Ken Kamler: Medical miracle on Everest

107,903 views ใƒป 2010-03-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: eviatar edlerman ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
OK. We've heard a lot of people
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ืื•ืงื™. ืฉืžืขื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
00:18
speak at this conference
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืก ื”ื–ื”
00:20
about the power of the human mind.
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ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
00:23
And what I'd like to do today
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:25
is give you a vivid example
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ื”ื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื—ื™ื”
00:27
of how that power can be unleashed
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ
00:29
when someone is in a survival situation,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืจื•ื“,
00:32
how the will to survive can bring that out in people.
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ืื™ืš ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืืฆืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
00:36
This is an incident which occurred on Mount Everest;
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ื”ืชืื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜
00:39
it was the worst disaster in the history of Everest.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜
00:43
And when it occurred, I was the only doctor on the mountain.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ, ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ.
00:46
So I'll take you through that
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืงื— ืืชื›ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
00:48
and we'll see what it's like
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”
00:51
when someone really
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช
00:53
summons the will to survive.
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ื–ื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
00:55
OK, this is Mount Everest.
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ืื•ืงื™. ื–ื” ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜
00:57
It's 29,035 feet high.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 8850 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
00:59
I've been there six times: Four times I did work with National Geographic,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื 6 ืคืขืžื™ื, ืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’`ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง,
01:02
making tectonic plate measurements;
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
01:04
twice, I went with NASA
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ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื ื ืืก"ื
01:06
doing remote sensing devices.
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ื‘ื—ื ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ืฉื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง.
01:09
It was on my fourth trip to Everest
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœื™ ืœืื•ื•ืจืกื˜
01:11
that a comet passed over the mountain. Hyakutake.
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ืฉืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื—ืœืฃ ืžืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ.
01:14
And the Sherpas told us then
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ื”ืฉืจืคื•ืช ืืžืจื• ืœื ื• ืื–
01:16
that was a very bad omen,
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ืฉื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืข ืžืื“,
01:18
and we should have listened to them.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื.
01:20
Everest is an extreme environment.
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ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜ ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
01:23
There's only one-third as much oxygen at the summit as there is at sea level.
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ื‘ืคืกื’ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
01:26
Near the summit, temperatures
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืคืกื’ื”
01:28
can be 40 degrees below zero.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ40 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคืก.
01:30
You can have winds 20 to 40 miles an hour.
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ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 30 ืœ 40 ืงืžืฉ.
01:32
It's actually a wind-chill factor
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืจื•ื—,
01:34
which is lower than a summer day on Mars.
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื.
01:38
I remember one time being up near the summit,
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคืกื’ื”.
01:40
I reached into my down jacket
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ื”ื•ืฉื˜ืชื™ ื™ื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’'ืงื˜
01:42
for a drink from my water bottle,
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ืœื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื™,
01:44
inside my down jacket,
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’'ืงื˜ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™,
01:46
only to discover that the water was already frozen solid.
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ืจืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืคื•ืื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:49
That gives you an idea of just how severe
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื
01:51
things are near the summit.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื’ื”.
01:55
OK, this is the route up Everest.
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ืื•ืงื™. ื–ื”ื• ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืื•ื•ืจืกื˜.
01:57
It starts at base camp, at 17,500 feet.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 6 ืง"ืž.
02:01
Camp One, 2,000 feet higher.
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ืžื—ื ื” 1 ื ืžืฆื 700 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
02:04
Camp Two, another 2,000 feet higher up,
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ืžื—ื ื” 2, ืขื•ื“ 700 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:06
what's called the Western Cwm.
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ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื”ืงื•ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™"
02:08
CampThree is at the base of Lhotse,
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ืžื—ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ "ืœื”ื•ืกื˜"
02:10
which is the fourth highest mountain in the world, but it's dwarfed by Everest.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ืžื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜.
02:13
And then Camp Four is the highest camp;
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ื•ืžื—ื ื” 4 ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:16
that's 3,000 feet short of the summit.
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ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื ืžืฆื ืง"ืž ืžื”ืคืกื’ื”.
02:20
This is a view of base camp.
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ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืžื”ืžื—ื ื”.
02:22
This is pitched on a glacier at 17,500 feet.
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ื–ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 5700 ืžื˜ืจ.
02:25
It's the highest point you can bring your yaks
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืœื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืืงื™ื ืฉืœืš
02:27
before you have to unload.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื.
02:29
And this is what they unloaded for me:
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืคืจืงื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
02:31
I had four yak loads of medical supplies,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืืจื‘ืข ื™ืืงื™ื ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืงื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช,
02:33
which are dumped in a tent,
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ืฉื ื–ืจืงื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ื”ืœ.
