Louise Leakey: Digging for humanity's origins

80,676 views ใƒป 2008-07-23

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sang-jun Moon ๊ฒ€ํ† : shinhyeog yu
00:18
Who are we?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตด๊นŒ์š”?
00:20
That is the big question.
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์ •๋ง ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
And essentially we are just an upright-walking, big-brained,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ง๋ฆฝ๋ณดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ํฐ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
00:28
super-intelligent ape.
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๊ณ ๋“ฑ ์œ ์ธ์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
This could be us.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
We belong to the family called the Hominidae.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ(็ง‘)์— ์†ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
We are the species called Homo sapiens sapiens,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์‚ฌํ”ผ์—”์Šค ์‚ฌํ”ผ์—”์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ,
00:39
and it's important to remember that,
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์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:41
in terms of our place in the world today
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ,
00:44
and our future on planet Earth.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
We are one species
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํ•œ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ์„œ
00:51
of about five and a half thousand mammalian species
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์•ฝ 5์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ์ข…์˜ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ,
00:55
that exist on planet Earth today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
And that's just a tiny fraction of all species
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๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„์˜จ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…(็จฎ) ์ค‘
01:00
that have ever lived on the planet in past times.
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๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
We're one species out of approximately,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ธ์› ์ค‘ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ์„œ
01:07
or let's say, at least 16 upright-walking apes
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ตœ์†Œ 16์ข…์˜ ์ง๋ฆฝ ๋ณดํ–‰ ์œ ์ธ์›์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
that have existed over the past six to eight million years.
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์ง€๋‚œ 6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ - 8๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
But as far as we know, we're the only upright-walking ape
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ง๋ฆฝ ์œ ์ธ์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
that exists on planet Earth today, except for the bonobos.
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๋ณด๋…ธ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
And it's important to remember that,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์•Œ์•„๋‘์…”์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:22
because the bonobos are so human,
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๋ณด๋…ธ๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๊ณ 
01:24
and they share 99 percent of their genes with us.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์™€ 99%์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:29
And we share our origins with a handful of the living great apes.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์ธ์›๋“ค๊ณผ ์กฐ์ƒ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
It's important to remember that we evolved.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘์…”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
Now, I know that's a dirty word for some people,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ชจ์š•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
01:39
but we evolved from common ancestors
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๋ฐœ์ ์€
01:44
with the gorillas, the chimpanzee and also the bonobos.
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๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ, ์นจํŒฌ์ง€, ๋ณด๋…ธ๋ณด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
We have a common past, and we have a common future.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ธ์›๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ,
01:58
And it is important to remember that all of these great apes
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์•„์…”์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ์ธ์›๋“ค์ด
02:03
have come on as long and as interesting evolutionary journey
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๊ธด ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์—ฌ์ •์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:08
as we ourselves have today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
And it's this journey that is of such interest to humanity,
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๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์—ฌ์ •์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ,
02:15
and it's this journey that has been the focus
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์ด ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์—ฌ์ •์€ ์ €ํฌ ์ผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ค˜๋˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ์„œ
02:18
of the past three generations of my family,
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์ง€๋‚œ ์‚ผ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ—Œ์‹ ํ•ด์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
as we've been in East Africa looking for the fossil remains
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์ €ํฌ ์ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ ํ™”์„์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
02:24
of our ancestors to try and piece together our evolutionary past.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ง„ํ™” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ํผ์ฆ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
And this is how we look for them.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™”์„์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‹ค๋…”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
A group of dedicated young men and women walk very slowly
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ํ—Œ์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ Š์€ ๋‚จ๋…€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ฑธ์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:36
out across vast areas of Africa,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๊ด‘ํ™œํ•œ ๋ฒŒํŒ์„ ๋ˆ„๋น„๋ฉด์„œ
02:39
looking for small fragments of bone, fossil bone, that may be on the surface.
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์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ผ›์กฐ๊ฐ, ๋ผˆ ํ™”์„์„ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
And that's an example of what we may do as we walk across
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ €ํฌ ํƒ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ™”์„์„ ์ฐพ์•„
02:50
the landscape in Northern Kenya, looking for fossils.
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์ผ€๋ƒ ๋ถ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ฐ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
I doubt many of you in the audience can see
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์ฒญ์ค‘ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜๋„ ๋ณด์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
02:56
the fossil that's in this picture,
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์‚ฌ์ง„์†์— ํ™”์„์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
but if you look very carefully, there is a jaw, a lower jaw,
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์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ํ„ฑ๋ผˆ, ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ์ธ๋ฐ
03:02
of a 4.1-million-year-old upright-walking ape
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์ด๋Š” 410๋งŒ ๋…„ ๋œ ์ง๋ฆฝ๋ณดํ–‰ ์œ ์ธ์›์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
03:05
as it was found at Lake Turkana on the west side.
