A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food | Lisa Dyson

104,132 views ใƒป 2016-08-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Niv Morgenstern ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Imagine you are a part of a crew of astronauts
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื—ืœืง ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื
00:18
traveling to Mars or some distant planet.
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ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืื“ื™ื ืื• ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืจื—ื•ืง.
00:21
The travel time could take a year
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ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืจื•ืš ืฉื ื”
00:24
or even longer.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:26
The space on board and the resources
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
00:29
would be limited.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื.
00:31
So you and the crew would have to figure out how to produce food
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ืื– ืืชื ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
00:35
with minimal inputs.
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ืขื ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:38
What if you could bring with you just a few packets of seeds,
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ืžื” ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืชื›ื ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ื–ืจืขื™ื,
00:42
and grow crops in a matter of hours?
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ื•ืœื’ื“ืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช?
00:46
And what if those crops would then make more seeds,
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ื•ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื•ื“ ื–ืจืขื™ื,
00:50
enabling you to feed the entire crew
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช
00:53
with just those few packets of seeds for the duration of the trip?
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ืขื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืกืข?
00:58
Well, the scientists at NASA actually figured out a way to do this.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื ืืก"ื ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
01:03
What they came up with was actually quite interesting.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:06
It involved microorganisms,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื,
01:08
which are single-celled organisms.
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ืฉื”ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื“-ืชืื™ื™ื.
01:10
And they also used hydrogen from water.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžืžื™ื.
01:13
The types of microbes that they used were called hydrogenotrophs,
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ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื ืงืจืื• ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื’'ื ื•ื˜ืจื•ืค,
01:17
and with these hydrogenotrophs, you can create a virtuous carbon cycle
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ื•ืขื ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื’'ื ื•ื˜ืจื•ืค ื”ืœืœื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขื’ืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ
01:22
that would sustain life onboard a spacecraft.
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ืฉื™ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืœืœื™ื ื—ืœืœ.
01:26
Astronauts would breathe out carbon dioxide,
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคืœื˜ื• ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
01:30
that carbon dioxide would then be captured by the microbes
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ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืงืœื˜ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
01:34
and converted into a nutritious, carbon-rich crop.
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ื•ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœ, ืขืชื™ืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ืžื–ื™ืŸ.
01:38
The astronauts would then eat that carbon-rich crop
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ื™ืŸ ืขืชื™ืจ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
01:41
and exhale the carbon out in the form of carbon dioxide,
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ื•ื™ืคืœื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
01:45
which would then be captured by the microbes,
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ืฉืื– ื™ื™ืงืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
01:48
to create a nutritious crop,
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ืฉื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืžื–ื™ืŸ,
01:49
which then would be exhaled in the form of carbon dioxide
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ืฉืื– ื™ื™ืคืœื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
01:52
by the astronauts.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื.
01:54
So in this way, a closed-loop carbon cycle is created.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื•, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขื’ืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืกื’ื•ืจ.
01:57
So why is this important?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
02:00
We need carbon to survive as humans,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
02:02
and we get our carbon from food.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:05
On a long space journey,
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ื‘ืžืกืข ืืจื•ืš ืœื—ืœืœ,
02:06
you simply wouldn't be able to pick up any carbon along the way,
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš,
02:10
so you'd have to figure out how to recycle it on board.
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ืื– ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืื™ืš ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ.
02:13
This is a clever solution, right?
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:16
But the thing is, that research didn't really go anywhere.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืœืš ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
02:20
We haven't yet gone to Mars. We haven't yet gone to another planet.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื˜ืกื ื• ืœืžืื“ื™ื. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื˜ืกื ื• ืœืฉื•ื ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช.
02:24
And this was actually done in the '60s and '70s.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60' ื•ื”-70'.
02:27
So a colleague of mine, Dr. John Reed, and I,
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ืื– ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™, ื“"ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืจื™ื“, ื•ืื ื™,
02:30
were interested, actually, in carbon recycling here on Earth.
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ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:34
We wanted to come up with technical solutions
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื
02:36
to address climate change.
