Louise Leakey: Digging for humanity's origins

80,676 views ใƒป 2008-07-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shaike Katz
00:18
Who are we?
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ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•?
00:20
That is the big question.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
00:22
And essentially we are just an upright-walking, big-brained,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื,
00:28
super-intelligent ape.
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ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ืกื•ืคืจ-ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
00:30
This could be us.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื•.
00:32
We belong to the family called the Hominidae.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ืื”.
00:35
We are the species called Homo sapiens sapiens,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ืงืจื ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก.
00:39
and it's important to remember that,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื
00:41
in terms of our place in the world today
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:44
and our future on planet Earth.
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ื•ืขืชื™ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:47
We are one species
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“
00:51
of about five and a half thousand mammalian species
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ืžืชื•ืš ื›5500 ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื
00:55
that exist on planet Earth today.
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ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:57
And that's just a tiny fraction of all species
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ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
01:00
that have ever lived on the planet in past times.
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ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื—ื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:04
We're one species out of approximately,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ืขืจืš
01:07
or let's say, at least 16 upright-walking apes
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ื ื’ื™ื“, 16 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื
01:11
that have existed over the past six to eight million years.
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ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ 6-8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื•.
01:14
But as far as we know, we're the only upright-walking ape
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฃ ืื“ื ื–ืงื•ืฃ
01:17
that exists on planet Earth today, except for the bonobos.
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ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื, ืคืจื˜ ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•.
01:20
And it's important to remember that,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
01:22
because the bonobos are so human,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
01:24
and they share 99 percent of their genes with us.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื™ืชื ื• 99% ืžื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:29
And we share our origins with a handful of the living great apes.
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ื•ืงื•ืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื™ืชื ื• ืืช ืžื•ืฆืื ื•.
01:33
It's important to remember that we evolved.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื•,
01:37
Now, I know that's a dirty word for some people,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื–ืืช ืžื™ืœื” ื’ืกื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:39
but we evolved from common ancestors
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืžืื•ืชื ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื
01:44
with the gorillas, the chimpanzee and also the bonobos.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•.
01:54
We have a common past, and we have a common future.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
01:58
And it is important to remember that all of these great apes
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:03
have come on as long and as interesting evolutionary journey
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ืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™
02:08
as we ourselves have today.
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืื ื• ืขื‘ืจื ื•.
02:11
And it's this journey that is of such interest to humanity,
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ื•ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
02:15
and it's this journey that has been the focus
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ื•ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“
02:18
of the past three generations of my family,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™
02:21
as we've been in East Africa looking for the fossil remains
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
02:24
of our ancestors to try and piece together our evolutionary past.
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ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:29
And this is how we look for them.
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื.
02:31
A group of dedicated young men and women walk very slowly
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืื˜ ืžืื•ื“
02:36
out across vast areas of Africa,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
02:39
looking for small fragments of bone, fossil bone, that may be on the surface.
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ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืขืฆื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
02:46
And that's an example of what we may do as we walk across
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฆื™ื
02:50
the landscape in Northern Kenya, looking for fossils.
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ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื”, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
02:53
I doubt many of you in the audience can see
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืง ืื ืืชื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
02:56
the fossil that's in this picture,
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ืืช ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”,
02:59
but if you look very carefully, there is a jaw, a lower jaw,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืœืกืช, ืœืกืช ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”
03:02
of a 4.1-million-year-old upright-walking ape
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ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฃ ืื“ื ื–ืงื•ืฃ ื‘ืŸ 4.1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื
03:05
as it was found at Lake Turkana on the west side.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืื’ื ื˜ื•ืจืงื ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
03:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:12
It's extremely time-consuming, labor-intensive
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืืžืฅ,
03:15
and it is something that is going to involve a lot more people,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื
03:19
to begin to piece together our past.
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ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:22
We still really haven't got a very complete picture of it.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœื•.
03:25
When we find a fossil, we mark it.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
03:29
Today, we've got great technology: we have GPS.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• GPS.
