Charles Leadbeater: The era of open innovation

126,891 views ใƒป 2008-04-14

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yong-Geun Song ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hugh Hyung-uk Choi
00:25
What I'm going to do, in the spirit of collaborative creativity,
0
25000
3000
์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
is simply repeat many of the points
1
28000
3000
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ ์•ž์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ ํ•œ ์„ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
00:31
that the three people before me have already made,
2
31000
3000
์ด๋ฏธ ๋ง ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
but do them --
3
34000
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด
00:36
this is called "creative collaboration;"
4
36000
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:38
it's actually called "borrowing" --
5
38000
1000
๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
but do it through a particular perspective,
6
41000
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
00:43
and that is to ask about the role of users and consumers
7
43000
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ,
00:46
in this emerging world of
8
46000
2000
Jimmy ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ง ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
00:48
collaborative creativity
9
48000
2000
์ง‘๋‹จ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
00:50
that Jimmy and others have talked about.
10
50000
3000
์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
Let me just ask you, to start with,
11
53000
2000
์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—,
00:55
this simple question:
12
55000
2000
๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋ฌป๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
who invented the mountain bike?
13
57000
2000
๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์•… ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:59
Because traditional economic theory would say,
14
59000
3000
์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ๋ผ๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ๋„
01:02
well, the mountain bike was probably invented by some big bike corporation
15
62000
3000
์‚ฐ์•…์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ ์–ด๋–ค ํฐ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ,
01:05
that had a big R&D lab
16
65000
2000
์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ€์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ,
01:07
where they were thinking up new projects,
17
67000
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ 
01:09
and it came out of there. It didn't come from there.
18
69000
3000
๊ทธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
Another answer might be, well, it came from a sort of lone genius
19
72000
3000
๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์ฒœ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
01:15
working in his garage, who,
20
75000
2000
์ฐจ๊ณ ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
01:17
working away on different kinds of bikes, comes up
21
77000
2000
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•ด์„œ ์ด ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ
01:19
with a bike out of thin air.
22
79000
2000
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋‚ด ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
It didn't come from there. The mountain bike
23
81000
2000
๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต๋„ ํ‹€๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์•…์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋Š”
01:23
came from users, came from young users,
24
83000
4000
์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
particularly a group in Northern California,
25
87000
2000
๋ถ๋ถ€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
who were frustrated with traditional racing bikes,
26
89000
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜› ๊ฒฝ๋ฅœ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ํƒ”์„ ๋ฒ•ํ•œ
01:32
which were those sort of bikes that Eddy Merckx rode,
27
92000
3000
๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์šฉ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€๊ฒจ์›Œ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:35
or your big brother, and they're very glamorous.
28
95000
2000
๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
But also frustrated with the bikes that your dad rode,
29
97000
3000
ํ•œ ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋“ค์ด ํƒ”์„ ๋ฒ•ํ•œ
01:40
which sort of had big handlebars like that, and they were too heavy.
30
100000
3000
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํฐ ํ•ธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”, ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์—๋„ ์ง€์ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
So, they got the frames from these big bikes,
31
103000
2000
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ ,
01:45
put them together with the gears from the racing bikes,
32
105000
3000
๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์šฉ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ ,
01:48
got the brakes from motorcycles,
33
108000
4000
์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด์–ด
01:52
and sort of mixed and matched various ingredients.
34
112000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์งœ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
And for the first, I don't know, three to five years of their life,
35
114000
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ฒซ ์‹œ์ ˆ - ์•„๋งˆ๋„ 3๋…„, 5๋…„ ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— -
01:57
mountain bikes were known as "clunkers."
36
117000
2000
"clunker" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์•… ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
And they were just made in a community of bikers,
37
119000
3000
๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฐ์•…์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋™ํ˜ธํšŒ์—์„œ
02:02
mainly in Northern California.
38
122000
2000
๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
And then one of these companies that was importing parts
39
124000
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘ clunker ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ•˜๋˜ ํ•œ ์—…์ฒด์—์„œ
02:07
for the clunkers decided to set up in business,
40
127000
2000
์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:09
start selling them to other people,
41
129000
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํŒ”๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
and gradually another company emerged out of that, Marin,
42
131000
3000
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํšŒ์‚ฌ - Marin - ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
and it probably was, I don't know,
43
134000
2000
์ด๊ฑด ์•„๋งˆ๋„
02:16
10, maybe even 15, years,
44
136000
2000
๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
02:18
before the big bike companies
45
138000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ธฐ
02:20
realized there was a market.
46
140000
2000
10๋…„, 15๋…„ ์ „ ์ •๋„ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
Thirty years later,
47
142000
2000
30๋…„ ํ›„์—
02:24
mountain bike sales
48
144000
2000
์‚ฐ์•… ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ
02:26
and mountain bike equipment
49
146000
2000
์‚ฐ์•… ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰์€
02:28
account for 65 percent of bike sales in America.
50
148000
2000
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ 65% ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
That's 58 billion dollars.