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
02:38
And we discovered this research
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
02:41
by reading some papers published in the '60s -- 1967 and later --
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืงืจืื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60' -- 1967 ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” --
02:45
articles about this work.
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ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:48
And we thought it was a really good idea.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:50
So we said, well, Earth is actually like a spaceship.
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ืื– ืืžืจื ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
02:54
We have limited space and limited resources,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื,
02:57
and on Earth, we really do need to figure out
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ
03:00
how to recycle our carbon better.
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ืื™ืš ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:03
So we had the idea,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
03:05
can we take some of these NASA-type ideas and apply them
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืžื” ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืืก"ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื
03:12
to our carbon problem here on Earth?
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ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
03:14
Could we cultivate these NASA-type microbes
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคื— ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื
03:17
in order to make valuable products here on Earth?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
03:21
We started a company to do it.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
03:23
And in that company, we discovered that these hydrogenotrophs --
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ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื’'ื ื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื• --
03:28
which I'll actually call nature's supercharged carbon recyclers --
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ืฉืื ื™ ืืงืจื ืœื”ื ืžืžื—ื–ืจื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืฉื™ื --
03:32
we found that they are a powerful class of microbes
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ื ืจืžื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
03:35
that had been largely overlooked and understudied,
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ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœื ื—ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื,
03:39
and that they could make some really valuable products.
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ื•ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™.
03:42
So we began cultivating these products, these microbes, in our lab.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื˜ืคื— ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:47
We found that we can make essential amino acids from carbon dioxide
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ืžืคื—ืžืŸ-ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
03:50
using these microbes.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
03:52
And we even made a protein-rich meal
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื ื• ืืจื•ื—ื” ืขืชื™ืจืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ
03:55
that has an amino acid profile similar to what you might find
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ืืžื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื
04:00
in some animal proteins.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:02
We began cultivating them even further,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื˜ืคื— ืื•ืชื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:04
and we found that we can make oil.
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืฉืžืŸ.
04:06
Oils are used to manufacture many products.
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ืฉืžื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
04:09
We made an oil that was similar to a citrus oil,
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืฉืžืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืžืŸ ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืจ,
04:13
which can be used for flavoring and for fragrances,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ืขื ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ื—ื•ืช,
04:16
but it also can be used as a biodegradable cleaner
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืชื›ืœื”
04:18
or even as a jet fuel.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื“ืœืง ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™.
04:21
And we made an oil that's similar to palm oil.
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ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืฉืžืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืžืŸ ื“ืงืœื™ื.
04:24
Palm oil is used to manufacture
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ืฉืžืŸ ื“ืงืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
04:26
a wide range of consumer and industrial goods.
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
04:30
We began working with manufacturers to scale up this technology,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
04:35
and we're currently working with them
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื
04:37
to bring some of these products to market.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืฉื•ืง.
04:40
We believe this type of technology can indeed help us
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•
04:43
profitably recycle carbon dioxide into valuable products --
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ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš --
04:47
something that's beneficial for the planet
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื
04:49
but also beneficial for business.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืขืกืงื™ื.
04:52
That's what we're doing today.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:54
But tomorrow, this type of technology and using these types of microbes
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืจ, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื–ื• ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื•
04:58
actually could help us do something even greater
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:01
if we take it to the next level.
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ืื ื ื™ืงื— ื–ืืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื.
05:04
We believe that this type of technology
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
05:06
can actually help us address an issue with agriculture
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช
05:09
and allow us to create a type of agriculture that's sustainable,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื,
05:14
that will allow us to scale to meet the demands of tomorrow.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืจ.
05:18
And why might we need a sustainable agriculture?
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ื•ืœืžื” ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช?
05:22
Well, actually, it is estimated
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื•ืขืจืš
05:24
that the population will reach about 10 billion by 2050,
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ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2050,
05:29
and we're projecting that we will need to increase food production
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
05:33
by 70 percent.
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ื‘-70 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
05:35
In addition, we will need many more resources and raw materials
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื
05:38
to make consumer goods and industrial goods.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
05:41
So how will we scale to meet that demand?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื”?