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ํˆฌ๋ฅด์นด๋‚˜ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜ ์„œ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:12
It's extremely time-consuming, labor-intensive
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋…ธ๋™ ์ง‘์•ฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
03:15
and it is something that is going to involve a lot more people,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค์–ด
03:19
to begin to piece together our past.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์งœ ๋งž์ถฐ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
We still really haven't got a very complete picture of it.
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์•„์ง๋„ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
When we find a fossil, we mark it.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™”์„์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
Today, we've got great technology: we have GPS.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” GPS๋ผ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
We mark it with a GPS fix,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” GPS๋กœ ํ™”์„์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ 
03:34
and we also take a digital photograph of the specimen,
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ํ™”์„ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:38
so we could essentially put it back on the surface,
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ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—
03:41
exactly where we found it.
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ํ™”์„์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:43
And we can bring all this information into big GIS packages, today.
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๋˜ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ •๋ณด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(GIS) ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€์— ๋‹ด์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
When we then find something very important,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
03:51
like the bones of a human ancestor,
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์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ ์œ ๊ณจ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
03:53
we begin to excavate it extremely carefully and slowly,
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๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์„ธ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ
03:57
using dental picks and fine paintbrushes.
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์น˜๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋„๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ™”ํ•„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
And all the sediment is then put through these screens,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ 
04:03
and where we go again through it very carefully,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์„œ
04:05
looking for small bone fragments, and it's then washed.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์ž‘์€ ๋ผ›์กฐ๊ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์„ธ์ฒ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
And these things are so exciting. They are so often the only,
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๋ฐœ๊ตด์ž‘์—…์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ด๋‚˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ 
04:13
or the very first time that anybody has ever seen the remains.
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์ฒซ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
And here's a very special moment, when my mother and myself
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ •๋ง ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ์ œ๊ฐ€
04:21
were digging up some remains of human ancestors.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ™”์„์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
And it is one of the most special things
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์ •๋ง ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋กœ์„œ
04:29
to ever do with your mother.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ด๋– ์„ธ์š”.
04:31
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:35
Not many people can say that.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์„ ๋œป ๋‚˜์„œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชป ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
But now, let me take you back to Africa, two million years ago.
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์ž ์ด์ œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋กœ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
I'd just like to point out, if you look at the map of Africa,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
04:49
it does actually look like a hominid skull in its shape.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
Now we're going to go to the East African and the Rift Valley.
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์ด์ œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ ๊ณ„๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
It essentially runs up from the Gulf of Aden,
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๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ ๊ณ„๊ณก์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ์€ ์•„๋ด๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ,
05:05
or runs down to Lake Malawi.
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๋‚จ์ชฝ์€ ๋ง๋ผ์œ„ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๊นŒ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
And the Rift Valley is a depression.
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๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ ๊ณ„๊ณก์€ ์นจ๊ฐ•๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
It's a basin, and rivers flow down from the highlands into the basin,
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋ถ„์ง€๋กœ์„œ, ๊ฐ•์ด ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ถ„์ง€๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€
05:18
carrying sediment, preserving the bones of animals that lived there.
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ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์ด ์Œ“์ด๊ณ  ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์†์— ๋ฌปํ˜€ ๋ณด์กด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
If you want to become a fossil, you actually need to die somewhere
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ํ™”์„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์œ ๊ณจ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งค์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ
05:26
where your bones will be rapidly buried.
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์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
You then hope that the earth moves in such a way
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๋ณ€๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด
05:30
as to bring the bones back up to the surface.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์…”์•ผ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
05:33
And then you hope that one of us lot
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
05:36
will walk around and find small pieces of you.
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์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ผ›์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์…”์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:40
OK, so it is absolutely surprising that we know as much
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
05:43
as we do know today about our ancestors,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
because it's incredibly difficult,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
05:48
A, for these things to become -- to be -- preserved,
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๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ํ™”์„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ด๊ณ ,
05:51
and secondly, for them to have been brought back up to the surface.
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๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ ๊ทธ ํ™”์„์ด ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ๋ž€ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
And we really have only spent 50 years looking for these remains,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™”์„์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚˜์„ ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ปํ•ด์•ผ 50๋…„ ๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ ,
05:59
and begin to actually piece together our evolutionary story.
