Charles Leadbeater: The era of open innovation

126,891 views ใƒป 2008-04-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ofer Eyal ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:25
What I'm going to do, in the spirit of collaborative creativity,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช,
00:28
is simply repeat many of the points
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
00:31
that the three people before me have already made,
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™.
00:34
but do them --
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ืืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช --
00:36
this is called "creative collaboration;"
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช;
00:38
it's actually called "borrowing" --
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ืฉืืœื”.
00:41
but do it through a particular perspective,
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ืืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืชื•ืš ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
00:43
and that is to ask about the role of users and consumers
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื
00:46
in this emerging world of
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ
00:48
collaborative creativity
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช
00:50
that Jimmy and others have talked about.
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ืฉื’'ื™ืžื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื•.
00:53
Let me just ask you, to start with,
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืชื›ื, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคืชื™ื—,
00:55
this simple question:
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ืฉืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”:
00:57
who invented the mountain bike?
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ืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื?
00:59
Because traditional economic theory would say,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืชื˜ืขืŸ,
01:02
well, the mountain bike was probably invented by some big bike corporation
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
01:05
that had a big R&D lab
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ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— (ืžื•"ืค) ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
01:07
where they were thinking up new projects,
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ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:09
and it came out of there. It didn't come from there.
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ื•ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืฉื. ื”ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืฉื.
01:12
Another answer might be, well, it came from a sort of lone genius
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ื’ืื•ืŸ
01:15
working in his garage, who,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืจืื–' ืฉืœื•, ื•ืืฉืจ,
01:17
working away on different kinds of bikes, comes up
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืฆื™ื
01:19
with a bike out of thin air.
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ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืŸ.
01:21
It didn't come from there. The mountain bike
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืฉื. ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื
01:23
came from users, came from young users,
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื; ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
01:27
particularly a group in Northern California,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” [ืืจื”"ื‘],
01:29
who were frustrated with traditional racing bikes,
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ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืืฉื• ืžืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
01:32
which were those sort of bikes that Eddy Merckx rode,
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ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืื“ื™ ืžืจืงืก [ืื’ื“ืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื’ื™ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื” 70], ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
01:35
or your big brother, and they're very glamorous.
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ืื• ืœืืœื• ืฉืื—ื™ืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืคื•ืคื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ.
01:37
But also frustrated with the bikes that your dad rode,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ื•ืืฉื• ื’ื ืžื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื‘ื™ืš ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
01:40
which sort of had big handlebars like that, and they were too heavy.
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ืขื ื”ื›ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™.
01:43
So, they got the frames from these big bikes,
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ืื– ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
01:45
put them together with the gears from the racing bikes,
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ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ,
01:48
got the brakes from motorcycles,
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ื•ืœื‘ืœืžื™ื ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืžืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื,
01:52
and sort of mixed and matched various ingredients.
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ื•ืจืงื—ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืกืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:54
And for the first, I don't know, three to five years of their life,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
01:57
mountain bikes were known as "clunkers."
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ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื• ื‘ืฉื "ื˜ืจื ื˜ื•ืช."
01:59
And they were just made in a community of bikers,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
02:02
mainly in Northern California.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
02:04
And then one of these companies that was importing parts
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ื•ืื–, ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื‘ืื• ื—ืœืคื™ื
02:07
for the clunkers decided to set up in business,
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ืœืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื ื˜ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืขืกืง
02:09
start selling them to other people,
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
02:11
and gradually another company emerged out of that, Marin,
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ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฆืฆื”, ืžืจื™ืŸ ืฉืžื”,
02:14
and it probably was, I don't know,
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืขื•ื“, ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข,
02:16
10, maybe even 15, years,
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10, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• 15 ืฉื ื™ื,
02:18
before the big bike companies
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
02:20
realized there was a market.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ืง.
