Stefan Wolff: The path to ending ethnic conflicts

36,494 views ใƒป 2010-11-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
Today I want to talk to you
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืžื›ื
00:17
about ethnic conflict
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ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืืชื ื™
00:19
and civil war.
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ื•ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
00:21
These are not normally the most cheerful of topics,
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ื‘ื“"ื› ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:24
nor do they generally generate
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ื•ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ื ื’ื ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
00:26
the kind of good news
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ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’
00:28
that this conference is about.
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ืฉืœืฉืžื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื›ื ืก ื”ื–ื”.
00:31
Yet, not only is there at least some good news
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
00:34
to be told about fewer such conflicts now
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื
00:37
than two decades ago,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”,
00:39
but what is perhaps more important
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ืืœื ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:41
is that we also have come
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื•
00:43
to a much better understanding of what can be done
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ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
00:46
to further reduce the number
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ
00:48
of ethnic conflicts and civil wars
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ื”ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืืชื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
00:51
and the suffering that they inflict.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื.
00:54
Three things stand out:
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:
00:56
leadership, diplomacy
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื”
00:59
and institutional design.
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ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.
01:02
What I will focus on in my talk
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื•
01:04
is why they matter, how they matter,
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ื”ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื
01:07
and what we can all do
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ื•ืžื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
01:09
to make sure that they continue to matter
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข
01:11
in the right ways,
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
01:13
that is, how all of us can contribute
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืชืจื•ื
01:16
to developing and honing the skills
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ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื
01:19
of local and global leaders
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ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื
01:22
to make peace
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื
01:24
and to make it last.
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ื•ืœืงื™ื™ืžื•.
01:26
But let's start at the beginning.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
01:29
Civil wars have made news headlines
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ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช
01:31
for many decades now,
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ืžื–ื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
01:33
and ethnic conflicts in particular
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ื•ืœืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืืชื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
01:35
have been a near constant presence
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ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืขื”
01:38
as a major international security threat.
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ื›ืื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
01:41
For nearly two decades now,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
01:44
the news has been bad
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ืฉื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืจืขื•ืช
01:46
and the images have been haunting.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื“ืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•.
01:49
In Georgia, after years of stalemate,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืคืื•ืŸ,
01:52
we saw a full-scale resurgence of violence
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžืœื
01:55
in August, 2008.
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ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2008.
01:57
This quickly escalated into a five-day war
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ื–ื” ื”ืกืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื
02:00
between Russia and Georgia,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”,
02:02
leaving Georgia ever more divided.
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ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืืช ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื•ืœื’ืช.
02:05
In Kenya, contested presidential elections in 2007 --
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ื‘ืงื ื™ื”, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื‘-2007 --
02:08
we just heard about them --
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ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ --
02:11
quickly led to high levels
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
02:13
of inter-ethnic violence
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ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช
02:15
and the killing and displacement
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ื•ืœื”ืจื’ ื•ืœืขืงื™ืจื” ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื
02:17
of thousands of people.
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ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:19
In Sri Lanka,
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ื‘ืกืจื™-ืœื ืงื”,
02:21
a decades-long civil war
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
02:23
between the Tamil minority
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื˜ืžื™ืœื™
02:25
and the Sinhala majority
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื ื”ืœื™
02:27
led to a bloody climax in 2009,
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ืขืงื•ื‘ ืžื“ื ื‘-2009,
02:30
after perhaps as many as 100,000
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” 100,000
02:32
people had been killed
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ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื ื”ืจื’ื•
02:34
since 1983.
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ืžืื– 1983.
02:36
In Kyrgyzstan, just over the last few weeks,
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ื‘ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืจืง ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
02:39
unprecedented levels of violence occurred
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ื”ืชื’ืœืขื” ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช-ืชืงื“ื™ื
02:42
between ethnic Kyrgyz
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื”ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ื™
02:44
and ethnic Uzbeks.
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ื•ื”ืขื ื”ืื•ื–ื‘ืงื™.
02:46
Hundreds have been killed,
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ืžืื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื•,
02:48
and more than 100,000 displaced,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100,000 ื ืขืงืจื• ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื,
02:51
including many ethnic Uzbeks
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ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื•ื–ื‘ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
02:53
who fled to neighboring Uzbekistan.
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ืืฉืจ ื ืžืœื˜ื• ืœืื•ื–ื‘ืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื ื”.