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์ด์ œ ๋ง‰ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ง„ํ™” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ํผ์ฆ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
So, let's go to Lake Turkana, which is one such lake basin
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์ด์ œ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํˆฌ๋ฅด์นด๋‚˜ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:07
in the very north of our country, Kenya.
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์ด ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ผ€๋ƒ ์ตœ๋ถ๋‹จ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
And if you look north here, there's a big river that flows into the lake
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ถ์ชฝ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ํˆฌ๋ฅด์นด๋‚˜ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ํฐ ๊ฐ•์ค„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ํ…๋ฐ์š”,
06:13
that's been carrying sediment and preserving the remains
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๊ฐ•๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์ด ์Œ“์ด๊ณ 
06:16
of the animals that lived there.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ด๋˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ํ•ด๋Š” ๋ณด์กด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
Fossil sites run up and down both lengths of that lake basin,
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์ด ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ง€ ์ด๊ณณ์ €๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ™”์„์ด ๋ฐœ๊ตด๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ,
06:22
which represents some 20,000 square miles.
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๊ทธ ๋ฉด์ ์€ ์•ฝ 2๋งŒ ํ‰๋ฐฉ๋งˆ์ผ์ •๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
That's a huge job that we've got on our hands.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„๋‚ธ ๋Œ€์—ญ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
Two million years ago at Lake Turkana,
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2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „, ํˆฌ๋ฅด์นด๋‚˜ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์—์„œ
06:33
Homo erectus, one of our human ancestors,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์—๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€
06:36
actually lived in this region.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
You can see some of the major fossil sites that we've been working
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์ถœํ† ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
06:41
in the north. But, essentially, two million years ago,
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๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š”
06:46
Homo erectus, up in the far right corner,
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์—๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์—
06:49
lived alongside three other species of human ancestor.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ ์ข…(็จฎ)์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
And here is a skull of a Homo erectus,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์—๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์ธ๋ฐ,
07:00
which I just pulled off the shelf there.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ € ์„ ๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ๋นผ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:06
But it is not to say that being a single species on planet Earth is the norm.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋งŒ์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
In fact, if you go back in time,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
07:14
it is the norm that there are multiple species of hominids
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๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ํ˜น์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์— ํ•จ๊ป˜
07:19
or of human ancestors that coexist at any one time.
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์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
Where did these things come from?
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์™”์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:24
That's what we're still trying to find answers to,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
and it is important to realize that there is diversity
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘์…”์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด
07:31
in all different species, and our ancestors are no exception.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
Here's some reconstructions of some of the fossils
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ™”์„์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
07:43
that have been found from Lake Turkana.
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ํˆฌ๋ฅด์นด๋‚˜ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
But I was very lucky to have been brought up in Kenya,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์šด์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ€๋ƒ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
07:49
essentially accompanying my parents to Lake Turkana
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํˆฌ๋ฅด์นด๋‚˜ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
07:53
in search of human remains.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์œ ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ตด์ž‘์—… ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
And we were able to dig up, when we got old enough,
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์กฐ๊ธˆ๋” ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ  ๋ฐœ๊ตด์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:58
fossils such as this, a slender-snouted crocodile.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ธด์ฝ”์•…์–ด ํ™”์„,
08:03
And we dug up giant tortoises, and elephants and things like that.
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ ํ™”์„, ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ™”์„์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
But when I was 12, as I was in this picture,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ 12์‚ด ๋˜๋˜ ํ•ด์—
08:09
a very exciting expedition was in place on the west side,
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์„œ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ํƒ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:13
when they found essentially the skeleton of this Homo erectus.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์—๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
I could relate to this Homo erectus skeleton very well,
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์ €๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์—๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ๊ณผ ํฐ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:24
because I was the same age that he was when he died.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์—๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘˜ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‚˜์ด์™€ ์ œ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
And I imagined him to be tall, dark-skinned.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ญ‡ํ•œ ์‚ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
His brothers certainly were able to run long distances
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊ฐ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๊ธด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ํ…Œ๊ณ 
08:39
chasing prey, probably sweating heavily as they did so.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋•€๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ˜๋ ธ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
He was very able to use stones effectively as tools.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋Œ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•˜์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
And this individual himself, this one that I'm holding up here,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
08:51
actually had a bad back. He'd probably had an injury as a child.
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๋“ฑ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
08:56
He had a scoliosis and therefore must have been looked after
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ฒ™์ถ” ์ธก๋งŒ์ฆ์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณด์‚ดํ•Œ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
09:00
quite carefully by other female, and probably much smaller,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ž‘์€ ์”จ์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ
09:04
members of his family group, to have got to where he did in life, age 12.