02:22
Thirty years later,
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30 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
02:24
mountain bike sales
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ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืจื™ื,
02:26
and mountain bike equipment
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ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืจื™ื,
02:28
account for 65 percent of bike sales in America.
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ืžื”ื•ื•ืช 65 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืกืš ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
02:30
That's 58 billion dollars.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ 58 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
02:33
This is a category entirely created by consumers
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื,
02:36
that would not have been created by the mainstream bike market
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
02:39
because they couldn't see the need,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš,
02:41
the opportunity;
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ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช,
02:43
they didn't have the incentive to innovate.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื—ื“ืฉ.
02:46
The one thing I think I disagree with
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ื“, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื
02:48
about Yochai's presentation
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ืžืฆื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื—ืื™,
02:50
is when he said the Internet causes
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืจืฉืช ืžืคื™ื—ื” ื—ื™ื™ื
02:52
this distributive capacity for innovation to come alive.
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช.
02:55
It's when the Internet combines
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืช
02:58
with these kinds of passionate pro-am consumers --
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื-ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื --
03:01
who are knowledgeable; they've got the incentive to innovate;
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ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืฉ,
03:04
they've got the tools; they want to --
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ --
03:06
that you get this kind of explosion
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ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”
03:08
of creative collaboration.
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ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช.
03:11
And out of that, you get the need for the kind of things
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš, ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
03:14
that Jimmy was talking about, which is our new kinds of organization,
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ืฉื’'ื™ืžื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ,
03:17
or a better way to put it:
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ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ:
03:19
how do we organize ourselves without organizations?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืืจื’ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืœื ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื?
03:22
That's now possible; you don't need an organization to be organized,
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื›ืขืช, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ,
03:26
to achieve large and complex tasks,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
03:28
like innovating new software programs.
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืืช ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื”.
03:31
So this is a huge challenge
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ื–ื”ื•, ืื ื›ืš, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืขืฆื•ื
03:34
to the way we think creativity comes about.
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ืœื“ืจืš, ืขืœ ืคื™ื”, ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจืช.
03:38
The traditional view, still enshrined
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช
03:40
in much of the way that we think about creativity
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ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช
03:43
-- in organizations, in government --
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-- ื‘ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ --
03:45
is that creativity is about special people:
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื:
03:48
wear baseball caps the wrong way round,
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ืืœื• ื”ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืš,
03:50
come to conferences like this, in special places,
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ืืœื• ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
03:53
elite universities, R&D labs in the forests, water,
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืขืœื™ืช, ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื•"ืค ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ื™ืžื™ื,
03:58
maybe special rooms in companies painted funny colors,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื,
04:01
you know, bean bags, maybe the odd table-football table.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืคึผื•ึผืคึดื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ-ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
04:05
Special people, special places, think up special ideas,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
04:08
then you have a pipeline that takes the ideas
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
04:10
down to the waiting consumers, who are passive.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื›ื™ื, ื”ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
04:14
They can say "yes" or "no" to the invention.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ "ื›ืŸ" ืื• "ืœื" ืœื”ืžืฆืื”;
04:16
That's the idea of creativity.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
04:18
What's the policy recommendation out of that
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ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”
04:20
if you're in government, or you're running a large company?
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ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื• ืฉืืช ืžื ื”ืœืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”?
04:24
More special people, more special places.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
04:27
Build creative clusters in cities;
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ื‘ื ื” ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื;
04:29
create more R&D parks, so on and so forth.
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ืฆืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืืจืงื™ ืžื•"ืค, ื•ื›ื”ื ื” ื•ื›ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:32
Expand the pipeline down to the consumers.
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ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช.
04:35
Well this view, I think, is increasingly wrong.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ - ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื–ื•, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:38
I think it's always been wrong,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”,
04:40
because I think always creativity has been highly collaborative,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืžืื“.
04:43
and it's probably been largely interactive.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืจื‘.