03:32
We mark it with a GPS fix,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ GPS,
03:34
and we also take a digital photograph of the specimen,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืฆืœืžื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื”
03:38
so we could essentially put it back on the surface,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื”
03:41
exactly where we found it.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืคื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื”,
03:43
And we can bring all this information into big GIS packages, today.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ืช GIS.
03:47
When we then find something very important,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
03:51
like the bones of a human ancestor,
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ื›ืžื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ,
03:53
we begin to excavate it extremely carefully and slowly,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืื˜ ื•ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช
03:57
using dental picks and fine paintbrushes.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื ืงื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
04:00
And all the sediment is then put through these screens,
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืกื ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:03
and where we go again through it very carefully,
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ื•ืื– ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
04:05
looking for small bone fragments, and it's then washed.
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ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืขืฆื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ืื– ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื.
04:09
And these things are so exciting. They are so often the only,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ื“"ื›
04:13
or the very first time that anybody has ever seen the remains.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:18
And here's a very special moment, when my mother and myself
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืจื’ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื• ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™
04:21
were digging up some remains of human ancestors.
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ื—ื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื,
04:27
And it is one of the most special things
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
04:29
to ever do with your mother.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืืžื ืฉืœืš.
04:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:35
Not many people can say that.
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ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื”.
04:38
But now, let me take you back to Africa, two million years ago.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœืคื ื™ 2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:44
I'd just like to point out, if you look at the map of Africa,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ืฉืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืคืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
04:49
it does actually look like a hominid skull in its shape.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ืช.
04:58
Now we're going to go to the East African and the Rift Valley.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœืขืžืง ื”ืฉื‘ืจ.
05:02
It essentially runs up from the Gulf of Aden,
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžืคืจืฅ ืขื“ืŸ,
05:05
or runs down to Lake Malawi.
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ืื• ื™ื•ืจื“ ืืœ ืื’ื ืžืืœืื•ื•ื™.
05:09
And the Rift Valley is a depression.
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ื•ืขืžืง ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืข.
05:11
It's a basin, and rivers flow down from the highlands into the basin,
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ื”ื•ื ืื’ืŸ, ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื”ืจืžื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืื’ืŸ,
05:18
carrying sediment, preserving the bones of animals that lived there.
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ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื™ืชื ืžืฉืงืขื™ื, ื•ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื• ืฉื.
05:22
If you want to become a fossil, you actually need to die somewhere
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ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื•ืช
05:26
where your bones will be rapidly buried.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ืš ื™ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ืžื”ืจ.
05:28
You then hope that the earth moves in such a way
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ื•ืื– ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ืชื–ื•ื– ื›ืš
05:30
as to bring the bones back up to the surface.
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ืฉื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ืขืœื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
05:33
And then you hope that one of us lot
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ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•
05:36
will walk around and find small pieces of you.
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ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ื™ืžืฆื ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
05:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:40
OK, so it is absolutely surprising that we know as much
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืœื›ืŸ ื›"ื› ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”
05:43
as we do know today about our ancestors,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื,
05:46
because it's incredibly difficult,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
05:48
A, for these things to become -- to be -- preserved,
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ื. ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื™ืฉืžืจื•
05:51
and secondly, for them to have been brought back up to the surface.
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ื‘. ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืœื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
05:54
And we really have only spent 50 years looking for these remains,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืจืง 50 ืฉื ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:59
and begin to actually piece together our evolutionary story.
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:02
So, let's go to Lake Turkana, which is one such lake basin
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื’ื ื˜ื•ืจืงื ื”, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืื’ืŸ ืื’ื ืฉื›ื–ื”
06:07
in the very north of our country, Kenya.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืงื ื™ื”.
06:09
And if you look north here, there's a big river that flows into the lake
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ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืฆืคื•ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื ื”ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื–ื•ืจื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื’ื
06:13
that's been carrying sediment and preserving the remains
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ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืื™ืชื• ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื
06:16
of the animals that lived there.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ.