02:56
In the Middle East,
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
02:58
conflict between Israelis and Palestinians
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ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืื™ื
03:01
continues unabated,
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ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœื ื”ืคื•ื’ื”,
03:03
and it becomes ever more difficult
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ื•ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“
03:05
to see how, just how
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
03:08
a possible, sustainable solution
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ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื•ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื
03:10
can be achieved.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ-ื”ืฉื’ื”.
03:13
Darfur may have slipped from the news headlines,
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ื“ืืจืคื•ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ื ืขืœืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช,
03:16
but the killing and displacement there
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืจื’ ื•ืขืงื™ืจืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื
03:18
continues as well,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื,
03:20
and the sheer human misery that it creates
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ื•ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ
03:23
is very hard to fathom.
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ื‘ื ื”.
03:25
And in Iraq, finally,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืขื™ืจืง,
03:27
violence is on the rise again,
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ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื•ืื” ืฉื•ื‘
03:30
and the country has yet to form a government
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ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื• ื˜ืจื ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืžืžืฉืœื”
03:33
four months after
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ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™
03:35
its last parliamentary elections.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜.
03:40
But hang on, this talk is to be about the good news.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“, ื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื• ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
03:43
So are these now the images of the past?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื ืืœื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ?
03:47
Well, notwithstanding the gloomy pictures
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืœื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื’ื•ืžื•ืช
03:50
from the Middle East, Darfur,
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ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื“ืืจืคื•ืจ,
03:52
Iraq, elsewhere,
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ืžืขื™ืจืง ื•ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
03:54
there is a longer-term trend
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื’ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ืช-ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:56
that does represent some good news.
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ืฉืืžื ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:59
Over the past two decades, since the end of the Cold War,
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ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืื– ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”,
04:02
there has been an overall decline
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช
04:05
in the number of civil wars.
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
04:07
Since the high in the early 1990s,
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ืžืื– ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื,
04:10
with about 50 such civil wars ongoing,
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ืขื ื›-50 ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
04:13
we now have 30 percent fewer
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 30 ืื—ื•ื– ืคื—ื•ืช
04:15
such conflicts today.
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ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
04:17
The number of people killed in civil wars
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
04:19
also is much lower today
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ื
04:22
than it was a decade ago or two.
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
04:25
But this trend is less unambiguous.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
04:28
The highest level of deaths on the battlefield
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ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘
04:31
was recorded between 1998 and 2001,
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ืชื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1998 ืœ-2001:
04:34
with about 80,000 soldiers, policemen and rebels
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80,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื
04:37
killed every year.
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ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
04:39
The lowest number of combatant casualties
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘
04:41
occurred in 2003,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘-2003:
04:44
with just 20,000 killed.
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20,000 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:47
Despite the up and down since then,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืื–,
04:50
the overall trend --
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ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช--
04:52
and this is the important bit --
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘--
04:54
clearly points downward
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”
04:56
for the past two decades.
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ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
04:59
The news about civilian casualties
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื
05:01
is also less bad than it used to be.
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ื’ื ื”ืŸ ืจืขื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
05:03
From over 12,000 civilians
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ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-12,000 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
05:05
deliberately killed in civil wars
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ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
05:07
in 1997 and 1998,
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ื‘-1997 ื•ื‘-1998,
05:10
a decade later,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื—ื“,
05:12
this figure stands at 4,000.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 4,000.
05:15
This is a decrease by two-thirds.
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ื–ืืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™-ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื.
05:18
This decline would be even more obvious
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ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:20
if we factored in the genocide in Rwanda
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ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืืช ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”
05:22
in 1994.
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ื‘-1994.
05:24
But then 800,000 civilians were slaughtered
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ืฉื‘ื• ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื• 800,000 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
05:27
in a matter of just a few months.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื.
05:30
This certainly is an accomplishment
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ืฉื’
05:32
that must never be surpassed.
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ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•.
05:35
What is also important is to note
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ
05:37
that these figures only tell part of the story.
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ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
05:40
They exclude people
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ื”ื ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
05:42
that died as a consequence of civil war,
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ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
05:44
from hunger or disease, for example.
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ืžืจืขื‘ ืื• ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ.
05:46
And they also do not properly account
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
05:48
for civilian suffering more generally.
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ืืช ืกื‘ืœื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
05:52
Torture, rape and ethnic cleansing
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ื”ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืื•ื ืก ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื”ืืชื ื™
05:55
have become highly effective,
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ื ืขืฉื• ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ -
05:58
if often non-lethal, weapons in civil war.