04:46
But it's increasingly wrong, and one of the reasons it's wrong
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ืื‘ืœ, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื’ื•ื™, ื•ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืœื›ืš
04:49
is that the ideas are flowing back up the pipeline.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ.
04:52
The ideas are coming back from the consumers,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืžื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช,
04:54
and they're often ahead of the producers.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื.
04:57
Why is that?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื›ืš?
04:59
Well, one issue
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“
05:02
is that radical innovation,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช,
05:04
when you've got ideas that
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
05:06
affect a large number of technologies or people,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื,
05:10
have a great deal of uncertainty attached to them.
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ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื™-ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
05:12
The payoffs to innovation are greatest
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ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:14
where the uncertainty is highest.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื“ืช ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืื”.
05:17
And when you get a radical innovation,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช,
05:19
it's often very uncertain how it can be applied.
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ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœื”.
05:22
The whole history of telephony
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ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื”
05:24
is a story of dealing with that uncertainty.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื–ื•.
05:28
The very first landline telephones,
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
05:30
the inventors thought
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ื”ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•
05:32
that they would be used for people to listen in
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉืžืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืฉื™ื‘ื•
05:34
to live performances
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ืœื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช
05:36
from West End theaters.
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ืžืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืื ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
05:38
When the mobile telephone companies invented SMS,
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ื›ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื” SMS
05:41
they had no idea what it was for;
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืžื” ื™ืฉืžืฉ;
05:43
it was only when that technology got into the hands
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ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื™ื“ื™
05:45
of teenage users
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื”
05:47
that they invented the use.
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ื”ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
05:49
So the more radical the innovation,
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ื›ืš, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:52
the more the uncertainty,
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ื’ื“ืœื” ื’ื ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช;
05:54
the more you need innovation in use
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ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช
05:56
to work out what a technology is for.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช.
05:59
All of our patents, our entire approach
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ื›ืœ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื•
06:02
to patents and invention, is based on the idea
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ืœืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆืื”, ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
06:05
that the inventor knows what the invention is for;
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ืฉื”ืžืžืฆื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื” ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช;
06:08
we can say what it's for.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžื” ื ื•ืขื“ื”.
06:10
More and more, the inventors of things
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
06:12
will not be able to say that in advance.
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ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช ืžืจืืฉ.
06:14
It will be worked out in use,
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ื–ื” ื™ืชืคืชื— ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
06:16
in collaboration with users.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:19
We like to think that invention is
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื™ื
06:21
a sort of moment of creation:
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”:
06:24
there is a moment of birth when someone comes up with an idea.
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ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื•ืจื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
06:27
The truth is that most creativity
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช
06:30
is cumulative and collaborative;
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ื”ื™ื ื ืฆื‘ืจืช ื•ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช,
06:32
like Wikipedia, it develops over a long period of time.
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ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ.
06:37
The second reason why users are more and more important
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
06:40
is that they are the source of big, disruptive innovations.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช - ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
06:44
If you want to find the big new ideas,
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
06:47
it's often difficult to find them in mainstream markets,
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ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื,
06:50
in big organizations.
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ื‘ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
06:53
And just look inside large organizations
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
06:55
and you'll see why that is so.
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ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื›ืš.
06:57
So, you're in a big corporation.
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ืื–, ืืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ;
07:01
You're obviously keen to go up the corporate ladder.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื.
07:04
Do you go into your board and say,
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
07:06
"Look, I've got a fantastic idea
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ืจืื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืœื
07:08
for an embryonic product
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ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™
07:10
in a marginal market,
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ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืฉื•ืœื™,
07:12
with consumers we've never dealt with before,
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ืขื ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื™ืจืชื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
07:15
and I'm not sure it's going to have a big payoff, but it could be really, really big in the future?"
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ื™ื ื™ื‘ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“?