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์‚ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 12์‚ด์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์ƒ์„ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ•œ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
Unfortunately for him, he fell into a swamp
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋Šช์— ๋น ์กŒ๊ณ 
09:13
and couldn't get out.
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๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:15
Essentially, his bones were rapidly buried
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ผˆ๋Š” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋งค์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:18
and beautifully preserved.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
And he remained there until 1.6 million years later,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ™”์„์€ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๊ณ„์† ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  1๋ฐฑ6์‹ญ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ดํ›„์—
09:25
when this very famous fossil hunter, Kamoya Kimeu,
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์นด๋ชจ์•ผ ํ‚ค๋ฉ”์šฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ™”์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
09:29
walked along a small hillside
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์ž‘์€ ์–ธ๋•์„ ๊ฑท๋‹ค
09:32
and found that small piece of his skull lying on the surface
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€
09:36
amongst the pebbles, recognized it as being hominid.
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์กฐ์•ฝ๋Œ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ™”์„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
It's actually this little piece up here on the top.
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์ด ๋ผ›์กฐ๊ฐ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
Well, an excavation was begun immediately,
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์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์ด ์ด๋ค„์กŒ๊ณ 
09:48
and more and more little bits of skull
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ํŒŒํŽธ์ด
09:50
started to be extracted from the sediment.
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ํ‡ด์ ์ธต์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
And what was so fun about it was this:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:56
the skull pieces got closer and closer to the roots of the tree,
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๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ํŒŒํŽธ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ์ชฝ์— ์ ์  ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
and fairly recently the tree had grown up,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
10:04
but it had found that the skull had captured nice water in the hillside,
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์–ธ๋• ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ๋†“์ธ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์•ˆ์— ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฐจ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ํ›„
10:09
and so it had decided to grow its roots in and around this,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๋กœ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ป—์–ด
10:12
holding it in place and preventing it from washing away down the slope.
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๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์ด ์–ธ๋• ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์”ป๊ฒจ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
We began to find limb bones; we found finger bones,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง€์˜ ๋ผˆ, ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ๋ผˆ
10:22
the bones of the pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, the collar bones,
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๊ณจ๋ฐ˜, ์ฒ™์ถ”, ๊ฐˆ๋น„, ์‡„๊ณจ ๋“ฑ
10:25
things that had never, ever been seen before in Homo erectus.
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์—๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค์—์„œ ์ด์ „์— ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ผˆ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
It was truly exciting.
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์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
He had a body very similar to our own,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์„ธ์ธ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ฒดํ˜•์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
10:37
and he was on the threshold of becoming human.
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์—๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ์ดˆ์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
Well, shortly afterwards, members of his species
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์”จ์กฑ์€
10:45
started to move northwards out of Africa,
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๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
10:48
and you start to see fossils of Homo erectus
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์—๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค ํ™”์„์ด
10:51
in Georgia, China and also in parts of Indonesia.
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๊ทธ๋ฃจ์ง€์•ผ, ์ค‘๊ตญ, ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
So, Homo erectus was the first human ancestor to leave Africa
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์—๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜
11:02
and begin its spread across the globe.
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
Some exciting finds, again, as I mentioned,
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
11:09
from Dmanisi, in the Republic of Georgia.
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๊ทธ๋ฃจ์ง€์•ผ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๋“œ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์‹œ์—์„œ
11:12
But also, surprising finds
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๋˜ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ํฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
recently announced from the Island of Flores in Indonesia,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ ˆ์Šค ์„ฌ์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ธ๋ฐ,
11:17
where a group of these human ancestors have been isolated,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด
11:22
and have become dwarfed, and they're only about a meter in height.
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๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‹ ์žฅ์€ ์ฑ„ 1๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
But they lived only 18,000 years ago,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 1๋งŒ 8์ฒœ๋…„๋ฐ–์— ์‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ 
11:30
and that is truly extraordinary to think about.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ๋งŒํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
Just to put this in terms of generations,
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'์„ธ๋Œ€'๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
because people do find it hard to think of time,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
Homo erectus left Africa 90,000 generations ago.
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์—๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค๋Š” 9๋งŒ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
We evolved essentially from an African stock.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ข…์กฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
Again, at about 200,000 years as a fully-fledged us.