02:35
and here I am trying to arrange things.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:38
This was our expedition.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:40
It was a National Geographic expedition,
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ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’`ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง,
02:42
but it was organized by The Explorers Club.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื” ืข"ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื.
02:44
There were three other expeditions on the mountain,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• 3 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ,
02:46
an American team, a New Zealand team
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื™ื•ื–ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืช,
02:48
and an IMAX team.
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช IMAX
02:52
And, after actually two months of preparation,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื•ืช,
02:55
we built our camps all the way up the mountain.
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ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ.
02:58
This is a view looking up the icefall,
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ืžืคืœ ื”ืงืจื—.
03:00
the first 2,000 feet of the climb
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700 ืžื˜ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก
03:02
up from base camp.
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
03:05
And here's a picture in the icefall;
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ื•ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืœ ื”ืงืจื—.
03:07
it's a waterfall, but it's frozen, but it moves very slowly,
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ื–ื” ืžืคืœ ืžื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืงืคื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื–ื– ืžืžืฉ ืœืื˜,
03:10
and it actually changes every day.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
03:12
When you're in it, you're like a rat in a maze;
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืืชื” ื›ืžื• ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืš
03:14
you can't even see over the top.
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ืืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืฆื”.
03:17
This is near the top of the icefall.
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœ.
03:19
You want to climb through at night when the ice is frozen.
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืคืก ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืงืจื— ืงืคื•ื.
03:22
That way, it's less likely to tumble down on you.
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ื›ื›ื”, ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืขืœื™ืš.
03:24
These are some climbers reaching the top of the icefall just at sun-up.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงืฆื” ืžืคืœ ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืจื™ื—ื”.
03:30
This is me crossing a crevasse.
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ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงื™ืข.
03:32
We cross on aluminum ladders with safety ropes attached.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืขื ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื•ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื.
03:37
That's another crevasse.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืงื™ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ.
03:39
Some of these things are 10 stories deep or more,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 10 ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:41
and one of my climbing friends says that
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืื•ืžืจ
03:43
the reason we actually climb at night
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ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
03:45
is because if we ever saw the bottom
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช
03:47
of what we're climbing over,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื”ื,
03:49
we would never do it.
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ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื.
03:52
Okay. This is Camp One.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืžื—ื ื” 1.
03:54
It's the first flat spot you can reach
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ื–ื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”
03:56
after you get up to the top of the icefall.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขืช ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืคืœ ื”ืงืจื—.
03:59
And from there we climb up to Camp Two,
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ื•ืžืฉื ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื—ื ื” 2,
04:02
which is sort of the foreground.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช.
04:04
These are climbers moving up the Lhotse face,
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ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื˜,
04:06
that mountain toward Camp Three.
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ื”ื”ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžื—ื ื” 3.
04:08
They're on fixed ropes here.
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ื”ื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื.
04:10
A fall here, if you weren't roped in,
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ื ืคื™ืœื” ืคื” ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ,
04:12
would be 5,000 feet down.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื ืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืง"ืž ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืžื˜ื”
04:16
This is a view taken from camp three.
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืžืžื—ื ื” 3.
04:18
You can see the Lhotse face is in profile,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืคื ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ.
04:20
it's about a 45 degree angle. It takes two days to climb it,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืฉืœ 45 ืžืขืœื•ืช. ืœื•ืงื— ื™ื•ืžื™ื ืœื˜ืคืก ืื•ืชื•.
04:23
so you put the camp halfway through.
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ืื– ืืชื” ืฉื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ืจืš.
04:25
If you notice, the summit of Everest is black.
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ืื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื”ืคืกื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜ ืฉื—ื•ืจื”.
04:27
There's no ice over it.
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ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื— ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืื•ืชื”.
04:29
And that's because Everest is so high,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
04:31
it's in the jet stream,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ืจื ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ,
04:33
and winds are constantly scouring the face,
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ื•ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืžืฆื—ืฆื—ื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
04:35
so no snow gets to accumulate.
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉืฉืœื’ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ.
04:37
What looks like a cloud behind the summit ridge
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ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืขื ื ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืจื›ืก ื”ืคืกื’ื”
04:39
is actually snow being blown off the summit.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœื’ ืฉืžื•ืขืฃ ืžื”ืคืกื’ื”.
04:45
This is on the way up from Camp Three to Camp Four,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืžื—ื ื” 3 ืœืžื—ื ื” 4,
04:47
moving in, up through the clouds.
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ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื ื ื™ื.
04:52
And this is at Camp Four.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื ื” 4.
04:54
Once you get to Camp Four, you have maybe 24 hours
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ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ื ื” 4 ื™ืฉ ืœืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช
04:57
to decide if you're going to go for the summit or not.