07:18
No, what you do, is you go in and you say,
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ืœื, ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”, ื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ืคื•ื ื” ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
07:21
"I've got a fantastic idea for an incremental innovation
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช
07:24
to an existing product we sell through existing channels
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ืžืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
07:27
to existing users, and I can guarantee
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ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
07:29
you get this much return out of it over the next three years."
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ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
07:33
Big corporations have an in-built tendency
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ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช
07:35
to reinforce past success.
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ืœื—ื–ืง ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ.
07:37
They've got so much sunk in it
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ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ,
07:39
that it's very difficult for them to spot
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
07:42
emerging new markets. Emerging new markets, then,
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ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื ื›ืŸ,
07:45
are the breeding grounds for passionate users.
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ื”ื ื›ืจื™ ื”ืžืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื.
07:48
Best example:
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”:
07:50
who in the music industry,
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ืžื™ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
07:52
30 years ago, would have said,
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ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ,
07:55
"Yes, let's invent a musical form
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"ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืžืฆื™ื ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
07:58
which is all about dispossessed black men
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืฉืœื™ื
08:01
in ghettos expressing their frustration
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ื‘ื’ื˜ืื•ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ืชื™ืกื›ื•ืœื
08:03
with the world through a form of music
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ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
08:05
that many people find initially quite difficult to listen to.
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื™ ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
08:08
That sounds like a winner; we'll go with it."
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ืฆืจ ืžื ืฆื—; ื™ืืœืœื”, ื ืœืš ืขืœ ื–ื”."
08:11
(Laughter).
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:12
So what happens? Rap music is created by the users.
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”? ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืจืืค ืžื•ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
08:15
They do it on their own tapes, with their own recording equipment;
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื;
08:18
they distribute it themselves.
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ื”ื ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
08:19
30 years later,
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30 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
08:21
rap music is the dominant musical form of popular culture --
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืจืืค ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช --
08:24
would never have come from the big companies.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
08:26
Had to start -- this is the third point --
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ -- ื•ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช --
08:29
with these pro-ams.
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ืžืื•ืชื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื-ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื.
08:31
This is the phrase that I've used in
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™
08:33
some stuff which I've done
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™
08:35
with a think tank in London called Demos,
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ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ Demos,
08:37
where we've been looking at these people who are amateurs --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื --
08:40
i.e., they do it for the love of it --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” --
08:43
but they want to do it to very high standards.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:45
And across a whole range of fields --
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื --
08:47
from software, astronomy,
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ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”,
08:51
natural sciences,
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ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
08:53
vast areas of leisure and culture
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ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื ืื™ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
08:55
like kite-surfing, so on and so forth --
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืฉืช ืงื™ื˜, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ --
08:58
you find people who want to do things because they love it,
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
09:02
but they want to do these things to very high standards.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:05
They work at their leisure, if you like.
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
09:07
They take their leisure very seriously:
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ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื–ืžื ื ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“:
09:09
they acquire skills; they invest time;
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ื”ื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื–ืžืŸ,
09:12
they use technology that's getting cheaper -- it's not just the Internet:
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœื”: ืœื ืจืง ื”ืจืฉืช;
09:15
cameras, design technology,
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ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
09:18
leisure technology, surfboards, so on and so forth.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคื ืื™, ื’ืœืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•'.
09:21
Largely through globalization,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
09:23
a lot of this equipment has got a lot cheaper.
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ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœ.
09:26
More knowledgeable consumers, more educated,
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ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื,
09:29
more able to connect with one another,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™,
09:31
more able to do things together.
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•.
09:33
Consumption, in that sense, is an expression
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ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
09:35
of their productive potential.
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ืœืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
09:37
Why, we found, people were interested in this,
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš
09:41
is that at work they don't feel very expressed.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™.
09:44
They don't feel as if they're doing something that really matters to them,
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื,
09:47
so they pick up these kinds of activities.
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ืื– ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:50
This has huge organizational implications
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช
09:52
for very large areas of life.
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ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:54
Take astronomy as an example,
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ืงื—ื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
09:57
which Yochai has already mentioned.