51
150000
3000
์ด 580์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
This is a category entirely created by consumers
52
153000
3000
์‚ฐ์•… ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด๊ณ 
02:36
that would not have been created by the mainstream bike market
53
156000
3000
์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
because they couldn't see the need,
54
159000
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:41
the opportunity;
55
161000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‹ˆ์ƒˆ ์‹œ์žฅ์€
02:43
they didn't have the incentive to innovate.
56
163000
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
The one thing I think I disagree with
57
166000
2000
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด์ „์— Yochai ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ
02:48
about Yochai's presentation
58
168000
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋™์˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:50
is when he said the Internet causes
59
170000
2000
๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
02:52
this distributive capacity for innovation to come alive.
60
172000
3000
ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์˜ ํญ์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
It's when the Internet combines
61
175000
3000
์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ํƒ„์ƒ ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—์•ผ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ
02:58
with these kinds of passionate pro-am consumers --
62
178000
3000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ด๊ด‘์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ-์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค,
03:01
who are knowledgeable; they've got the incentive to innovate;
63
181000
3000
๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์ด ๋„˜์น˜๊ณ ,
03:04
they've got the tools; they want to --
64
184000
2000
๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์˜์š•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ์ง‘ํ•ด์„œ์•ผ
03:06
that you get this kind of explosion
65
186000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ฐฝ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
03:08
of creative collaboration.
66
188000
3000
๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
And out of that, you get the need for the kind of things
67
191000
3000
๊ทธ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ Jimmy ๊ฐ€ ๋ง ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
03:14
that Jimmy was talking about, which is our new kinds of organization,
68
194000
3000
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
or a better way to put it:
69
197000
2000
ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
how do we organize ourselves without organizations?
70
199000
3000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ์ง์ฒด ์—†์ด ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:22
That's now possible; you don't need an organization to be organized,
71
202000
4000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ž‘์—…์— ์žˆ์–ด ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
03:26
to achieve large and complex tasks,
72
206000
2000
์กฐ์ง์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
like innovating new software programs.
73
208000
3000
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์—๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:31
So this is a huge challenge
74
211000
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
03:34
to the way we think creativity comes about.
75
214000
3000
์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
The traditional view, still enshrined
76
218000
2000
์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ, ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ
03:40
in much of the way that we think about creativity
77
220000
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:43
-- in organizations, in government --
78
223000
2000
์–ด๋–ค ์กฐ์ง์ฒด, ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ
03:45
is that creativity is about special people:
79
225000
3000
์•ผ๊ตฌ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚๋šค๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค:
03:48
wear baseball caps the wrong way round,
80
228000
2000
๋˜ํ•œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค์ธ ๋ช…๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆฒ์†์˜, ํ•ด์ €์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‹ค,
03:50
come to conferences like this, in special places,
81
230000
3000
๋˜๋Š” ์šฐ์Šค์šด ์ƒ‰๊น”๋“ค๋กœ ์น ํ•ด์ง„ ์˜ค์žฌ๋ฏธ์˜์ž๋‚˜ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ถ•๊ตฌํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
03:53
elite universities, R&D labs in the forests, water,
82
233000
4000
ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ,
03:58
maybe special rooms in companies painted funny colors,
83
238000
3000
๋ช…๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆฒ์†์˜, ๋ฌผ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‹ค์—์„œ
04:01
you know, bean bags, maybe the odd table-football table.
84
241000
3000
์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“  ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
Special people, special places, think up special ideas,
85
245000
3000
ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋‚ด๊ณ ,
04:08
then you have a pipeline that takes the ideas
86
248000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”
04:10
down to the waiting consumers, who are passive.
87
250000
3000
์†Œ๋น„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
They can say "yes" or "no" to the invention.
88
254000
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ถ€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ•  ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
That's the idea of creativity.
89
256000
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
What's the policy recommendation out of that
90
258000
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด
04:20
if you're in government, or you're running a large company?
91
260000
3000
์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ทจํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
04:24
More special people, more special places.
92
264000
3000
๋งŽ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งŽ์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
04:27
Build creative clusters in cities;
93
267000
2000
๋„์‹œ๋“ค๊ฐ„์— ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ 
04:29
create more R&D parks, so on and so forth.
94
269000
3000
๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
Expand the pipeline down to the consumers.
95
272000
3000
์†Œ๋น„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ด€์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
Well this view, I think, is increasingly wrong.
96
275000
3000
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€์ ์€ ์ ์  ๋” ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
I think it's always been wrong,
97
278000
2000
์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ‹€๋ ค์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
because I think always creativity has been highly collaborative,
98
280000
3000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—, ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ด๋ผ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:43
and it's probably been largely interactive.
99
283000
3000
๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
But it's increasingly wrong, and one of the reasons it's wrong
100
286000
3000
์ด์ „์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
04:49
is that the ideas are flowing back up the pipeline.
101
289000
3000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ด€์„ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
The ideas are coming back from the consumers,
102
292000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
and they're often ahead of the producers.
103
294000
3000
๊ฐ€๋” ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ํ•œ ๋ฐœ ์•ž์„œ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
Why is that?