06:18
Fossil sites run up and down both lengths of that lake basin,
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ืืชืจื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื’ืŸ,
06:22
which represents some 20,000 square miles.
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ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 50,000 ืงืž"ืจ.
06:27
That's a huge job that we've got on our hands.
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ื–ืืช ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
06:29
Two million years ago at Lake Turkana,
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ืœืคื ื™ 2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืื’ื ื˜ื•ืจืงื ื”,
06:33
Homo erectus, one of our human ancestors,
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ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก, ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื,
06:36
actually lived in this region.
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ื—ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:38
You can see some of the major fossil sites that we've been working
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžืืชืจื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
06:41
in the north. But, essentially, two million years ago,
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืคื™ 2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื,
06:46
Homo erectus, up in the far right corner,
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ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก, ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”,
06:49
lived alongside three other species of human ancestor.
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ื—ื™ ืœืฆื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื.
06:57
And here is a skull of a Homo erectus,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก,
07:00
which I just pulled off the shelf there.
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ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ืชื™ ืžื”ืžื“ืฃ ืฉื.
07:02
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:06
But it is not to say that being a single species on planet Earth is the norm.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:12
In fact, if you go back in time,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืชื—ื–ืจื• ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
07:14
it is the norm that there are multiple species of hominids
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ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื
07:19
or of human ancestors that coexist at any one time.
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ืื• ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
07:21
Where did these things come from?
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ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื?
07:24
That's what we're still trying to find answers to,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช
07:27
and it is important to realize that there is diversity
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
07:31
in all different species, and our ancestors are no exception.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
07:37
Here's some reconstructions of some of the fossils
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
07:43
that have been found from Lake Turkana.
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ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืื’ื ื˜ื•ืจืงื ื”.
07:46
But I was very lucky to have been brought up in Kenya,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืœ ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืงื ื™ื”,
07:49
essentially accompanying my parents to Lake Turkana
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื’ื ื˜ื•ืจืงื ื”
07:53
in search of human remains.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื.
07:55
And we were able to dig up, when we got old enough,
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
07:58
fossils such as this, a slender-snouted crocodile.
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ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”, ืชื ื™ืŸ ืฆืจ-ืืฃ,
08:03
And we dug up giant tortoises, and elephants and things like that.
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ื•ื—ืคืจื ื• ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฆื‘ื™ ืขื ืง, ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
08:07
But when I was 12, as I was in this picture,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืช 12, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืืŸ,
08:09
a very exciting expedition was in place on the west side,
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ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื—ืคื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™,
08:13
when they found essentially the skeleton of this Homo erectus.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก.
08:20
I could relate to this Homo erectus skeleton very well,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื“ ื”ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ,
08:24
because I was the same age that he was when he died.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืช.
08:30
And I imagined him to be tall, dark-skinned.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•, ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืขื ืขื•ืจ ื›ื”ื”.
08:34
His brothers certainly were able to run long distances
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ื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
08:39
chasing prey, probably sweating heavily as they did so.
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ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื˜ืจืฃ, ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื–ื™ืขื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™.
08:42
He was very able to use stones effectively as tools.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ื.
08:47
And this individual himself, this one that I'm holding up here,
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ื•ืœืคืจื˜ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ืืŸ,
08:51
actually had a bad back. He'd probably had an injury as a child.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื’ื‘, ื›ื ืจืื” ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•.
08:56
He had a scoliosis and therefore must have been looked after
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขืงืžืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื ืจืื” ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื•
09:00
quite carefully by other female, and probably much smaller,
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ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืื’ื”
09:04
members of his family group, to have got to where he did in life, age 12.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื’ื™ืœ 12.
09:10
Unfortunately for him, he fell into a swamp
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ืœืจื•ืข ืžื–ืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืฆื”
09:13
and couldn't get out.
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืืช.