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ืฉื™ื•ื—ืื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ.
10:00
Twenty years ago, 30 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”, ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื”,
10:02
only big professional astronomers
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ืจืง ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื
10:05
with very big telescopes could see far into space.
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ืขื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœ.
10:09
And there's a big telescope in Northern England called Jodrell Bank,
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืœ ื‘ื ืง,
10:12
and when I was a kid, it was amazing,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
10:14
because the moon shots would take off, and this thing would move on rails.
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืœื™ืจื— ื”ืžืจื™ืื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ื– ืขืœ ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช.
10:17
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ื -- ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืื“ื™ืจ.
10:20
Now, six
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ื›ืขื˜, ืฉื™ืฉื”
10:23
amateur astronomers, working with the Internet,
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืจืฉืช,
10:25
with Dobsonian digital telescopes --
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ืขื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื“ื‘ืกื•ื ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื --
10:27
which are pretty much open source --
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ืงื•ื“-ืคืชื•ื— --
10:30
with some light sensors
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืจ
10:32
developed over the last 10 years, the Internet --
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ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืจืฉืช --
10:34
they can do what Jodrell Bank could only do 30 years ago.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื’'ื•ืจื“ืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื”.
10:38
So here in astronomy, you have this vast explosion
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ืื– ืคื” ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื”
10:41
of new productive resources.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:43
The users can be producers.
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ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื.
10:46
What does this mean, then, for our
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ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ
10:48
organizational landscape?
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ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•?
10:50
Well, just imagine a world,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจืง ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืจื’ืข ืขื•ืœื,
10:52
for the moment, divided into two camps.
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ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช.
10:56
Over here, you've got the old, traditional corporate model:
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™.
10:59
special people, special places;
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื;
11:01
patent it, push it down the pipeline
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ื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜, ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ
11:03
to largely waiting, passive consumers.
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ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื—ื›ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
11:06
Over here, let's imagine we've got
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ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื”, ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
11:08
Wikipedia, Linux, and beyond -- open source.
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ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก, ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš - ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—.
11:12
This is open; this is closed.
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ื–ื” ืคืชื•ื—, ื–ื” ืกื’ื•ืจ;
11:14
This is new; this is traditional.
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ื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉ, ื–ื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™.
11:16
Well, the first thing you can say, I think with certainty,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช,
11:19
is what Yochai has said already --
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื—ืื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจ --
11:21
is there is a great big struggle
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืื‘ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ
11:23
between those two organizational forms.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช.
11:25
These people over there will do everything they can
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื• ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
11:28
to stop these kinds of organizations succeeding,
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ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืžืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—,
11:31
because they're threatened by them.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื ืžืื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื”ื.
11:33
And so the debates about
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™
11:36
copyright, digital rights, so on and so forth --
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ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” --
11:40
these are all about trying to stifle, in my view,
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ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื—ื ื™ืง, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
11:43
these kinds of organizations.
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ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื.
11:45
What we're seeing is a complete corruption
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืฉื—ืชื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช
11:48
of the idea of patents and copyright.
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ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
11:50
Meant to be a way to incentivize invention,
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ืืœื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
11:54
meant to be a way to orchestrate the dissemination of knowledge,
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ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืœืชื–ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ื™ื“ืข,
11:57
they are increasingly being used by large companies
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
12:00
to create thickets of patents
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื‘ืš ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
12:02
to prevent innovation taking place.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
12:04
Let me just give you two examples.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
12:07
The first is: imagine yourself going to a venture capitalist
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ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขืฆืžื›ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงืจืŸ ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
12:10
and saying, "I've got a fantastic idea.
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
12:12
I've invented this brilliant new program
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ื”ืžืฆืืชื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
12:15
that is much, much better than Microsoft Outlook."
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืืื•ื˜ืœื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜.