104
297000
2000
์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
04:59
Well, one issue
105
299000
3000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์—
05:02
is that radical innovation,
106
302000
2000
์–ด๋–ค ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
when you've got ideas that
107
304000
2000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํ˜์‹ ์ด๋‚˜
05:06
affect a large number of technologies or people,
108
306000
4000
๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด,
05:10
have a great deal of uncertainty attached to them.
109
310000
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถˆํ™•์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
05:12
The payoffs to innovation are greatest
110
312000
2000
ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ์€ ๊ทธ ํ˜์‹ ์˜
05:14
where the uncertainty is highest.
111
314000
3000
๋ถˆํ™•์ •์„ฑ์ด ํด ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ปค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
And when you get a radical innovation,
112
317000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค ํ•˜๋ฉด
05:19
it's often very uncertain how it can be applied.
113
319000
3000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ผ์‘ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
The whole history of telephony
114
322000
2000
์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด ์ „์žํ†ต์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š”
05:24
is a story of dealing with that uncertainty.
115
324000
4000
๋ถˆํ™•์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ฒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
The very first landline telephones,
116
328000
2000
์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง€์ƒ ์œ ์„  ์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
05:30
the inventors thought
117
330000
2000
๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
05:32
that they would be used for people to listen in
118
332000
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ West End ๊ทน์žฅ์˜
05:34
to live performances
119
334000
2000
๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:36
from West End theaters.
120
336000
2000
์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
When the mobile telephone companies invented SMS,
121
338000
3000
๋ฌด์„  ํ†ต์‹ ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด SMS ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
05:41
they had no idea what it was for;
122
341000
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋””์— ์จ์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
it was only when that technology got into the hands
123
343000
2000
์‹ญ๋Œ€๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ
05:45
of teenage users
124
345000
2000
๊ทธ ์“ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
that they invented the use.
125
347000
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช… ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
So the more radical the innovation,
126
349000
3000
๊ณง ํ˜์‹ ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ก,
05:52
the more the uncertainty,
127
352000
2000
๋ถˆํ™•์ •์„ฑ์€ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ 
05:54
the more you need innovation in use
128
354000
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€
05:56
to work out what a technology is for.
129
356000
3000
๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
All of our patents, our entire approach
130
359000
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์ , ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ด€์ ์€
06:02
to patents and invention, is based on the idea
131
362000
3000
๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ์–ด๋””์— ์“ฐ์ผ ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
06:05
that the inventor knows what the invention is for;
132
365000
3000
์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
we can say what it's for.
133
368000
2000
์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋ก
06:10
More and more, the inventors of things
134
370000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€
06:12
will not be able to say that in advance.
135
372000
2000
์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
It will be worked out in use,
136
374000
2000
์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ˜‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
06:16
in collaboration with users.
137
376000
3000
์ œํ’ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ค‘์— ๊ฐœ์„ , ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
We like to think that invention is
138
379000
2000
๋ณดํ†ต ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์€ ์–ด๋–ค
06:21
a sort of moment of creation:
139
381000
3000
์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
there is a moment of birth when someone comes up with an idea.
140
384000
3000
๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
The truth is that most creativity
141
387000
3000
์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋“ค์€
06:30
is cumulative and collaborative;
142
390000
2000
์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
like Wikipedia, it develops over a long period of time.
143
392000
4000
Wikipedia ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ค์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
The second reason why users are more and more important
144
397000
3000
์™œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ ์  ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด ์ง€๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:40
is that they are the source of big, disruptive innovations.
145
400000
4000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
If you want to find the big new ideas,
146
404000
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:47
it's often difficult to find them in mainstream markets,
147
407000
3000
์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์กฐ์ง์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š”
06:50
in big organizations.
148
410000
3000
์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
And just look inside large organizations
149
413000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์กฐ์ง์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
06:55
and you'll see why that is so.
150
415000
2000
์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
So, you're in a big corporation.
151
417000
4000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด,
07:01
You're obviously keen to go up the corporate ladder.
152
421000
3000
๊ณ„์† ๊ณ„์† ์Šน์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
Do you go into your board and say,
153
424000
2000
๋‹น์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ํšŒ์˜ ์„์ƒ์—์„œ
07:06
"Look, I've got a fantastic idea
154
426000
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:08
for an embryonic product
155
428000
2000
์•„์ง ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด๊ณ 
07:10
in a marginal market,
156
430000
2000
๋ฏธ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์—
07:12
with consumers we've never dealt with before,
157
432000
3000
์•„์ง ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•ด ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ,
07:15
and I'm not sure it's going to have a big payoff, but it could be really, really big in the future?"
158
435000
3000
๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ• ์ง€๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ปค ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ , ๋ง ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:18
No, what you do, is you go in and you say,
159
438000
3000
์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํšŒ์˜ ์„์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š”
07:21
"I've got a fantastic idea for an incremental innovation
160
441000
3000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ํ˜์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:24
to an existing product we sell through existing channels
161
444000
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:27
to existing users, and I can guarantee
162
447000
2000
์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์— ํŒ๋งค ํ•  ๋•Œ,
07:29
you get this much return out of it over the next three years."
