When I die, recompose me | Katrina Spade

104,987 views ใƒป 2017-07-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Assaf Linial ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
My name is Katrina Spade, and I grew up in a medical family
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื™ ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ืกืคื™ื™ื“ ื•ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื
00:16
where it was fairly normal to talk about death and dying at the dinner table.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื’ืกื™ืกื” ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืืจื•ื—ืช-ื”ืขืจื‘
00:20
But I didn't go into medicine like so many of my family members.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืจืคื•ืื” ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื™.
00:24
Instead, I went to architecture school to learn how to design.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฆื‘.
00:29
And while I was there, I began to be curious
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืกืชืงืจืŸ
00:32
about what would happen to my physical body after I died.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื™.
00:36
What would my nearest and dearest do with me?
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ืžื” ื™ืขืฉื• ืื™ืชื™ ืืœื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื™?
00:39
So if the existence and the fact of your own mortality
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ืื– ืื ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœื›ื
00:43
doesn't get you down,
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ืœื ืžื“ื›ืืช ืืชื›ื,
00:45
the state of our current funerary practices will.
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื“ื›ืื• ืืชื›ื.
00:49
Today, almost 50 percent of Americans choose conventional burial.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช.
00:55
Conventional burial begins with embalming,
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ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ื ื™ืชื”,
00:57
where funeral staff drain bodily fluid
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื ืงื–ื™ื ืืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
01:00
and replace it with a mixture designed to preserve the corpse
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ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื”
01:04
and give it a lifelike glow.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœื” ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืžื“ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:07
Then, as you know, bodies are buried in a casket
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ
01:10
in a concrete-lined grave
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ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ
01:13
in a cemetery.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืงื‘ืจื•ืช
01:16
All told, in US cemeteries,
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ื‘ืกืš-ื”ื›ืœ, ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
01:18
we bury enough metal to build a Golden Gate Bridge,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืชื›ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื’ืฉืจ ืฉืขืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘
01:23
enough wood to build 1,800 single family homes,
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืฅ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช 1,800 ื‘ืชื™ื ื—ื“-ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื,
01:27
and enough formaldehyde-laden embalming fluid
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ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžืœื“ื”ื™ื“
01:30
to fill eight Olympic-size swimming pools.
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ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ 8 ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช-ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื•ืช.
01:34
In addition, cemeteries all over the world are reaching capacity.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืชื™-ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืžืœืื™ื ืขื“ ืืคืก ืžืงื•ื.
01:39
Turns out, it doesn't really make good business sense
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขืกืงื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—
01:42
to sell someone a piece of land for eternity.
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ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืคื™ืกืช ืื“ืžื” ืœื ืฆื—.
01:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:47
Whose idea was that?
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”?
01:49
In some places, you can't buy a plot no matter how much money you have.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื” ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœืš.
01:54
As a result, cremation rates have risen fast.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืขืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:58
In 1950, if you suggested your grandmother be incinerated after she died,
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ื‘-1950, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชืš ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื”,
02:03
you'd probably be kicked from the family deathbed.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืžืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืขืจืฉ-ื”ื“ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™.
02:06
But today, almost half of Americans choose cremation,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื”,
02:10
citing simpler,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:12
cheaper
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ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:13
and more ecological as reasons.
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ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
02:17
I used to think that cremation was a sustainable form of disposition,
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ืคืขื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืฉืจื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ื’ื•ืคื•ืช,
02:22
but just think about it for a second.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืจื’ืข.
02:24
Cremation destroys the potential we have
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ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื ื•
02:27
to give back to the earth after we've died.
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ืœืชืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื ื•.
02:31
It uses an energy-intensive process to turn bodies into ash,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžืฉืงื™ืข ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืœืืคืจ,
02:35
polluting the air and contributing to climate change.
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ืžื–ื”ืžืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
02:39
All told, cremations in the US
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ื‘ืกืš-ื”ื›ืœ, ืฉืจื™ืคืช-ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
02:41
emit a staggering 600 million pounds of carbon dioxide
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ืคื•ืœื˜ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›-300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™
02:46
into the atmosphere annually.
