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
09:59
so where could they get more energy?
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”?
10:01
Well, they have a host star just like we have a sun,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
10:05
and so if they were able to capture more energy from this star,
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
10:09
then that would solve their energy needs.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืชืจ ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
10:11
So they would go and build huge structures.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขื ืง,
10:15
These giant megastructures,
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ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื ืง ื”ืืœื•,
10:18
like ginormous solar panels, are called Dyson spheres.
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ื›ืžื• ืคืื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื, ื ืงืจืื™ื ืกืคื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
10:22
This image above
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืขืœ
10:23
are lots of artists' impressions of Dyson spheres.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
10:26
It's really hard to provide perspective on the vastness of these things,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื” ืœืกืคืง ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
10:32
but you can think of it this way.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš.
10:33
The Earth-Moon distance is a quarter of a million miles.
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ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื•ื 400,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
10:38
The simplest element on one of these structures
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ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:41
is 100 times that size.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 100 ืžื–ื”.
10:45
They're enormous.
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ื”ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
10:48
And now imagine one of these structures in motion around a star.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘.
10:52
You can see how it would produce anomalies in the data
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื ื•ืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข
10:55
such as uneven, unnatural looking dips.
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ื›ืžื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
10:58
But it remains that even alien megastructures
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื
11:02
cannot defy the laws of physics.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
11:05
You see, anything that uses a lot of energy
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
11:09
is going to produce heat,
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ื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื,
11:12
and we don't observe this.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
11:14
But it could be something as simple
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜
11:16
as they're just reradiating it away in another direction,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ,
11:20
just not at Earth.
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ืจืง ืœื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
11:23
Another idea that's one of my personal favorites
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช
11:26
is that we had just witnessed an interplanetary space battle
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ื–ื™ื ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™
11:30
and the catastrophic destruction of a planet.
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
11:34
Now, I admit that this would produce a lot of dust
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื‘ืง
11:37
that we don't observe.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื.
11:39
But if we're already invoking aliens in this explanation,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ,
11:44
then who is to say they didn't efficiently clean up all this mess
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ืื– ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื ื™ืงื• ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ
11:47
for recycling purposes?
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ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ?
11:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:50
You can see how this quickly captures your imagination.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื•ื›ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
11:55
Well, there you have it.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ืœื›ื.
11:57
We're in a situation that could unfold
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš
12:00
to be a natural phenomenon we don't understand
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ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
12:03
or an alien technology we don't understand.
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ืื• ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื.
12:07
Personally, as a scientist, my money is on the natural explanation.
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ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช, ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
12:14
But don't get me wrong, I do think it would be awesome to find aliens.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื.
12:18
Either way, there is something new and really interesting to discover.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
12:24
So what happens next?
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื”ืœืื”?
12:25
We need to continue to observe this star
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”
12:28
to learn more about what's happening.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
12:31
But professional astronomers, like me,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
12:33
we have limited resources for this kind of thing,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
12:36
and Kepler is on to a different mission.
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ื•ืงืคืœืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืจืช.
12:39
And I'm happy to say that once again,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืฉืฉื•ื‘,
12:43
citizen scientists have come in and saved the day.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืื• ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:47
You see, this time,
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืคืขื,
12:50
amateur astronomers with their backyard telescopes
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ
12:54
stepped up immediately and started observing this star nightly
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ื‘ืื• ืžื™ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”
12:58
at their own facilities,
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ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
12:59
and I am so excited to see what they find.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชืจื’ืฉืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื.
13:03
What's amazing to me is that this star would have never been found by computers
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ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
13:07
because we just weren't looking for something like this.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
13:11
And what's more exciting
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื’ืฉ
13:15
is that there's more data to come.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
13:18
There are new missions that are coming up
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช
13:20
that are observing millions more stars
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ืฉืฆื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
13:23
all over the sky.
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ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
13:26
And just think: What will it mean when we find another star like this?
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ื•ืจืง ื—ืฉื‘ื•: ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขื•ื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”?
13:32
And what will it mean if we don't find another star like this?
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ื•ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืขื•ื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”?
13:37
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
13:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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