163
449000
4000
3๋…„ ํ›„๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์ด ์–ป์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ง ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
Big corporations have an in-built tendency
164
453000
2000
๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š”
07:35
to reinforce past success.
165
455000
2000
๊ฒฝ์ง์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ด์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
They've got so much sunk in it
166
457000
2000
๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ๊นŠ์ด ๋น ์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ,
07:39
that it's very difficult for them to spot
167
459000
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€
07:42
emerging new markets. Emerging new markets, then,
168
462000
3000
๋งค๋‹ˆ์•…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์žฅ์—
07:45
are the breeding grounds for passionate users.
169
465000
3000
๋Œ์–ด ๋†“๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
Best example:
170
468000
2000
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋กœ:
07:50
who in the music industry,
171
470000
2000
์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
07:52
30 years ago, would have said,
172
472000
3000
30๋…„ ์ „์— ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ง ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์นฉ์‹œ๋‹ค,
07:55
"Yes, let's invent a musical form
173
475000
3000
"์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Œ์•…์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์ž.
07:58
which is all about dispossessed black men
174
478000
3000
์šฐ๋ฒ”์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ด ๋ฒ•ํ•œ ์‹ค์˜์— ๋น ์ง„ ํ‘์ธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€
08:01
in ghettos expressing their frustration
175
481000
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”
08:03
with the world through a form of music
176
483000
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์Œ์•…์„.
08:05
that many people find initially quite difficult to listen to.
177
485000
3000
๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ๋„ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์„.
08:08
That sounds like a winner; we'll go with it."
178
488000
3000
๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ธ๋ฐ, ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ํ•ด๋ณด์ž"
08:11
(Laughter).
179
491000
1000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:12
So what happens? Rap music is created by the users.
180
492000
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋žฉ ์Œ์•…์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ์„œ
08:15
They do it on their own tapes, with their own recording equipment;
181
495000
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์žฅ๋น„๋กœ ๋…น์Œํ•œ ํ…Œ์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
08:18
they distribute it themselves.
182
498000
1000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฒ ํฌ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
30 years later,
183
499000
2000
30๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ,
08:21
rap music is the dominant musical form of popular culture --
184
501000
3000
๋žฉ ์Œ์•…์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์Œ์•…์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
would never have come from the big companies.
185
504000
2000
๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
Had to start -- this is the third point --
186
506000
3000
์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ-์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด๋“ค์ด
08:29
with these pro-ams.
187
509000
2000
ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์„ ๋‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
This is the phrase that I've used in
188
511000
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ
08:33
some stuff which I've done
189
513000
2000
Demo ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” think tank ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ
08:35
with a think tank in London called Demos,
190
515000
2000
์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
where we've been looking at these people who are amateurs --
191
517000
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด๋“ค์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
08:40
i.e., they do it for the love of it --
192
520000
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ชน์‹œ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
08:43
but they want to do it to very high standards.
193
523000
2000
์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •์— ์–ฝ๋งค์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
And across a whole range of fields --
194
525000
2000
๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ,
08:47
from software, astronomy,
195
527000
4000
์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ, ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™,
08:51
natural sciences,
196
531000
2000
์ž์—ฐ ๊ณผํ•™,
08:53
vast areas of leisure and culture
197
533000
2000
kite-surfing ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ ˆ์ €๋‚˜
08:55
like kite-surfing, so on and so forth --
198
535000
3000
๋ฌธํ™”์ƒํ™œ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
08:58
you find people who want to do things because they love it,
199
538000
4000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
but they want to do these things to very high standards.
200
542000
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • ์†์—์„œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
They work at their leisure, if you like.
201
545000
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ทจ๋ฏธ์ƒํ™œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:07
They take their leisure very seriously:
202
547000
2000
๊ทธ ์ทจ๋ฏธ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
they acquire skills; they invest time;
203
549000
3000
๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:12
they use technology that's getting cheaper -- it's not just the Internet:
204
552000
3000
์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ ์  ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ์ด๋™์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
cameras, design technology,
205
555000
3000
์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ, ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ 
09:18
leisure technology, surfboards, so on and so forth.
206
558000
3000
๋ ˆ์ € ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์„œํ•‘ ๋ณด๋“œ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
Largely through globalization,
207
561000
2000
์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„๋“ค์ด
09:23
a lot of this equipment has got a lot cheaper.
208
563000
3000
์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ’ ์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:26
More knowledgeable consumers, more educated,
209
566000
3000
์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋”๋”์šฑ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ์ง€์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์•„ ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
09:29
more able to connect with one another,
210
569000
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ๋ชน์‹œ ํŽธํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ ,
09:31
more able to do things together.
211
571000
2000
ํ˜‘์—…ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋„ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
Consumption, in that sense, is an expression
212
573000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋น„๋ž€,
09:35
of their productive potential.
213
575000
2000
์ž ์žฌ๋œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
Why, we found, people were interested in this,
214
577000
4000
์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
09:41
is that at work they don't feel very expressed.