12:19
Which venture capitalist in their right mind is going to give you any money to set up a venture
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืงื™ืข ืฉืคื•ื™ ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœืš ื›ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื™ื–ื
12:23
competing with Microsoft, with Microsoft Outlook? No one.
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ื”ืžืชื—ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜, ื‘ืืื•ื˜ืœื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜? ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
12:26
That is why the competition with Microsoft is bound to come --
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข --
12:29
will only come --
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ืชื’ื™ืข --
12:31
from an open-source kind of project.
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ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—.
12:33
So, there is a huge competitive argument
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืœื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ
12:35
about sustaining the capacity
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ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
12:37
for open-source and consumer-driven innovation,
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื,
12:40
because it's one of the greatest
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืช
12:42
competitive levers against monopoly.
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ืžื”ืžื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื.
12:45
There'll be huge professional arguments as well.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื.
12:48
Because the professionals, over here
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื”
12:50
in these closed organizations --
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ื‘ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• --
12:52
they might be academics; they might be programmers;
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ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžืื™ื, ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื,
12:54
they might be doctors; they might be journalists --
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ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ืื• ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื --
12:57
my former profession --
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ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœื™ --
12:59
say, "No, no -- you can't trust these people over here."
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืœื, ืœื -- ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื”ื•ื."
13:03
When I started in journalism --
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช --
13:05
Financial Times, 20 years ago --
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ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื™ื ื ืฉื™ืืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก, ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื™ื --
13:09
it was very, very exciting
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“, ืžืื“ ืžืœื”ื™ื‘
13:11
to see someone reading the newspaper.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ.
13:13
And you'd kind of look over their shoulder on the Tube
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื›ื›ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืชืคื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช
13:15
to see if they were reading your article.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช, ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœืš.
13:18
Usually they were reading the share prices,
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ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช,
13:20
and the bit of the paper with your article on
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ื•ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœืš
13:22
was on the floor, or something like that,
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืฆืคื”, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื–ื”,
13:24
and you know, "For heaven's sake, what are they doing!
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, "ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉื, ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื!
13:26
They're not reading my brilliant article!"
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ื”ื ืœื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืฉืœื™!"
13:29
And we allowed users, readers,
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ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ื ื• ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื,
13:32
two places where they could contribute to the paper:
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ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืขื™ืชื•ืŸ:
13:34
the letters page, where they could write a letter in,
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ื“ืฃ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘,
13:37
and we would condescend to them, cut it in half,
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื, ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืฆื™,
13:39
and print it three days later.
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ื•ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:41
Or the op-ed page, where if they knew the editor --
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ืื• ื“ืฃ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—, ื•ื‘ื• ืื ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจืš --
13:43
had been to school with him, slept with his wife --
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ื”ื™ื• ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืื• ืฉื›ื‘ื• ืขื ืืฉืชื• --
13:45
they could write an article for the op-ed page.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืืžืจ ืœื“ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืคืชื•ื—.
13:48
Those were the two places.
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
13:50
Shock, horror: now, the readers want to be writers and publishers.
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ื”ืœื, ื—ืœื—ืœื”: ื›ืขื˜, ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ.
13:54
That's not their role; they're supposed to read what we write.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื; ื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื.
13:57
But they don't want to be journalists. The journalists think
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
13:59
that the bloggers want to be journalists;
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ืฉื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื;
14:01
they don't want to be journalists; they just want to have a voice.
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ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ื”ื ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข.
14:03
They want to, as Jimmy said, they want to have a dialogue, a conversation.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’'ื™ืžื™ ืืžืจ, ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ื“ื• ืฉื™ื—, ืฉื™ื—ื”.
14:06
They want to be part of that flow of information.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
14:10
What's happening there is that the whole domain
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืฉื ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื
14:12
of creativity is expanding.
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ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ื‘.
14:14
So, there's going to be a tremendous struggle.
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ืื–, ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื‘ืง ืื™ืชื ื™ื.