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ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขื ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื’ื” ืื• ืœื.
04:59
Everybody's on oxygen, your supplies are limited,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ. ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœืš ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช,
05:02
and you either have to go up or go down,
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืื• ื™ื•ืจื“,
05:04
make that decision very quickly.
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ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
05:07
This is a picture of Rob Hall.
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืœ
05:09
He was the leader of the New Zealand team.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ื™ื•ื–ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืช
05:11
This is a radio he used later to call his wife
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืขื ืืฉืชื•.
05:13
that I'll tell you about.
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ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
05:17
These are some climbers waiting to go to the summit.
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ืืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืฉืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืคืกื’ื”.
05:19
They're up at Camp Four, and you can see that there's wind blowing off the summit.
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ื”ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” 4 ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืจื•ื— ืฉื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืžื”ืคืกื’ื”.
05:22
This is not good weather to climb in,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื˜ืคืก ื‘ื•,
05:24
so the climbers are just waiting, hoping that the wind's going to die down.
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ืื– ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื—ื›ื™ื, ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ืชืจื’ืข.
05:29
And, in fact, the wind does die down at night.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื•ื— ื ืจื’ืขืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
05:31
It becomes very calm, there's no wind at all.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉืช ืจื’ื•ืขื” ืžืื“. ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื— ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
05:33
This looks like a good chance to go for the summit.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืกื’ื”.
05:36
So here are some climbers starting out for the summit
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืคืกื’ื”
05:38
on what's called the Triangular Face.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื”ืžืคื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ"
05:40
It's the first part of climb.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก.
05:42
It's done in the dark, because it's actually less steep than what comes next,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืœื•ืœ ืžืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืื—"ื›,
05:44
and you can gain daylight hours if you do this in the dark.
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืฉืขื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื”.
05:48
So that's what happened.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
05:50
The climbers got on the southeast ridge.
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ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืจื›ืก ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
05:52
This is the view looking at the southeast ridge.
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ื–ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
05:54
The summit would be in the foreground.
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ื”ืคืกื’ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
05:56
From here, it's about 1,500 feet
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ืžืคื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 500 ืžื˜ืจ
05:59
up at a 30-degree angle to the summit.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืžืขืœื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ืคืกื’ื”.
06:04
But what happened that year was
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”
06:06
the wind suddenly and unexpectedly picked up.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื”.
06:08
A storm blew in that no one was anticipating.
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ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฆืคื”.
06:11
You can see here some ferocious winds
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช
06:13
blowing snow way high off the summit.
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ืžืขื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื’ ืžื”ืคืกื’ื”.
06:16
And there were climbers on that summit ridge.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืขืœ ืจื›ืก ื”ืคืกื’ื”.
06:20
This is a picture of me in that area
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ
06:22
taken a year before,
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ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™,
06:24
and you can see I've got an oxygen mask on
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืกื›ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ
06:27
with a rebreather.
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ืขื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื— ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
06:29
I have an oxygen hose connected here.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืคื”.
06:31
You can see on this climber, we have two oxygen tanks in the backpack --
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืก ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ื’ื‘,
06:34
little titanium tanks, very lightweight --
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ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ื•ื,ืžืื“ ืงืœื™ื.
06:36
and we're not carrying much else.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ืœื ืกื—ื‘ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื•ื.
06:38
This is all you've got. You're very exposed on the summit ridge.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš. ืืชื” ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืจื›ืก ื”ืคืกื’ื”.
06:41
OK, this is a view taken on the summit ridge itself.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืžืจื›ืก ื”ืคืกื’ื”.
06:44
This is on the way toward the summit,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืคืกื’ื”.
06:46
on that 1,500-foot bridge.
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ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• 500 ืžื˜ืจื™ื
06:49
All the climbers here are climbing unroped,
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ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื,
06:51
and the reason is because
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
06:53
the drop off is so sheer on either side
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ืฉื ืคื™ืœื” ืžื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืจื™ืคื”,
06:55
that if you were roped to somebody,
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ืฉืื ืืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ,
06:57
you'd wind up just pulling them off with you.
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ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืชืš ื‘ื ืคื™ืœื”.
06:59
So each person climbs individually.
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื˜ืคืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™.
07:01
And it's not a straight path at all,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืจื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
07:04
it's very difficult climbing,
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ื–ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืžืื“ ืงืฉื”,
07:07
and there's always the risk
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
07:09
of falling on either side.
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ืฉืœ ื ืคื™ืœื” ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
07:11
If you fall to your left, you're going to fall
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ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืฉืžืืœ ืืชื” ืชื™ืคื•ืœ
07:13
8,000 feet into Nepal;
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2400 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœื ืืคืœ.