215
581000
3000
์—…๋ฌด์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐํฅ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
They don't feel as if they're doing something that really matters to them,
216
584000
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ƒ ์—…๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
so they pick up these kinds of activities.
217
587000
3000
๋Œ€์‹  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
This has huge organizational implications
218
590000
2000
์ด์ œ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์€
09:52
for very large areas of life.
219
592000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
Take astronomy as an example,
220
594000
3000
์•ž์„œ Yochai ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋˜
09:57
which Yochai has already mentioned.
221
597000
2000
์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด
10:00
Twenty years ago, 30 years ago,
222
600000
2000
20, 30๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š”
10:02
only big professional astronomers
223
602000
3000
์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ฒœ๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์ด
10:05
with very big telescopes could see far into space.
224
605000
4000
์šฐ์ฃผ ๋จผ ๊ณณ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
And there's a big telescope in Northern England called Jodrell Bank,
225
609000
3000
์˜๊ตญ ๋ถ๋ถ€ Jodrell Bank ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
and when I was a kid, it was amazing,
226
612000
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆด ์ ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
because the moon shots would take off, and this thing would move on rails.
227
614000
3000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ซ“์•„์„œ ๋ ˆ์ผ ์œ„๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด์„œ
10:17
228
617000
3000
๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ ์ซ“๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์••๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
Now, six
229
620000
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€์—๋Š”
10:23
amateur astronomers, working with the Internet,
230
623000
2000
์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ช…์˜ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ์ฒœ๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
10:25
with Dobsonian digital telescopes --
231
625000
2000
์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊ณผ Dobsonian ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ 
10:27
which are pretty much open source --
232
627000
3000
์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
10:30
with some light sensors
233
630000
2000
๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
10:32
developed over the last 10 years, the Internet --
234
632000
2000
10๋…„๋„ ๋” ์ „์— ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ
10:34
they can do what Jodrell Bank could only do 30 years ago.
235
634000
4000
30๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š” Jodrell Bank ๋งŒ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
So here in astronomy, you have this vast explosion
236
638000
3000
์ด ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™๋งŒ์„ ๋ณด๋”๋ผ๋„,
10:41
of new productive resources.
237
641000
2000
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
The users can be producers.
238
643000
3000
์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณง ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
What does this mean, then, for our
239
646000
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ง๋„์—๋Š”
10:48
organizational landscape?
240
648000
2000
๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น ๊นŒ์š”?
10:50
Well, just imagine a world,
241
650000
2000
ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:52
for the moment, divided into two camps.
242
652000
4000
์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š”, ๋‘ ์ง„์˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
Over here, you've got the old, traditional corporate model:
243
656000
3000
์ด์ชฝ์€, ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋ชจ๋ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
special people, special places;
244
659000
2000
์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค, ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์žฅ์†Œ,
11:01
patent it, push it down the pipeline
245
661000
2000
๋ฐœ๋ช… ํŠนํ—ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ผ์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
11:03
to largely waiting, passive consumers.
246
663000
3000
์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๊ณ .
11:06
Over here, let's imagine we've got
247
666000
2000
์ด์ชฝ์€, ์ผ์ „์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
11:08
Wikipedia, Linux, and beyond -- open source.
248
668000
4000
Wikipedia, Linux ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ์ง„์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
This is open; this is closed.
249
672000
2000
์ด ์ชฝ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ด ์ชฝ์€ ํ์‡„์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
This is new; this is traditional.
250
674000
2000
์ด ์ชฝ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ์ด ์ชฝ์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ด์ฃ .
11:16
Well, the first thing you can say, I think with certainty,
251
676000
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์‹ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
11:19
is what Yochai has said already --
252
679000
2000
Yochai ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ์„œ ๋ง ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
11:21
is there is a great big struggle
253
681000
2000
์ด ๋‘ ์ง„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ
11:23
between those two organizational forms.
254
683000
2000
๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ธ์›€์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
These people over there will do everything they can
255
685000
3000
์ด์ชฝ ์ง„์˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ ์ง„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
11:28
to stop these kinds of organizations succeeding,
256
688000
3000
์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋„ ํ•˜๋ ค ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
because they're threatened by them.
257
691000
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
And so the debates about
258
693000
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
11:36
copyright, digital rights, so on and so forth --
259
696000
4000
์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ, ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์„œ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
these are all about trying to stifle, in my view,
260
700000
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—” ์ด ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์€ ์ ์  ๋”
11:43
these kinds of organizations.
261
703000
2000
์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹ต๋‹ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
What we're seeing is a complete corruption
262
705000
3000
์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:48
of the idea of patents and copyright.
263
708000
2000
ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์˜ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
Meant to be a way to incentivize invention,
264
710000
4000
์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
11:54
meant to be a way to orchestrate the dissemination of knowledge,
265
714000
3000
์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
11:57
they are increasingly being used by large companies
266
717000
3000
๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ์ ์  ๋” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
12:00
to create thickets of patents
267
720000
2000
๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
to prevent innovation taking place.
268
722000
2000
์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ๋„๋‚œ๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
Let me just give you two examples.