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ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
02:49
The truly awful truth
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉ ื ื•ืจืื™ืช
02:52
is that the very last thing that most of us will do on this earth
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ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”
02:56
is poison it.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
(ื”ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื”)
03:02
It's like we've created, accepted and death-denied our way into a status quo
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•, ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื•ื”ื›ื—ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื•
03:08
that puts as much distance between ourselves and nature
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ืฉืžืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข
03:12
as is humanly possible.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืจืง ื ื™ืชืŸ.
03:14
Our modern funerary practices are designed to stave off
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ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืช
03:17
the natural processes that happen to a body after death.
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ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
03:20
In other words, they're meant to prevent us from decomposing.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ืจืงื‘.
03:25
But the truth
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื
03:26
is that nature is really, really good at death.
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ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช.
03:31
We've all seen it.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
03:32
When organic material dies in nature,
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืžืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
03:35
microbes and bacteria break it down into nutrient-rich soil,
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืื“ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื,
03:39
completing the life cycle.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:41
In nature, death creates life.
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ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:47
Back in architecture school, I was thinking about all this,
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
03:52
and I set out on a plan to redesign death care.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช.
03:55
Could I create a system
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ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช
03:57
that was beneficial to the earth
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ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ
03:59
and that used nature as a guide rather than something to be feared?
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ื•ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื•ืœื ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื“ ืžืžื ื•?
04:04
Something that was gentle to the planet?
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืขื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช?
04:07
That planet, after all, supports our living bodies
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
04:09
our whole lives.
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ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
04:12
And while I was mulling this all over
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืจื”ืจืชื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”
04:15
over the drawing board,
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ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜,
04:17
the phone rang.
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฆืœืฆืœ.
04:19
It was my friend Kate.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืงื™ื™ื˜.
04:21
She was like, "Hey, have you heard about the farmers
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” "ื”ื™ื™, ืฉืžืขืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื
04:25
who are composting whole cows?"
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืœื“ืฉืŸ?"
04:29
And I was like, "Mmmm."
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ "ื”ืžืžืžืž."
04:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:34
Turns out that farmers in agricultural institutions
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื
04:37
have been practicing something called livestock mortality composting
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ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžืงื ื” ืœื“ืฉืŸ
04:40
for decades.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
04:42
Mortality composting is where you take an animal high in nitrogen
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ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืœื“ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื ืงืŸ
04:46
and cover it with co-composting materials that are high in carbon.
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ื•ืžื›ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื—ืžืŸ.
04:50
It's an aerobic process, so it requires oxygen,
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
04:53
and it requires plenty of moisture as well.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื’ื ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืœื—ื•ืช.
04:56
In the most basic setup, a cow is covered with a few feet of wood chips,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื›ืกื™ื ืคืจื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™-ืขืฅ,
05:01
which are high in carbon,
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ืฉืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื—ืžืŸ,
05:02
and left outside for nature, for breezes to provide oxygen
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ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ
05:06
and rain to provide moisture.
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ื•ืœื’ืฉื ืฉืžืกืคืง ืœื—ื•ืช.
05:09
In about nine months,
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ืชื•ืš ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš
05:11
all that remains is a nutrient-rich compost.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืฉืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
05:15
The flesh has been decomposed entirely,
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ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื ืจืงื‘ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
05:19
as have the bones.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช.
05:22
I know.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช.
05:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:25
So I would definitely call myself a decomposition nerd,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื›"ื—ื ื•ื ื™ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงื‘ื•ืช,
05:29
but I am far, far from a scientist,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช,
05:33
and one way you can tell this is true
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ
05:34
is that I have often called the process of composting "magic."
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื”ืชืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืจืงื‘ื•ืช ื›"ืงืกื".
05:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:43
So basically, all we humans need to do
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ืื– ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
05:46
is create the right environment for nature to do its job.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•.
05:49
It's like the opposite of antibacterial soap.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™.
05:53
Instead of fighting them,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ื,
05:54
we welcome microbes and bacteria in with open arms.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช.
05:58
These tiny, amazing creatures
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:01
break down molecules into smaller molecules and atoms,
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ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
06:05
which are then incorporated into new molecules.
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ืฉืื– ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
06:10
In other words, that cow is transformed.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืคืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”.
06:13
It's no longer a cow.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืคืจื”.
06:16
It's been cycled back into nature.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข.
06:19
See? Magic.
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ืจื•ืื™ื? ืงืกื.