05:44
Well, modern agriculture simply cannot sustainably scale to meet that demand.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื”.
05:50
There are a number of reasons why.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข.
05:53
One of them is that modern agriculture is one of the largest emitters
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
05:58
of greenhouse gases.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”.
05:59
In fact, it emits more greenhouse gases
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืœื˜ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
06:03
than our cars, our trucks, our planes
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ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
06:06
and our trains combined.
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ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
06:09
Another reason is that modern ag simply takes up a whole lot of land.
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื“ืžื”.
06:14
We have cleared 19.4 million square miles for crops and livestock.
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ื‘ื™ืจืื ื• 50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขื“ืจื™ ื‘ืข"ื—.
06:21
What does that look like?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”?
06:23
Well, that's roughly the size of South America and Africa combined.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•.
06:29
Let me give you a specific example.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช.
06:31
In Indonesia, an amount of virgin rainforest was cleared
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ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”, ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื ื‘ื•ืืจื”
06:36
totaling the size of approximately Ireland,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื‘ืขืจืš,
06:39
between 2000 and 2012.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 2000 ืœ-2012.
06:42
Just think of all of the species, the diversity,
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ืจืง ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ,
06:45
that was removed in the process,
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ืฉื”ื•ืกืจื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
06:47
whether plant life, insects or animal life.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:51
And a natural carbon sink was also removed.
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ื•ืกื•ืคื’ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืจ.
06:54
So let me make this real for you.
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ืื– ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืืžืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื.
06:56
This clearing happened primarily to make room for palm plantations.
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ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ื“ืงืœื™ื.
07:01
And as I mentioned before,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื,
07:02
palm oil is used to manufacture many products.
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ืฉืžืŸ ื“ืงืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
07:06
In fact, it is estimated that over 50 percent of consumer products
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื•ืขืจืš ื›ื™ ืžืขืœ 50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”
07:10
are manufactured using palm oil.
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ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื“ืงืœื™ื.
07:13
And that includes things like ice cream, cookies ...
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ื“ื”, ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ...
07:17
It includes cooking oils.
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
07:19
It also includes detergents, lotions, soaps.
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื˜ืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื, ืงืจืžื™ื, ืกื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
07:23
You and I both probably have numerous items
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ืœื›ื ื•ืœื™ ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื
07:28
in our kitchens and our bathrooms
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ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
07:30
that were manufactured using palm oil.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื“ืงืœื™ื.
07:33
So you and I are direct beneficiaries of removed rainforests.
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ืื– ืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื.
07:39
Modern ag has some problems,
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ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
07:41
and we need solutions if we want to scale sustainably.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ื.
07:47
I believe that microbes can be a part of the answer --
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ --
07:51
specifically, these supercharged carbon recyclers.
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ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช, ืžืžื—ื–ืจื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
07:55
These supercharged carbon recyclers,
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ืžืžื—ื–ืจื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
07:58
like plants, serve as the natural recyclers
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ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื›ืžืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื
08:02
in their ecosystems where they thrive.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื.
08:04
And they thrive in exotic places on Earth,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
08:06
like hydrothermal vents and hot springs.
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ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืจื™ ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•-ืชืจืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื.
08:09
In those ecosystems, they take carbon and recycle it
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ืžืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•
08:12
into the nutrients needed for those ecosystems.
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ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
08:15
And they're rich in nutrients,
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ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื,
08:17
such as oils and proteins, minerals and carbohydrates.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื•ืคื—ืžืžื•ืช.
08:24
And actually, microbes are already an integral part of our everyday lives.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:29
If you enjoy a glass of pinot noir on a Friday night,
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ืื ืืชื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืก ืคื™ื ื• ื ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืขืจื‘,
08:33
after a long, hard work week,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืืจื•ืš,
08:35
then you are enjoying a product of microbes.
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ืื– ืืชื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:39
If you enjoy a beer from your local microbrewery --
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ืื ืืชื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื”ืžื‘ืฉืœื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื --
08:41
a product of microbes.
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ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:43
Or bread, or cheese, or yogurt.
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ืื• ืœื—ื, ืื• ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”, ืื• ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜.