269
724000
3000
๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
The first is: imagine yourself going to a venture capitalist
270
727000
3000
ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฒค์ฒ˜ ์ž๊ธˆ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์„œ
12:10
and saying, "I've got a fantastic idea.
271
730000
2000
"๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
I've invented this brilliant new program
272
732000
3000
๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ƒˆ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ ,
12:15
that is much, much better than Microsoft Outlook."
273
735000
3000
Microsoft ์˜ Outlook ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ, ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ œํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:19
Which venture capitalist in their right mind is going to give you any money to set up a venture
274
739000
4000
์ •์‹ ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ•ํžŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด Microsoft, Microsoft ์˜ Outlook ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ• 
12:23
competing with Microsoft, with Microsoft Outlook? No one.
275
743000
3000
์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋ˆ์„ ๋Œ€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด๋„์š”.
12:26
That is why the competition with Microsoft is bound to come --
276
746000
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด Microsoft ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด
12:29
will only come --
277
749000
2000
์˜ค๋กœ์ง€
12:31
from an open-source kind of project.
278
751000
2000
์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
So, there is a huge competitive argument
279
753000
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ณณ, ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ๋“ค์—๋Š”
12:35
about sustaining the capacity
280
755000
2000
์ž๊ธˆ ์ง€์›์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
12:37
for open-source and consumer-driven innovation,
281
757000
3000
๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋‹ด๋ก ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
because it's one of the greatest
282
760000
2000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋…์ ์„
12:42
competitive levers against monopoly.
283
762000
3000
๋ฐฉ์ง€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋Œ€์‘์ฑ…์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:45
There'll be huge professional arguments as well.
284
765000
3000
๋งŽ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
Because the professionals, over here
285
768000
2000
์ด์ชฝ, ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ์ง„์˜์˜
12:50
in these closed organizations --
286
770000
2000
ํ•™์ž์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
12:52
they might be academics; they might be programmers;
287
772000
2000
์˜์‚ฌ, ํ˜น์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
12:54
they might be doctors; they might be journalists --
288
774000
3000
์–ธ๋ก ์‚ฌ์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
12:57
my former profession --
289
777000
2000
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ง ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
say, "No, no -- you can't trust these people over here."
290
779000
2000
"๊ทธ ์ชฝ ์ง„์˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค." ๊ณ .
13:03
When I started in journalism --
291
783000
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๋ก ์‚ฌ - ํŒŒ์ด๋„จ์…œ ํƒ€์ž„์Šค์—์„œ
13:05
Financial Times, 20 years ago --
292
785000
3000
์ฒ˜์Œ ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
13:09
it was very, very exciting
293
789000
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
13:11
to see someone reading the newspaper.
294
791000
2000
์ง€์ผœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
And you'd kind of look over their shoulder on the Tube
295
793000
2000
์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ผ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
13:15
to see if they were reading your article.
296
795000
3000
์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๊นจ ๋„ˆ๋จธ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
13:18
Usually they were reading the share prices,
297
798000
2000
์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
13:20
and the bit of the paper with your article on
298
800000
2000
์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š”
13:22
was on the floor, or something like that,
299
802000
2000
์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์— ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งฃ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
13:24
and you know, "For heaven's sake, what are they doing!
300
804000
2000
"์„ธ์ƒ์—, ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ญ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง“๋“ค์ด์•ผ!
13:26
They're not reading my brilliant article!"
301
806000
3000
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์“ด ์ € ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋‹ˆ!" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
And we allowed users, readers,
302
809000
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž, ๊ตฌ๋…์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
13:32
two places where they could contribute to the paper:
303
812000
2000
์‹ ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฉด์„ ํ• ์• ํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ
13:34
the letters page, where they could write a letter in,
304
814000
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋กletter page๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ ,
13:37
and we would condescend to them, cut it in half,
305
817000
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ
13:39
and print it three days later.
306
819000
2000
3์ผ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
Or the op-ed page, where if they knew the editor --
307
821000
2000
ํ˜น์€ ์‚ฌ์„ค ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ํ• ์• ํ•˜์—ฌ
13:43
had been to school with him, slept with his wife --
308
823000
2000
ํŽธ์ง‘์ž์™€ ๋ชจ์ข…์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
13:45
they could write an article for the op-ed page.
309
825000
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์„ค ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
Those were the two places.
310
828000
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‘ ๊ณณ์ด๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
Shock, horror: now, the readers want to be writers and publishers.
311
830000
4000
๋†€๋ž๊ณ , ๋‘๋ ค์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋…์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ๋ฒ ํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
That's not their role; they're supposed to read what we write.
312
834000
3000
๊ทธ๊ฑด ์›๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฝ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
But they don't want to be journalists. The journalists think
313
837000
2000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ „๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
that the bloggers want to be journalists;
314
839000
2000
๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
14:01
they don't want to be journalists; they just want to have a voice.
315
841000
2000
์‹ค์ƒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ์ € ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ํ”ผ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
They want to, as Jimmy said, they want to have a dialogue, a conversation.