06:24
You can probably imagine the light bulb that went off in my head
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ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื“ืœืงื” ืœื™ ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ
06:27
after I received that phone call.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:29
I began designing a system
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžืขืจื›ืช
06:31
based on the principles of livestock mortality composting
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ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžืงื ื” ืœื“ืฉืŸ
06:35
that would take human beings and transform them into soil.
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ืฉืชื™ืงื— ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื•ืชืฉื ื” ืื•ืชื ืœืื“ืžื”.
06:43
Fast-forward five years
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ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
06:45
and the project has grown in ways I truly never could have imagined.
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ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
06:49
We've created a scalable, replicable non-profit urban model
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื•ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจืช-ืจื•ื•ื—
06:54
based on the science of livestock mortality composting
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ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžืงื ื” ืœื“ืฉืŸ
06:57
that turns human beings into soil.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืœืื“ืžื”.
07:01
We've partnered and collaborated with experts in soil science,
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ื—ื‘ืจื ื• ื•ืฉื™ืชืคื ื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™-ื”ืื“ืžื”,
07:04
decomposition, alternative death care,
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ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช,
07:07
law and architecture.
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ื—ื•ืง ื•ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”.
07:09
We've raised funds from foundations and individuals
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ื’ื™ื™ืกื ื• ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
07:12
in order to design a prototype of this system,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื•,
07:16
and we've heard from tens of thousands of people all over the world
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ื•ืฉืžืขื ื• ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
07:20
who want this option to be available.
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื”.
07:24
OK.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™.
07:26
In the next few years,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
07:27
it's our goal to build the first full-scale human composting facility
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ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืœื“ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
07:33
right in the city of Seattle.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืกื™ืื˜ืœ.
07:35
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช-ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:43
Imagine it,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื,
07:45
part public park,
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ื—ืœืง ืคืืจืง-ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
07:47
part funeral home,
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ื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช,
07:49
part memorial to the people we love,
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ื—ืœืง ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื,
07:52
a place where we can reconnect with the cycles of nature
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
07:55
and treat bodies with gentleness and respect.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
08:00
The infrastructure is simple.
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ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
08:02
Inside a vertical core,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืœื™ื‘ื” ืื ื›ื™ืช,
08:04
bodies and wood chips undergo accelerated natural decomposition,
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ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื‘ื™-ืขืฅ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื•ืืฅ,
08:08
or composting,
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ืื• ื”ืคื™ื›ื”-ืœื“ืฉืŸ,
08:09
and are transformed into soil.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื“ืžื”.
08:12
When someone dies, their body is taken to a human composting facility.
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืช, ื’ื•ืคืชื• ื ืœืงื—ืช ืœืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืคื™ื›ื”-ืœื“ืฉืŸ.
08:18
After wrapping the deceased in a simple shroud,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชื›ืจื™ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜,
08:21
friends and family carry the body to the top of the core,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื”,
08:24
which contains the natural decomposition system.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืจืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
08:30
During a laying in ceremony,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ืงืก ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื”,
08:32
they gently place the body into the core
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ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื”
08:34
and cover it with wood chips.
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ื•ืžื›ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื‘ื™-ืขืฅ.
08:37
This begins the gentle transformation from human to soil.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื ืœืื“ืžื”.
08:42
Over the next few weeks, the body decomposes naturally.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื ืจืงื‘ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
08:46
Microbes and bacteria break down carbon, then protein,
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื•ืื– ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ
08:49
to create a new substance,
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื“ืฉ,
08:51
a rich, earthy soil.
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ืื“ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืœืื”.
08:54
This soil can then be used to grow new life.
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ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
08:57
Eventually, you could be a lemon tree.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฅ ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ.
09:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช-ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:02
Yeah, thank you.
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ื›ืŸ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
09:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช-ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:09
Who's thinking about lemon meringue pie right now?
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ืžื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืขื•ื’ืช ืงืฆื™ืคืช ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
09:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:14
A lemon drop?
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ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ?
09:16
Something stronger?
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ?
09:19
So in addition to housing the core,
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ืื– ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื”,
09:21
these buildings will function to support the grieving
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื ื™ื”ื•ื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœืžืชืื‘ืœื™ื
09:24
by providing space for memorial services and end-of-life planning.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืกืคืงื• ืžืงื•ื ืœื˜ืงืกื™-ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:28
The potential for repurposing is huge.
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ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื•ื.