14:17
But, also, there's going to be tremendous movement
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ืื‘ืœ, ื’ื, ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื“ื™ืจื”
14:20
from the open to the closed.
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ืžื”ืคืชื•ื— ืœืกื’ื•ืจ.
14:23
What you'll see, I think, is two things that are critical,
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืชืจืื•, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
14:26
and these, I think, are two challenges
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ื•ืืœื•, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื
14:28
for the open movement.
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ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”.
14:30
The first is:
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื:
14:32
can we really survive on volunteers?
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื?
14:35
If this is so critical,
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ืื ื–ื” ื›ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™,
14:37
do we not need it funded, organized, supported
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ื”ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืชืžื™ื›ื”
14:40
in much more structured ways?
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช?
14:42
I think the idea of creating the Red Cross
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื
14:44
for information and knowledge is a fantastic idea,
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ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืœื,
14:47
but can we really organize that, just on volunteers?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื–ืืช, ืจืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื?
14:51
What kind of changes do we need in public policy
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ืืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
14:53
and funding to make that possible?
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื–ืืช ืœืืคืฉืจื™?
14:55
What's the role of the BBC,
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ืžื”ื• ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื” BBC,
14:57
for instance, in that world?
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
14:59
What should be the role of public policy?
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ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช?
15:01
And finally, what I think you will see
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืชืจืื•
15:04
is the intelligent, closed organizations
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
15:07
moving increasingly in the open direction.
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ื™ื ื•ืขื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืชื•ื—.
15:10
So it's not going to be a contest between two camps,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช,
15:13
but, in between them, you'll find all sorts of interesting places
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ืืœื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืชืžืฆืื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
15:16
that people will occupy.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชืคืกื•.
15:18
New organizational models coming about,
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ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืžื—ื•,
15:21
mixing closed and open in tricky ways.
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ืฉื™ืขืจื‘ื‘ื• ืกื’ื•ืจ ื•ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
15:24
It won't be so clear-cut; it won't be Microsoft versus Linux --
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›"ื› ื‘ืจื•ืจ; ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื ื’ื“ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก --
15:28
there'll be all sorts of things in between.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
15:30
And those organizational models, it turns out,
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืžืชื‘ืจืจ,
15:32
are incredibly powerful,
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ื”ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
15:34
and the people who can understand them
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื
15:36
will be very, very successful.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“, ืžืื“ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื.
15:38
Let me just give you one final example
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
15:41
of what that means.
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ืœืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
15:43
I was in Shanghai,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืื ื’ื—ืื™,
15:45
in an office block
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ืžืฉืจื“ื™
15:47
built on what was a rice paddy five years ago --
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ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืจ ืื•ืจื– ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื --
15:50
one of the 2,500 skyscrapers
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืž 2500 ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื™ื
15:53
they've built in Shanghai in the last 10 years.
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ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉืื ื’ื—ืื™ ื‘ 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
15:56
And I was having dinner with this guy called Timothy Chan.
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ื•ืื›ืœืชื™ ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘ ืื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื˜ื™ืžื•ืชื™ ืฆ'ืŸ.
15:59
Timothy Chan set up an Internet business
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ื˜ื™ืžื•ืชื™ ืฆ'ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื ืขืกืง ื‘ืจืฉืช
16:01
in 2000.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000.
16:03
Didn't go into the Internet, kept his money,
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ืœื ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืจืฉืช, ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื›ืกืคื•,
16:06
decided to go into computer games.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘.
16:08
He runs a company called Shanda,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืฉื ื“ื”,
16:11
which is the largest computer games company in China.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
16:15
Nine thousand servers all over China,
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9000 ืฉืจืชื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกื™ืŸ;
16:18
has 250 million subscribers.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” 250 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื.
16:22
At any one time, there are four million people playing one of his games.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื 4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•.
16:27
How many people does he employ
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืกื™ืง
16:29
to service that population?