316
843000
3000
Jimmy ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ ๋ง ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋…ผํ•˜๊ณ ,
14:06
They want to be part of that flow of information.
317
846000
4000
์ •๋ณด ์ „๋‹ฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์†์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
What's happening there is that the whole domain
318
850000
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๋Š”
14:12
of creativity is expanding.
319
852000
2000
์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
So, there's going to be a tremendous struggle.
320
854000
3000
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
But, also, there's going to be tremendous movement
321
857000
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:20
from the open to the closed.
322
860000
3000
๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ์š”.
14:23
What you'll see, I think, is two things that are critical,
323
863000
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
14:26
and these, I think, are two challenges
324
866000
2000
๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์šด๋™์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋„์ „์ด
14:28
for the open movement.
325
868000
2000
์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
The first is:
326
870000
2000
ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” :
14:32
can we really survive on volunteers?
327
872000
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ž์›์ž ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„ ๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
If this is so critical,
328
875000
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋ฉด,
14:37
do we not need it funded, organized, supported
329
877000
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•ด์„œ
14:40
in much more structured ways?
330
880000
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋„์™€์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
14:42
I think the idea of creating the Red Cross
331
882000
2000
์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์ง€์‹๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
14:44
for information and knowledge is a fantastic idea,
332
884000
3000
์ ์‹ญ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
but can we really organize that, just on volunteers?
333
887000
4000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜์ง€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:51
What kind of changes do we need in public policy
334
891000
2000
์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™” - ๊ณต๊ณต ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
14:53
and funding to make that possible?
335
893000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
14:55
What's the role of the BBC,
336
895000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ BBC ๊ฐ™์€
14:57
for instance, in that world?
337
897000
2000
๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
14:59
What should be the role of public policy?
338
899000
2000
๊ณต๊ณต ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
15:01
And finally, what I think you will see
339
901000
3000
๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์€
15:04
is the intelligent, closed organizations
340
904000
3000
์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ํ์‡„ ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์ด
15:07
moving increasingly in the open direction.
341
907000
3000
๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์  ์ด๋™ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:10
So it's not going to be a contest between two camps,
342
910000
3000
์ด์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋‘ ์ง„์˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
15:13
but, in between them, you'll find all sorts of interesting places
343
913000
3000
๋‘ ์ง„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
that people will occupy.
344
916000
2000
๊ณง ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์˜ˆ ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
New organizational models coming about,
345
918000
3000
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
15:21
mixing closed and open in tricky ways.
346
921000
3000
ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ต๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:24
It won't be so clear-cut; it won't be Microsoft versus Linux --
347
924000
4000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด Microsoft ์™€ ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:28
there'll be all sorts of things in between.
348
928000
2000
๋‘ ์ง„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
And those organizational models, it turns out,
349
930000
2000
์ด์ œ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กฐ์ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์€
15:32
are incredibly powerful,
350
932000
2000
ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
and the people who can understand them
351
934000
2000
์ด ์ ์„ ์ดํ•ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
15:36
will be very, very successful.
352
936000
2000
์•„์ฃผ, ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
Let me just give you one final example
353
938000
3000
๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
15:41
of what that means.
354
941000
2000
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
I was in Shanghai,
355
943000
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ•˜์ด์—์„œ
15:45
in an office block
356
945000
2000
5๋…„ ์ „๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๋…ผ์ด์—ˆ๋˜
15:47
built on what was a rice paddy five years ago --
357
947000
3000
์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
15:50
one of the 2,500 skyscrapers
358
950000
3000
์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋˜
15:53
they've built in Shanghai in the last 10 years.
359
953000
3000
2,500 ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ ์ธต๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์•‰์•„์„œ
15:56
And I was having dinner with this guy called Timothy Chan.
360
956000
3000
Timothy Chen ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์ €๋…์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
Timothy Chan set up an Internet business
361
959000
2000
Timothy Chen ์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
16:01
in 2000.
362
961000
2000
2000 ๋…„์—
16:03
Didn't go into the Internet, kept his money,
363
963000
3000
์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋›ฐ์–ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ
16:06
decided to go into computer games.
364
966000
2000
์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
He runs a company called Shanda,
365
968000
3000
๊ทธ๋Š” Shanda ๋ผ๋Š”,
16:11
which is the largest computer games company in China.
366
971000
4000
์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
16:15
Nine thousand servers all over China,
367
975000
3000
์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „์—ญ์— 9000 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
16:18
has 250 million subscribers.
368
978000
4000
2์–ต 5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
At any one time, there are four million people playing one of his games.
369
982000
4000
ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์€ 4๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ๋™์‹œ ์ ‘์† ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:27
How many people does he employ
370
987000
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
16:29
to service that population?
371
989000
3000
๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ณ ์šฉ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:32
500 people.
372
992000
2000
500 ๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:34
Well, how can he service
373
994000
2000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ 2์–ต 5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
16:36
250 million people from 500 employees?
374
996000
3000
๊ณ ์ž‘ 500 ๋ช…์˜ ์ง์›์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:39
Because basically, he doesn't service them.