09:30
Old churches and industrial warehouses can be converted into places
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ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืกื ื™-ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
09:35
where we create soil and honor life.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื“ืžื” ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:39
We want to bring back the aspect of ritual
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืกืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืก
09:41
that's been diluted over the past hundred years
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ืฉื“ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
09:44
as cremation rates have risen
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ื›ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืขืœื•
09:46
and religious affiliation has declined.
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ื•ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื™ืจื“ื”.
09:51
Our Seattle facility will function as a model for these places
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ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ ื™ืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
09:54
all over the world.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
09:56
We've heard from communities in South Africa, Australia,
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืžืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
10:00
the UK, Canada and beyond.
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ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”-ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ืงื ื“ื” ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ.
10:03
We're creating a design toolkit
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืจื’ื–-ื›ืœื™ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
10:06
that will help others design and build facilities
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ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื ื™ื
10:10
that will contain technical specifications
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ืฉื™ื›ื™ืœื• ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื
10:12
and regulatory best practices.
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ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžืœืฆื•ืช.
10:14
We want to help individuals, organizations,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืคืจื˜ื™ื, ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื,
10:17
and down the road, municipalities
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ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื’ื ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช
10:19
design and build facilities in their own cities.
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ื™ืชื›ื ื ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื ื• ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
10:23
The idea is that every one of these places should look and feel completely different
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืจืื” ื•ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
10:27
with the same system inside.
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ืขื ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
10:29
They're really meant to be designed for the neighborhood in which they reside
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื
10:33
and the community which they serve.
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ื•ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื.
10:38
The other idea is for supportive staff to be on hand
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆื•ื•ืช ืชื•ืžืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ
10:41
to help families with the care and preparation of loved ones' bodies.
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ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื.
10:46
We're banishing practices that bewilder and disempower
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืœืงื™ื ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืฉื™ื
10:49
and creating a system that is beautiful and meaningful
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
10:54
and transparent.
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ื•ืฉืงื•ืคื”.
10:56
We believe that access to ecological death care
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช
10:59
is a human right.
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
11:04
OK, so you know the old saying,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ,
11:07
if you can compost a cow, you can compost a human?
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืคืจื” ืœื“ืฉืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื“ื ืœื“ืฉืŸ?
11:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:15
Turns out, it's true.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:18
Since 2014, we've been running a pilot project
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ืžืื– 2014 ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜
11:21
in the hills of North Carolina
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ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”
11:23
with the Forensic Anthropology Department at Western Carolina University.
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ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”.
11:28
Six donor bodies have been covered in wood chips,
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ืฉืฉ ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืกื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื‘ื™-ืขืฅ,
11:31
oxygen provided by breezes,
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ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืกื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—,
11:33
microbes and bacteria doing their jobs.
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
11:37
This pilot program has allowed us to demonstrate that it's possible
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™
11:40
to harness the incredible power of natural decomposition
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ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™
11:44
to turn human bodies into soil,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืื“ืžื”,
11:47
and we're working with other universities as well.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
11:50
Soil scientists at Washington State University,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
11:54
the grad students, anyway,
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ-ืฉื ื™
11:55
are working to compost teeth with amalgam fillings
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืกืชื™ืžื•ืช ืืžืœื’ื ืœื“ืฉืŸ
11:59
so that we can understand what happens to the mercury therein.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื›ืกืคื™ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
12:03
Next up, we'll be beginning experiments
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ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš, ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
12:05
to determine what happens to chemo drugs and pharmaceuticals
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื•ื˜ืจืคืชื™ื” ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
12:09
during the composting process,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื™ืจืงื‘ื•ืช,
12:11
and whether additional remediation will be needed.
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ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
12:17
By the way,
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
12:19
composting creates a great deal of heat,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืจืงื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื ืจื‘,
12:21
especially this particular type of composting.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”.
12:25
One week after we began composting our fifth donor body,
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ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื’ื•ืคืช ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื“ืฉืŸ,
12:30
the temperature inside that mound of wood chips
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืจื™ืžืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื™-ื”ืขืฅ
12:33
reached 158 degrees Fahrenheit.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœ-70 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœืกื™ื•ืก.
12:37
Imagine harnessing that heat to create energy
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื– ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
12:40
or comfort the grieving on a cold day.
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ืื• ืœื ื—ื ืืช ื”ืžืชืื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงืจ.
12:44
The death care revolution has begun.
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ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
12:47
It's an exciting time to be alive.
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ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
12:51
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:52
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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