07:15
if you fall to your right,
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ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ืคืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ
07:17
you're going to fall 12,000 feet into Tibet.
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ืืชื” ืชื™ืคื•ืœ 4000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื˜.
07:20
So it's probably better to fall into Tibet
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื˜
07:22
because you'll live longer.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืชื—ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:29
But, either way, you fall for the rest of your life.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืืชื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ืš.
07:33
OK. Those climbers were up near the summit,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื’ื”,
07:35
along that summit ridge that you see up there,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืจื›ืก ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
07:39
and I was down here in Camp Three.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœืžื˜ื”, ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ.
07:41
My expedition was down in Camp Three,
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ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
07:44
while these guys were up there in the storm.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื”.
07:46
The storm was so fierce that we had to lay,
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ื”ืกื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื‘
07:49
fully dressed, fully equipped,
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ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื ื•,
07:51
laid out on the tent floor
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ืœืฉื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœ
07:53
to stop the tent from blowing off the mountain.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืื•ื”ืœ ืœืขื•ืฃ ืžื”ืžืงื•ื.
07:55
It was the worst winds I've ever seen.
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ื“ื™.
07:57
And the climbers up on the ridge
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ืก
08:00
were that much higher, 2,000 feet higher,
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, 700 ืžื˜ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื,
08:02
and completely exposed to the elements.
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ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืื™ืชื ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
08:06
We were in radio contact with some of them.
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ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืจื“ื™ื• ืขื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื.
08:08
This is a view taken along the summit ridge.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ืจื›ืก ื”ืคืกื’ื”.
08:11
Rob Hall, we heard by radio,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืœ, ืฉืžืขื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•,
08:13
was up here, at this point in the storm
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ื”ื™ื” ืคื” ืœืžืขืœื”,ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื”
08:16
with Doug Hansen.
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ืขื ื“ืื’ ื”ื ืกืŸ.
08:18
And we heard that Rob was OK,
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
08:20
but Doug was too weak to come down.
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ื•ื“ืื’ ื—ืœืฉ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืžื˜ื”.
08:22
He was exhausted, and Rob was staying with him.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืฉ, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื ืฉืืจ ืื™ืชื•.
08:26
We also got some bad news in the storm
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ื’ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื”
08:28
that Beck Weathers, another climber,
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ื‘ืืง ื•ื•ื“ืืจื–,ืžื˜ืคืก ื ื•ืกืฃ,
08:31
had collapsed in the snow and was dead.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืฉืœื’ ื•ืžืช.
08:34
There were still 18 other climbers
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ื”ื™ื• 18 ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
08:36
that we weren't aware of their condition.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื
08:40
They were lost. There was total confusion on the mountain;
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื . ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ.
08:44
all the stories were confusing, most of them were conflicting.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื ืกืชืจื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:47
We really had no idea what was going on during that storm.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกื•ืคื”.
08:50
We were just hunkered down
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ืœืจืฆืคื”
08:52
in our tents at Camp Three.
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ื‘ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ.
08:54
Our two strongest climbers, Todd Burleson and Pete Athans,
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ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•,ื˜ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืจืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ื˜ ืื˜ืื ืก,
08:57
decided to go up to try to rescue who they could
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื˜ืคืก ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ
09:00
even though there was a ferocious storm going.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื•ืคื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœื”.
09:03
They tried to radio a message to Rob Hall,
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ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืฉื“ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืœ,
09:06
who was a superb climber
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืคืก ืžืขื•ืœื”
09:09
stuck, sort of, with a weak climber
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ืชืงื•ืข ืขื ืžื˜ืคืก ื—ืœืฉ
09:11
up near the summit.
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื’ื”.
09:13
I expected them to say to Rob,
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ืื ื™ ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืจื•ื‘,
09:15
"Hold on. We're coming."
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"ื”ื—ื–ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื™ื"
09:18
But in fact, what they said was,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืืžืจื• ื”ื™ื”
09:21
"Leave Doug and come down yourself.
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"ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื“ืื’ ื•ื‘ื•ื ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืš.
09:23
There's no chance of saving him,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•,
09:25
and just try to save yourself at this point."
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื ืกื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš."
09:29
And Rob got that message,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื–ืืช,
09:31
but his answer was,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื”
09:34
"We're both listening."
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"ืฉื ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื."
09:40
Todd and Pete got up to the summit ridge, up in here,
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ื˜ื•ื“ ื•ืคื™ื˜ ืขืœื• ืœืจื›ืก ื”ืคืกื’ื”
09:43
and it was a scene of complete chaos up there.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืื•ืก ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืžืขืœื”.