09:15
Essentially, his bones were rapidly buried
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื ืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
09:18
and beautifully preserved.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืฉืžืจื• ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
09:20
And he remained there until 1.6 million years later,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืš ืขื“ 1.6 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:25
when this very famous fossil hunter, Kamoya Kimeu,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื”ื–ื”, ืงืžื•ื™ื” ืงื™ืžืื•,
09:29
walked along a small hillside
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ืฆืขื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื‘ืขื” ืงื˜ื ื”
09:32
and found that small piece of his skull lying on the surface
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ื•ืžืฆื ืืช ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข
09:36
amongst the pebbles, recognized it as being hominid.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื–ื™ื”ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ืช.
09:42
It's actually this little piece up here on the top.
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ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”.
09:44
Well, an excavation was begun immediately,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ื™ืฉืจ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื” ื—ืคื™ืจื”,
09:48
and more and more little bits of skull
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:50
started to be extracted from the sediment.
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ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื.
09:54
And what was so fun about it was this:
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›"ื› ื ื—ืžื“ ื–ื”
09:56
the skull pieces got closer and closer to the roots of the tree,
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ืฉื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืขืฅ
10:02
and fairly recently the tree had grown up,
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ื•ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื” ืฆืžื— ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ,
10:04
but it had found that the skull had captured nice water in the hillside,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”,
10:09
and so it had decided to grow its roots in and around this,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
10:12
holding it in place and preventing it from washing away down the slope.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ื™ืกื—ืฃ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“.
10:17
We began to find limb bones; we found finger bones,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื’ืคื™ื™ื, ืžืฆืื ื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช,
10:22
the bones of the pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, the collar bones,
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ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืื’ืŸ, ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ืฆืœืขื•ืช, ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื—,
10:25
things that had never, ever been seen before in Homo erectus.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก.
10:30
It was truly exciting.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
10:32
He had a body very similar to our own,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
10:37
and he was on the threshold of becoming human.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœืื ื•ืฉื™.
10:41
Well, shortly afterwards, members of his species
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืขื˜ ืื—"ื›, ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื•
10:45
started to move northwards out of Africa,
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื ื•ืข ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”,
10:48
and you start to see fossils of Homo erectus
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก
10:51
in Georgia, China and also in parts of Indonesia.
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ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื”, ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”.
10:57
So, Homo erectus was the first human ancestor to leave Africa
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ืื– ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”
11:02
and begin its spread across the globe.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก.
11:04
Some exciting finds, again, as I mentioned,
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™,
11:09
from Dmanisi, in the Republic of Georgia.
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ืžื“ืžื ื™ืกื™ ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื”.
11:12
But also, surprising finds
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื
11:14
recently announced from the Island of Flores in Indonesia,
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ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื”ืื™ ืคืœื•ืจืก ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”,
11:17
where a group of these human ancestors have been isolated,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
11:22
and have become dwarfed, and they're only about a meter in height.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื’ืžื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืจืง ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืจ, ื‘ืขืจืš.
11:26
But they lived only 18,000 years ago,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ 18,000 ืฉื ื”,
11:30
and that is truly extraordinary to think about.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
11:33
Just to put this in terms of generations,
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ืื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
11:36
because people do find it hard to think of time,
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ื›ื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ,
11:38
Homo erectus left Africa 90,000 generations ago.
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ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ 90,000 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
11:43
We evolved essentially from an African stock.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืžื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
11:46
Again, at about 200,000 years as a fully-fledged us.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ 200,000 ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืื“ื ืžืคื•ืชื— ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
11:51
And we only left Africa about 70,000 years ago.
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ื•ืขื–ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืจืง ืœืคื™ 70,000 ืฉื ื”.
11:55
And until 30,000 years ago, at least three upright-walking apes
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ 30,000 ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช 3 ืžื™ื ื™ื
12:00
shared the planet Earth.
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ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
12:02
The question now is, well, who are we?
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•?