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๋‹ค์‹œ, 20๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „์— ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
11:51
And we only left Africa about 70,000 years ago.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 7๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „์—์•ผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
And until 30,000 years ago, at least three upright-walking apes
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3๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ ์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง๋ฆฝ ๋ณดํ–‰ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€
12:00
shared the planet Earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
The question now is, well, who are we?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์ œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
12:05
We're certainly a polluting, wasteful, aggressive species,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
with a few nice things thrown in, perhaps.
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์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋นผ๊ณ .
12:13
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:14
For the most part, we're not particularly pleasant at all.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ธฐ์œ ์ผ๋งŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
We have a much larger brain than our ape ancestors.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์œ ์ธ์› ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ํฐ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
Is this a good evolutionary adaptation, or is it going to lead us
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์ง„ํ™” ์ ์‘์ผ๊นŒ์š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด ์ง„ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ
12:29
to being the shortest-lived hominid species on planet Earth?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
12:34
And what is it that really makes us us?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
12:37
I think it's our collective intelligence.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ง€์„ฑ,
12:39
It's our ability to write things down,
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๊ธฐ๋ก์ „์Šน,
12:42
our language and our consciousness.
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์–ธ์–ด, ์ด์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
From very primitive beginnings, with a very crude tool kit of stones,
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ํƒœ์ดˆ์— ์กฐ์•…ํ•œ ๋Œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
12:51
we now have a very advanced tool kit, and our tool use
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ง„๋ณดํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š”
12:56
has really reached unprecedented levels:
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์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
we've got buggies to Mars; we've mapped the human genome;
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
13:03
and recently even created synthetic life, thanks to Craig Venter.
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์ตœ๊ทผ์—” ํฌ๋ ˆ์ด๊ทธ ๋ฒคํ„ฐ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
And we've also managed to communicate with people
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
all over the world, from extraordinary places.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋“  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
Even from within an excavation in northern Kenya,
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์ผ€๋ƒ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ๋ฐœ๊ตด ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ๋„
13:18
we can talk to people about what we're doing.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
As Al Gore so clearly has reminded us,
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์•จ ๊ณ ์–ด ์ „ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ป˜์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
13:24
we have reached extraordinary numbers
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š”
13:28
of people on this planet.
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์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ˆ˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
Human ancestors really only survive on planet Earth,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์€ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์ƒ์กด๋งŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
13:33
if you look at the fossil record,
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ํ™”์„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
13:35
for about, on average, a million years at a time.
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๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์— ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ปํ•ด์•ผ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
We've only been around for the past 200,000 years as a species,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 20๋งŒ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ด์•„์™”์ง€๋งŒ
13:42
yet we've reached a population of more than six and a half billion people.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด์ œ 65์–ต ๋ช…์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
And last year, our population grew by 80 million.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚œ ํ•ด ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 8์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ๋Š˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
I mean, these are extraordinary numbers.
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์ด๊ฑด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ˆซ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
You can see here, again, taken from Al Gore's book.
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์•จ ๊ณ ์–ด ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์“ด ์ฑ…์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
13:58
But what's happened is our technology
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด
14:00
has removed the checks and balances on our population growth.
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์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดด์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
We have to control our numbers, and I think this is as important
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
as anything else that's being done in the world today.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•ด ์˜จ ์ผ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
But we have to control our numbers,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
14:13
because we can't really hold it together as a species.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ข…์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
My father so appropriately put it,
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์ œ ๋ถ€์นœ๊ป˜์„œ๋Š”
14:21
that "We are certainly the only animal that makes conscious choices
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ด์„ฑ์  ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
14:25
that are bad for our survival as a species."
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์ด์„ฑ์  ์„ ํƒ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
Can we hold it together?
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์ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒ์กด์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:33
It's important to remember that we all evolved in Africa.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์œ ๋…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
We all have an African origin.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
We have a common past and we share a common future.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
Evolutionarily speaking, we're just a blip.
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์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
We're sitting on the edge of a precipice,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ ๋‚ญ๋– ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋์— ์žˆ๊ณ ,
14:52
and we have the tools and the technology at our hands
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์†์— ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
to communicate what needs to be done
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๋„๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ 
15:01
to hold it together today.
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
We could tell every single human being out there, if we really wanted to.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:08
But will we do that, or will we just let nature take its course?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ˆœ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ๋†”๋‘๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
15:15
Well, to end on a very positive note,
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๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง“์ž๋ฉด,
15:18
I think evolutionarily speaking,
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์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ,
15:20
this is probably a fairly good thing, in the end.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์—๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
I'll leave it at that, thank you very much.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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