09:47
But they did what they could to stabilize the people.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื.
09:50
I gave them radio advice from Camp Three,
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ื ืชืชื™ ืœื”ื ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืžื—ื ื” 3.
09:53
and we sent down the climbers that could make it down
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ื•ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืจื“ืช ืœืžื˜ื”
09:56
under their own power.
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ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื.
09:58
The ones that couldn't we just sort of decided to leave up at Camp Four.
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ืืœื• ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” 4.
10:01
So the climbers were coming down along this route.
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
10:03
This is taken from Camp Three, where I was.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืžืžื—ื ื” 3, ืžืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™.
10:06
And they all came by me
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคื ื™
10:08
so I could take a look at them and see what I could do for them,
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
10:12
which is really not much, because Camp Three
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื—ื ื” 3
10:14
is a little notch cut in the ice
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื—
10:16
in the middle of a 45-degree angle.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืฉืœ 45 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
10:18
You can barely stand outside the tent.
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ืืชื” ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื•ื”ืœ.
10:20
It's really cold; it's 24,000 feet.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืจ ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 8000 ืžื˜ืจ
10:22
The only supplies I had at that altitude
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ื”ืืคืกืงื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื”
10:24
were two plastic bags
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืชื™ ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
10:26
with preloaded syringes
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ืขื ืžื–ืจืงื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ
10:28
of painkiller and steroids.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื
10:31
So, as the climbers came by me,
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ืื– ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืœืคื ื™,
10:33
I sort of assessed whether or not they were in condition
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื”ืื ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
10:35
to continue on further down.
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจื“ืช ืœืžื˜ื”.
10:37
The ones that weren't that lucid or were not that well coordinated,
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ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืœื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
10:40
I would give an injection of steroids
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ื ืชืชื™ ื–ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื
10:43
to try to give them some period
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ
10:45
of lucidity and coordination
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ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื”
10:47
where they could then work their way further down the mountain.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื”ืจ.
10:50
It's so awkward to work up there that sometimes
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืš ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื
10:52
I even gave the injections right through their clothes.
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ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืชืชื™ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื™ืฉืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
10:54
It was just too hard to maneuver
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืœืชืžืจืŸ
10:57
any other way up there.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”.
10:59
While I was taking care of them,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืœืชื™ ื‘ื”ื,
11:01
we got more news about Rob Hall.
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ืงื‘ืœื ื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืœ.
11:03
There was no way we could get up high enough to rescue him.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืœื” ืœื—ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื•.
11:07
He called in to say that he was alone now.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
11:10
Apparently, Doug had died higher up on the mountain.
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื“ืื’ ืžืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ.
11:13
But Rob was now too weak to come down himself,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืฉ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื“ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
11:16
and with the fierce winds and up at that altitude,
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ื•ืขื ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื–ื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”
11:19
he was just beyond rescue
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ
11:21
and he knew it.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื–ื”.
11:23
At that point, he asked
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ
11:25
to be paged into his wife.
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ืฉื™ื—ื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืืฉืชื•.
11:27
He was carrying a radio.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื ืืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ.
11:29
His wife was home in New Zealand,
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ืืฉืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“,
11:31
seven months pregnant with their first child,
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ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืขื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
11:34
and Rob asked to be patched into her. That was done,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉื™ื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ื ื”ื. ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืฆืข.
11:37
and Rob and his wife
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ืจื•ื‘ ื•ืืฉืชื•
11:39
had their last conversation.
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ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
11:41
They picked the name for their baby.
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื”ื.
11:43
Rob then signed off,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื ืขืœื ืžื”ืงืฉืจ,
11:45
and that was the last we ever heard of him.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืžืžื ื•.
11:50
I was faced with treating a lot of critically ill patients
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ืื ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ืชื™ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™
11:53
at 24,000 feet,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 8000 ืžื˜ืจ,
11:55
which was an impossibility.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
11:57
So what we did was, we got the victims
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื
11:59
down to 21,000 feet, where it was easier for me to treat them.
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 7000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื.
12:02
This was my medical kit.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
12:04
It's a tackle box filled with medical supplies.
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ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื•ืคืกื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืจืคื•ืื™.
12:07
This is what I carried up the mountain.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉืกื—ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื”ืจ.
12:10
I had more supplies lower down,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ืืกืคืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื˜ื”,
12:12
which I asked to be brought up to meet me at the lower camp.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ืขืœื• ืœื™ ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ.
12:15
And this was scene at the lower camp.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืจืื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ.
12:17
The survivors came in one by one.
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“.