375
999000
2000
์ผ๋‹จ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
He gives them a platform;
376
1001000
2000
๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ 
16:43
he gives them some rules; he gives them the tools
377
1003000
3000
๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
16:46
and then he kind of orchestrates the conversation;
378
1006000
3000
๋…ผ์˜๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์œจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
he orchestrates the action.
379
1009000
2000
์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:51
But actually, a lot of the content
380
1011000
2000
์‹ค์ƒ ์ปจํ…์ธ ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
16:53
is created by the users themselves.
381
1013000
3000
์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:56
And it creates a kind of stickiness
382
1016000
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€
16:58
between the community and the company
383
1018000
2000
์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์™€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
17:00
which is really, really powerful.
384
1020000
2000
๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:02
The best measure of that: so you go into one of his games,
385
1022000
3000
๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋กœ์„œ : ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋ฉด
17:05
you create a character
386
1025000
2000
์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ 
17:07
that you develop in the course of the game.
387
1027000
2000
๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์›Œ๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ
17:09
If, for some reason, your credit card bounces,
388
1029000
3000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด์œ  : ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ ํ•œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋˜๊ฐ€,
17:12
or there's some other problem,
389
1032000
2000
์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์—ฌ
17:14
you lose your character.
390
1034000
2000
์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
17:16
You've got two options.
391
1036000
2000
๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:18
One option: you can create a new character,
392
1038000
3000
ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” : ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
17:21
right from scratch, but with none of the history of your player.
393
1041000
3000
์ด์ „์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์ด ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:24
That costs about 100 dollars.
394
1044000
2000
์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์•ฝ 100 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:26
Or you can get on a plane, fly to Shanghai,
395
1046000
3000
ํ˜น์€, ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ƒํ•˜์ด๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„์™€์„œ,
17:29
queue up outside Shanda's offices --
396
1049000
3000
Shanda ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ์•ž์— ๊ธด ์ค„์„ ์„œ์„œ
17:32
cost probably 600, 700 dollars --
397
1052000
4000
600, 700 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ 
17:36
and reclaim your character, get your history back.
398
1056000
3000
์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:39
Every morning, there are 600 people queuing
399
1059000
2000
๋งค์ผ ์•„์นจ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 600 ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
17:41
outside their offices
400
1061000
2000
์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
17:43
to reclaim these characters. (Laughter)
401
1063000
2000
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ๋ฐ–์— ์ค„์„ ์„œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:45
So this is about companies built on communities,
402
1065000
3000
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:48
that provide communities with tools,
403
1068000
3000
์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์— ๊ณต์œ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
17:51
resources, platforms in which they can share.
404
1071000
2000
๋„๊ตฌ์™€, ์ž์›๊ณผ, ํ”Œ๋žซํ””์„ ์ง€์› ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:53
He's not open source,
405
1073000
2000
๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
17:55
but it's very, very powerful.
406
1075000
2000
๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:57
So here is one of the challenges, I think,
407
1077000
3000
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ € ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
18:00
for people like me, who
408
1080000
2000
๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
18:02
do a lot of work with government.
409
1082000
3000
๋„์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:05
If you're a games company,
410
1085000
3000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ
18:08
and you've got a million players in your game,
411
1088000
3000
์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์šฉ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ,
18:11
you only need one percent of them
412
1091000
3000
๊ทธ ์ค‘์— ๋‹จ์ง€ 1% ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
18:14
to be co-developers, contributing ideas,
413
1094000
2000
์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋™ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
18:16
and you've got a development workforce
414
1096000
2000
๊ณง 1๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„
18:18
of 10,000 people.
415
1098000
3000
๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:21
Imagine you could take all the children
416
1101000
3000
์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „ ์˜๊ตญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์•„์ด๋“ค ์ค‘
18:24
in education in Britain, and one percent of them
417
1104000
3000
๋‹จ์ง€ 1% ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
18:27
were co-developers of education.
418
1107000
2000
๊ต์œก์„ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:29
What would that do to the resources available
419
1109000
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ
18:31
to the education system?
420
1111000
2000
ํ™œ์šฉ ์ž์›์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:33
Or if you got one percent of the patients in the NHS
421
1113000
3000
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, NHS(๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ณด๊ฑด์›) ์˜ ๋”ฑ 1% ์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„
18:36
to, in some sense, be co-producers of health.
422
1116000
3000
๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™์—…์ž๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:39
The reason why --
423
1119000
2000
์–ด๋–ค ์ด์œ ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋˜์ง€
18:41
despite all the efforts to cut it down,
424
1121000
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ต๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ ,
18:44
to constrain it, to hold it back --
425
1124000
2000
๋งž์„œ๊ณ , ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ด๋„
18:46
why these open models will still start emerging
426
1126000
3000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
18:49
with tremendous force,
427
1129000
2000
๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํž˜์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
18:51
is that they multiply our productive resources.
428
1131000
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:53
And one of the reasons they do that
429
1133000
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด
18:55
is that they turn users into producers,
430
1135000
2000
์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋กœ,
18:57
consumers into designers.
431
1137000
2000
์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:59
Thank you very much.
432
1139000
2000
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7