08:47
These are all products of microbes.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:49
But the beauty and power associated with these supercharged carbon recyclers
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืžืžื—ื–ืจื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
08:55
lies in the fact that they can actually produce in a matter of hours
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ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช
09:00
versus months.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
09:01
That means we can make crops
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื
09:03
much faster than we're making them today.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื•ื.
09:07
They grow in the dark,
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ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš,
09:09
so they can grow in any season
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ื”
09:11
and in any geography and any location.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื.
09:15
They can grow in containers that require minimal space.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื›ืœื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™.
09:19
And we can get to a type of vertical agriculture.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืื ื›ื™ืช.
09:23
Instead of our traditional horizontal agriculture
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
09:26
that requires so much land,
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ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื“ืžื”,
09:27
we can scale vertically,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื ื›ื™ืช,
09:29
and as a result produce much more product per area.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืœืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ.
09:36
If we implement this type of approach and use these carbon recyclers,
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ืื ื ื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืžื—ื–ืจื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืœืœื•,
09:40
then we wouldn't have to remove any more rainforests
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ืื– ืœื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื
09:43
to make the food and the goods that we consume.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื.
09:48
Because, at a large scale,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ, ืฉื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
09:50
you can actually make 10,000 times more output per land area
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคื™ 10,000 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื—
09:56
than you could -- for instance, if you used soybeans --
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ืžืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื -- ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื™ื” --
09:59
if you planted soybeans on that same area of land
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ืื ืชืฉืชืœื• ืคื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืื“ืžื”
10:02
over a period of a year.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื”.
10:04
Ten thousand times over a period of a year.
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ืคื™ ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื”.
10:08
So this is what I mean by a new type of agriculture.
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ืื– ืœื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
10:12
And this is what I mean by developing a system
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ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช
10:15
that allows us to sustainably scale to meet the demands of 10 billion.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืงื™ื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
10:22
And what would be the products of this new type of agriculture?
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ื•ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช?
10:26
Well, we've already made a protein meal,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืจื•ื—ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ,
10:28
so you can imagine something similar to a soybean meal,
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืกื•ื™ื”,
10:31
or even cornmeal, or wheat flour.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืžื— ืชื™ืจืก, ืื• ืงืžื— ื—ื™ื˜ื”.
10:34
We've already made oils,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืฉืžื ื™ื,
10:35
so you can imagine something similar to coconut oil
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืžืŸ ืงื•ืงื•ืก
10:39
or olive oil or soybean oil.
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ืื• ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ืื• ืฉืžืŸ ืกื•ื™ื”.
10:42
So this type of crop can actually produce the nutrients
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ืื– ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื
10:46
that would give us pasta and bread,
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ืฉื™ืกืคืงื• ืœื ื• ืคืกื˜ื” ื•ืœื—ื,
10:48
cakes, nutritional items of many sorts.
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ืขื•ื’ื•ืช, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื.
10:52
Furthermore, since oil is used to manufacture multiple other goods,
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ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
10:59
industrial products and consumer products,
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ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”,
11:01
you can imagine being able to make detergents, soaps, lotions, etc.,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื˜ืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื, ืกื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืงืจืžื™ื, ื•ื›ื•',
11:06
using these types of crops.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
11:09
Not only are we running out of space,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื ื’ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื,
11:12
but if we continue to operate under the status quo
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืชื—ืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื• ื”ื–ื”
11:15
with modern agriculture,
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ืขื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
11:16
we run the risk of robbing our progeny of a beautiful planet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื“ื•ื“ ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื™ืคื™ืคื”.
11:22
But it doesn't have to be this way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš.
11:24
We can imagine a future of abundance.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืคืข.
11:28
Let us create systems that keep planet Earth, our spaceship,
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
11:34
not only from not crashing,
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ืœื ืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช,
11:36
but let us also develop systems and ways of living
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ืืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื— ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
11:40
that will be beneficial to the lives of ourselves
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื
11:44
and the 10 billion that will be on this planet by 2050.
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ื•ืœ-10 ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘-2050.
11:48
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
11:50
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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