12:20
Some of them were hypothermic,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื™ืคื•ืชืจืžื™ื”,
12:22
some of them were frostbitten, some were both.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจ, ื—ืœืง ื’ื ื•ื’ื.
12:25
What we did was try to warm them up as best we could,
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•,
12:28
put oxygen on them and try to revive them,
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ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืงืฆืช ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:31
which is difficult to do at 21,000 feet,
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 7000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
12:34
when the tent is freezing.
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ืฉื”ืื•ื”ืœ ืงืคื•ื
12:38
This is some severe frostbite on the feet,
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ืืœื• ื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื,
12:41
severe frostbite on the nose.
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ื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืฃ.
12:47
This climber was snow blind.
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ื”ืžื˜ืคืก ื”ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ืฉืœื’.
12:49
As I was taking care of these climbers,
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
12:51
we got a startling experience.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
12:56
Out of nowhere, Beck Weathers,
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ืคืชืื•ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื, ื‘ืืง ื•ื•ื“ืจื–
12:58
who we had already been told was dead,
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืช,
13:01
stumbled into the tent,
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ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื”ืœ,
13:04
just like a mummy, he walked into the tent.
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ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืžื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื”ืœ.
13:07
I expected him to be incoherent,
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ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ,
13:09
but, in fact, he walked into the tent and said to me,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืขื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™,
13:11
"Hi, Ken. Where should I sit?"
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"ื”ื™ ืงืŸ. ืื™ืคื” ืœืฉื‘ืช?"
13:14
And then he said,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
13:16
"Do you accept my health insurance?"
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"ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™?"
13:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:20
He really said that.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
13:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:24
So he was completely lucid, but he was very severely frostbitten.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืœื•ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื ื›ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืžื”ืงื•ืจ.
13:27
You can see his hand is completely white;
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™,
13:29
his face, his nose, is burned.
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ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื• ืฉืจื•ืคื™ื.
13:31
First, it turns white, and then when it's completed necrosis,
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ื”ืคืš ืœืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
13:34
it turns black, and then it falls off.
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ื–ื” ื ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื ื•ืคืœ.
13:37
It's the last stage, just like a scar.
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ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฆืœืงืช.
13:39
So, as I was taking care of Beck,
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืืง,
13:41
he related what had been going on up there.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื” ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื”ืจ.
13:43
He said he had gotten lost in the storm,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืคื”,
13:46
collapsed in the snow,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืฉืœื’,
13:48
and just laid there, unable to move.
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื›ื‘ ืฉื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื–ื•ื–.
13:50
Some climbers had come by and looked at him,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืื• ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื•,
13:53
and he heard them say, "He's dead."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืื•ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื”ื•ื ืžืช".
13:57
But Beck wasn't dead; he heard that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืง ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื–ื”,
14:00
but he was completely unable to move.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื–ื•ื–.
14:02
He was in some sort of catatonic state
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงื˜ื˜ื•ื ื™,
14:04
where he could be aware of his surroundings,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•,
14:06
but couldn't even blink to indicate that he was alive.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืฆืžืฅ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™.
14:09
So the climbers passed him by,
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ืื– ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื—ืœืคื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•,
14:12
and Beck lay there for a day, a night
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ื•ื‘ืืง ืฉื›ื‘ ืฉื ื™ื•ื, ืœื™ืœื”,
14:15
and another day,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื,
14:17
in the snow.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื’.
14:19
And then he said to himself,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•,
14:21
"I don't want to die.
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžื•ืช.
14:23
I have a family to come back to."
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”"
14:25
And the thoughts of his family,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื•,
14:27
his kids and his wife,
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ืืฉืชื•,
14:29
generated enough energy,
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
14:32
enough motivation in him,
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•,
14:34
so that he actually got up.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื•ื.
14:36
After laying in the snow that long a time,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื’ ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš,
14:38
he got up and found his way back to the camp.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื ื•ืžืฆื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื—ื ื”.
14:42
And Beck told me that story very quietly,
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ื•ื‘ืืง ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืงื˜,
14:44
but I was absolutely stunned by it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ื”ืžื•ื ืžืžื ื•.
14:47
I couldn't imagine anybody laying in the snow
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื’
14:49
that long a time
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ืœื–ืžืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืืจื•ืš
14:51
and then getting up.
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ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื•ื.
14:53
He apparently reversed
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืคืš
14:55
an irreversible hypothermia.
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ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืจืžื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื”.
14:58
And I can only try to speculate
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื ื—ืฉ
15:01
on how he did it.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
15:03
So, what if we had Beck
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื‘ืืง
15:05
hooked up to a SPECT scan,
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ
15:07
something that could actually measure brain function?