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื–ื•?
16:32
500 people.
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500 ืื ืฉื™ื.
16:34
Well, how can he service
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ --
16:36
250 million people from 500 employees?
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250 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช 500 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื?
16:39
Because basically, he doesn't service them.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฉืจืช ืื•ืชื.
16:41
He gives them a platform;
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื”,
16:43
he gives them some rules; he gives them the tools
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืœื™ื
16:46
and then he kind of orchestrates the conversation;
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”;
16:49
he orchestrates the action.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”.
16:51
But actually, a lot of the content
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ
16:53
is created by the users themselves.
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
16:56
And it creates a kind of stickiness
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื ืืžื ื•ืช
16:58
between the community and the company
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช
17:00
which is really, really powerful.
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ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช, ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื–ืงื”.
17:02
The best measure of that: so you go into one of his games,
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื”: ืื– ืืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœื•
17:05
you create a character
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ืžื•ืช
17:07
that you develop in the course of the game.
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ืฉืืชื” ืžืคืชื— ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง
17:09
If, for some reason, your credit card bounces,
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ืื, ืžืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื”, ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœืš ื ื“ื—ื”,
17:12
or there's some other problem,
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ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืจืช,
17:14
you lose your character.
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ืืชื” ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
17:16
You've got two options.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช.
17:18
One option: you can create a new character,
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ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”,
17:21
right from scratch, but with none of the history of your player.
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ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉืœืš.
17:24
That costs about 100 dollars.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
17:26
Or you can get on a plane, fly to Shanghai,
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืœืฉืื ื’ื—ืื™,
17:29
queue up outside Shanda's offices --
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ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืฉื“ื ื” --
17:32
cost probably 600, 700 dollars --
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ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 600, 700 ื“ื•ืœืจ --
17:36
and reclaim your character, get your history back.
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ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœืš.
17:39
Every morning, there are 600 people queuing
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ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื› 600 ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ
17:41
outside their offices
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ื
17:43
to reclaim these characters. (Laughter)
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ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
17:45
So this is about companies built on communities,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช,
17:48
that provide communities with tools,
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ืฉืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื
17:51
resources, platforms in which they can share.
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ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ.
17:53
He's not open source,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—,
17:55
but it's very, very powerful.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืื“, ืžืื“ ื—ื–ืง.
17:57
So here is one of the challenges, I think,
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ืื– ื”ืจื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
18:00
for people like me, who
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ืืฉืจ
18:02
do a lot of work with government.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
18:05
If you're a games company,
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ืื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื,
18:08
and you've got a million players in your game,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœืš,
18:11
you only need one percent of them
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ืืช ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืจืง ืœืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
18:14
to be co-developers, contributing ideas,
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื-ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ืฉื™ืชืจืžื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
18:16
and you've got a development workforce
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื›ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืคืชื—
18:18
of 10,000 people.
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ืฉืœ 10,000 ืื ืฉื™ื.
18:21
Imagine you could take all the children
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
18:24
in education in Britain, and one percent of them
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื•ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
18:27
were co-developers of education.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
18:29
What would that do to the resources available
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื
18:31
to the education system?
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš?
18:33
Or if you got one percent of the patients in the NHS
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
18:36
to, in some sense, be co-producers of health.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจืื”.
18:39
The reason why --
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ื” -- ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข --
18:41
despite all the efforts to cut it down,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงืฆืฅ ื‘ื–ื”,
18:44
to constrain it, to hold it back --
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ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื”, ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” --
18:46
why these open models will still start emerging
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฆื•ืฅ
18:49
with tremendous force,
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ื‘ื›ื— ืขืฆื•ื,
18:51
is that they multiply our productive resources.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื ืžื›ืคื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
18:53
And one of the reasons they do that
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
18:55
is that they turn users into producers,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฆืจื ื™ื;
18:57
consumers into designers.
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ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
18:59
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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