12:05
We're certainly a polluting, wasteful, aggressive species,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืžื–ื”ื, ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™ ื•ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™,
12:10
with a few nice things thrown in, perhaps.
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ืขื ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
12:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:14
For the most part, we're not particularly pleasant at all.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
12:20
We have a much larger brain than our ape ancestors.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื ื•.
12:23
Is this a good evolutionary adaptation, or is it going to lead us
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ื”ืื ื–ืืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”? ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•
12:29
to being the shortest-lived hominid species on planet Earth?
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฆืจ-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
12:34
And what is it that really makes us us?
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ื•ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•?
12:37
I think it's our collective intelligence.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:39
It's our ability to write things down,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืจืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
12:42
our language and our consciousness.
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ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:44
From very primitive beginnings, with a very crude tool kit of stones,
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ืžื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืขื ืืจื’ื– ื›ืœื™ื ื’ืก ืฉื›ืœืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื,
12:51
we now have a very advanced tool kit, and our tool use
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืจื’ื– ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ื
12:56
has really reached unprecedented levels:
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืชืงื“ื™ื.
12:59
we've got buggies to Mars; we've mapped the human genome;
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื—ืœืœ, ืžื™ืคื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
13:03
and recently even created synthetic life, thanks to Craig Venter.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืฃ ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ื™ื’ ื•ื ื˜ืจ.
13:07
And we've also managed to communicate with people
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื
13:11
all over the world, from extraordinary places.
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ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
13:14
Even from within an excavation in northern Kenya,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ืืชืจ ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื”,
13:18
we can talk to people about what we're doing.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
13:20
As Al Gore so clearly has reminded us,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืœ ื’ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื•,
13:24
we have reached extraordinary numbers
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืกืคืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ
13:28
of people on this planet.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
13:30
Human ancestors really only survive on planet Earth,
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ืื‘ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืจื“ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
13:33
if you look at the fossil record,
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ืื ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
13:35
for about, on average, a million years at a time.
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ืจืง ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
13:38
We've only been around for the past 200,000 years as a species,
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ื›ืžื™ืŸ, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืืŸ 200,000 ืฉื ื”,
13:42
yet we've reached a population of more than six and a half billion people.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 6.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื.
13:47
And last year, our population grew by 80 million.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ 80 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
13:50
I mean, these are extraordinary numbers.
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืืœื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
13:53
You can see here, again, taken from Al Gore's book.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืืœ ื’ื•ืจ
13:58
But what's happened is our technology
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
14:00
has removed the checks and balances on our population growth.
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ื”ืกื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืžื™ื ืžืงืฆื‘ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
14:05
We have to control our numbers, and I think this is as important
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘
14:09
as anything else that's being done in the world today.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
14:11
But we have to control our numbers,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
14:13
because we can't really hold it together as a species.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ื›ืžื™ืŸ.
14:18
My father so appropriately put it,
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ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื ื™ืกื— ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
14:21
that "We are certainly the only animal that makes conscious choices
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
14:25
that are bad for our survival as a species."
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ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ.
14:27
Can we hold it together?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“?
14:33
It's important to remember that we all evolved in Africa.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
14:37
We all have an African origin.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฆื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™.
14:41
We have a common past and we share a common future.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
14:45
Evolutionarily speaking, we're just a blip.
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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
14:49
We're sitting on the edge of a precipice,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ืžืฆื•ืง,
14:52
and we have the tools and the technology at our hands
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
14:59
to communicate what needs to be done
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช
15:01
to hold it together today.
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ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
15:05
We could tell every single human being out there, if we really wanted to.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืื“ื, ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
15:08
But will we do that, or will we just let nature take its course?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืœืคืขื•ืœ?
15:15
Well, to end on a very positive note,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“,
15:18
I think evolutionarily speaking,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
15:20
this is probably a fairly good thing, in the end.
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
15:23
I'll leave it at that, thank you very much.
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ืื ื™ ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืš, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
15:25
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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