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช.
15:12
Just very simply, the three parts of the brain:
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืžื•ื—:
15:15
the frontal lobe, where you focus
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ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืื™ืคื” ืฉืืชื” ืžืจื›ื–
15:17
your attention and concentration;
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ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœืš ื•ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–,
15:19
you have the temporal lobe,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ืžืคื•ืจืœื™ืช
15:21
where you form images and keep memories;
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
15:23
and the posterior part of your brain,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
15:25
which contains the cerebellum, which controls motion;
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”,
15:27
and the brain stem,
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ื•ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—,
15:29
where you have your basic maintenance functions,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
15:31
like heartbeat and respiration.
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ืคืง ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
15:33
So let's take a cut through the brain here,
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ืื– ื‘ื• ื ืงื— ื—ืชืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืืŸ,
15:36
and imagine that Beck
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ื•ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืง
15:38
was hooked up to a SPECT scan.
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืกื•ืจืง ืžื•ื—.
15:40
This measures dynamic blood flow
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ื“ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื“ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช
15:42
and therefore energy flow within the brain.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
15:44
So you have the prefrontal cortex here,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื”ืงื“ืžื™
15:46
lighting up in red.
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ืžื•ืืจ ื‘ืื“ื•ื.
15:48
This is a pretty evenly distributed scan.
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ื–ื” ืกืจื™ืงื” ืžืคื•ืœื’ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ื“.
15:50
You have the middle area,
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™,
15:52
where the temporal lobe might be, in here,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ืžืคื•ืจืœื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช
15:54
and the posterior portion, where the maintenance functions are in the back.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”
15:57
This is a roughly normal scan,
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ื–ื” ืกืจื™ืงื” ื“ื™ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช,
15:59
showing equal distribution of energy.
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ืฉืžืจืื” ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
16:03
Now, you go to this one and you see how much more
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื”
16:06
the frontal lobes are lighting up.
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ื”ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืืจื•ืช.
16:08
This might be what Beck would be experiencing
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืง ื—ื•ื•ื”
16:10
when he realizes he's in danger.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
16:12
He's focusing all his attention
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ื”ื•ื ืจื™ื›ื– ืืช ื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื•
16:14
on getting himself out of trouble.
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ื‘ืœื”ื—ืœืฅ ืžืกื›ื ื”.
16:16
These parts of the brain are quieting down.
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืชืชืงื™ื.
16:19
He's not thinking about his family or anybody else at this point,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื• ืื• ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
16:22
and he's working pretty hard.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื“ื™ ืงืฉื”.
16:24
He's trying to get his muscles going and get out of this.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ืœื”ื—ืœืฅ ืžื–ื”.
16:30
OK, but he's losing ground here.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—.
16:33
He's running out of energy.
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ื ื’ืžืจืช ืœื• ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
16:35
It's too cold; he can't keep his metabolic fires going,
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ืงืจ ืžื™ื“ื™. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
16:38
and, you see, there's no more red here;
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื“ื•ื ื›ืืŸ.
16:40
his brain is quieting down.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื ื›ื‘ื”.
16:42
He's collapsed in the snow here. Everything is quiet,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืžื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืฉืœื’. ื”ื›ืœ ืฉืงื˜.
16:44
there's very little red anywhere.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืื“ื•ื.
16:47
Beck is powering down.
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ื‘ืืง ื ื›ื‘ื”.
16:49
He's dying.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืกืก.
16:53
You go on to the next scan,
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
16:55
but, in Beck's case,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืืง,
16:57
you can see that the middle part of his brain
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
16:59
is beginning to light up again.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ืœืง ืฉื•ื‘.
17:02
He's beginning to think about his family.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื•.
17:04
He's beginning to have images
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
17:06
that are motivating him to get up.
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœืงื•ื.
17:08
He's developing energy in this area
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืชื— ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ
17:10
through thought.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
17:12
And this is how he's going to turn thought
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—
17:15
back into action.
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
17:18
This part of the brain is called the anterior cingulate gyrus.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื ืงืจื ื”ื’'ื™ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื ื™.
17:20
It's an area in which
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ื–ื” ืื–ื•ืจ
17:22
a lot of neuroscientists believe
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ื•ืจื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
17:25
the seat of will exists.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ.
17:27
This is where people make decisions, where they develop willpower.
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ื–ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืจืฆื•ืŸ.
17:30
And, you can see, there's an energy flow
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
17:32
going from the mid portion of his brain,
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ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืžื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
17:34
where he's got images of his family,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืชืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื•,
17:36
into this area, which is powering his will.
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ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืคืชื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ.
17:41
Okay. This is getting stronger and stronger
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื—ื–ืง
17:43
to the point where it's actually
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ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช
17:45
going to be a motivating factor.
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
17:47
He's going to develop enough energy in that area --
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืคืชื— ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
17:49
after a day, a night and a day --
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ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื, ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื,
17:51
to actually motivate himself to get up.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœืงื•ื.
17:57
And you can see here,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
17:59
he's starting to get more energy into the frontal lobe.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื™ืช.
18:01
He's beginning to focus, he can concentrate now.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
18:04
He's thinking about what he's got to do to save himself.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
18:06
So this energy has been transmitted
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ืื– ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื‘ืจื”
18:08
up toward the front of his brain,
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ื™ืฉืจ ืžืงื“ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื—,
18:10
and it's getting quieter down here,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืŸ,
18:12
but he's using this energy
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
18:14
to think about what he has to do to get himself going.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื•ื–.
18:17
And then, that energy is sort of spreading
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ื•ืื– ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชืคื–ืจืช
18:20
throughout his thought areas.
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื•.
18:22
He's not thinking about his family now, and he's getting himself motivated.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”.
18:25
This is the posterior part, where his muscles are going to be moving,
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™, ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
18:28
and he's going to be pacing himself.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืฆืขื™ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
18:30
His heart and lungs are going to pick up speed.
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ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืชืื•ืฆื”.
18:33
So this is what I can speculate might have been going on
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
18:36
had we been able to do a SPECT scan on Beck
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืกื•ืจืง ืžื•ื— ืœื‘ืืง
18:39
during this survival epic.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
18:43
So here I am taking care of Beck at 21,000 feet,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื™ ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืืง ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 7000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
18:46
and I felt what I was doing was completely trivial
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
18:49
compared to what he had done for himself.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.
18:51
It just shows you what the power of the mind can do.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžื” ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
18:56
He was critically ill, there were other critically ill patients;
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™, ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
18:58
luckily, we were able to get a helicopter
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืกื•ืง
19:00
in to rescue these guys.
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ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืœื”.
19:03
A helicopter came in at 21,000 feet
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ืžืกื•ืง ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 7000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื
19:06
and carried out the highest helicopter rescue in history.
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ื•ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
19:10
It was able to land on the ice, take away Beck
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ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—, ืœืงื— ืืช ื‘ืืง
19:12
and the other survivors, one by one,
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ื•ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™
19:15
and get them off to Kathmandu in a clinic
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ืœืžืจืคืื”
19:18
before we even got back to base camp.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก.
19:21
This is a scene at base camp,
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ื–ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก.
19:23
at one of the camps
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช
19:25
where some of the climbers were lost.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•
19:27
And we had a memorial service there
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ื•ืขืจื›ื ื• ื˜ืงืก ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื
19:29
a few days later.
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
19:31
These are Serphas lighting juniper branches.
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ืืœื” ืฉืจืคื•ืช ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจืขืจ.
19:34
They believe juniper smoke is holy.
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ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืจืขืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื“ื•ืฉ.
19:37
And the climbers stood around on the high rocks
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ื•ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
19:41
and spoke of the climbers who were lost
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ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืฉืื‘ื“ื•
19:44
up near the summit,
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื’ื”
19:46
turning to the mountain, actually, to talk to them directly.
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ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื ื• ืืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
19:51
There were five climbers lost here.
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ื›ืืŸ ื—ืกืจื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื.
19:53
This was Scott Fischer,
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ื–ื” ืกืงื•ื˜ ืคื™ืฉืจ,
19:58
Rob Hall,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืœ,
20:00
Andy Harris,
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ืื ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ืก
20:02
Doug Hansen
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ื“ืื’ ื”ื ืกืŸ,
20:04
and Yasuko Namba.
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ื•ื™ืืกื•ืงื• ื ืืžื‘ื”.
20:06
And one more climber
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื˜ืคืก ืื—ื“
20:08
should have died that day, but didn't,
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ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆืœ
20:11
and that's Beck Weathers.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืง ื•ื•ื“ืจื–.
20:14
He was able to survive
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืจื•ื“
20:16
because he was able to generate that incredible willpower,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื›ื•ื— ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืก,
20:19
he was able to use all the power of his mind
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื•
20:22
to save himself.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
20:25
These are Tibetan prayer flags.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื“ื’ืœื™ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื.
20:27
These Sherpas believe that
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ื”ืฉืจืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
20:29
if you write prayers on these flags,
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ืฉืื ืืชื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
20:31
the message will be carried up to the gods,
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ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืชื ืฉื ืœืืœื™ื,
20:34
and that year, Beck's message was answered.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืืง ื ืขื ืชื”.
20:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
20:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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