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ืืฃ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื - ื›ื›ืœื™-ื ืฉืง ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
06:02
To put it differently,
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ืื ืœื ืกื— ื–ืืช ืื—ืจืช,
06:04
for the civilians that suffer the consequences
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
06:07
of ethnic conflict and civil war,
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ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืืชื ื™ ืื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
06:10
there is no good war
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ืฉื•ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
06:13
and there is no bad peace.
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ื•ืฉื•ื ืฉืœื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืข.
06:17
Thus, even though every civilian killed,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืžื•ื•ืช,
06:19
maimed, raped, or tortured is one too many,
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ื ื›ื•ืช, ืื•ื ืก ืื• ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™,
06:22
the fact that the number
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจ
06:24
of civilian casualties
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ืฉืœ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช
06:26
is clearly lower today
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ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื
06:28
than it was a decade ago,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
06:30
is good news.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
06:33
So, we have fewer conflicts today
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื
06:35
in which fewer people get killed.
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ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื.
06:38
And the big question, of course,
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
06:40
is why?
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ืžื“ื•ืข?
06:42
In some cases,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
06:44
there is a military victory of one side.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™.
06:46
This is a solution of sorts,
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
06:48
but rarely is it one
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ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช
06:50
that comes without human costs
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืœื ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ
06:52
or humanitarian consequences.
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ืื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™.
06:55
The defeat of the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka
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ืชื‘ื•ืกืช "ื”ื ืžืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืžื™ืœื™ื™ื" ื‘ืกืจื™-ืœื ืงื”
06:58
is perhaps the most recent example of this,
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืš,
07:00
but we have seen similar
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ืืš ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
07:02
so-called military solutions
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"ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช" ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื,
07:05
in the Balkans, in the South Caucasus
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื–,
07:07
and across most of Africa.
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืœืงื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
07:10
At times, they are complimented
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ืœืขืชื™ื, ื›ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœื”ื,
07:12
by negotiated settlements,
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ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื•"ืž,
07:14
or at least cease-fire agreements,
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืคืกืงืช-ืืฉ,
07:16
and peacekeepers are deployed.
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ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงื˜.
07:18
But hardly ever do they represent
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ืืš ืืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื
07:20
a resounding success --
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืจืขื™ืฉื”--
07:22
Bosnia and Herzegovina
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ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืฆื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”
07:24
perhaps more so than Georgia.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”.
07:26
But for many parts of Africa,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
07:28
a colleague of mine once put it this way,
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ืื—ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื›ืš:
07:31
"The cease-fire on Tuesday night
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"ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืขืจื‘
07:34
was reached just in time
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ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ
07:36
for the genocide to start on Wednesday morning."
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ืืช ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืขื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ."
07:41
But let's look at the good news again.
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ืืš ื”ื‘ื” ื•ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
07:43
If there's no solution on the battlefield,
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘,
07:45
three factors can account
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
07:47
for the prevention of ethnic conflict and civil war,
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ืืช ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืืชื ื™ ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
07:51
or for sustainable peace afterwards:
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ืื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš:
07:54
leadership, diplomacy
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื”
07:56
and institutional design.
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ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.
07:59
Take the example of Northern Ireland.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืœื ื“.
08:02
Despite centuries of animosity,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช,
08:04
decades of violence
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
08:06
and thousands of people killed,
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ื•ืืœืคื™ ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื,
08:09
1998 saw the conclusion
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1998 ื—ื–ืชื” ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช
08:11
of an historic agreement.
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ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.
08:14
Its initial version was skillfully mediated
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ื’ื™ืจืกืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ื›ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ
08:17
by Senator George Mitchell.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ.
08:19
Crucially, for the long-term success
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ืข, ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš
08:21
of the peace process in Northern Ireland,
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ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืœื ื“,
08:24
he imposed very clear conditions
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ื”ื•ื ืื›ืฃ ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืžืื“
08:26
for the participation and negotiations.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื-ื•ืžืชืŸ,
08:29
Central among them,
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ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ื
08:31
a commitment
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช
08:33
to exclusively peaceful means.
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ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื.
08:36
Subsequent revisions of the agreement
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ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื–ื”
08:38
were facilitated by the British and Irish governments,
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ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืื™ืจื™,
08:41
who never wavered in their determination
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ืฉืœื ื”ืจืคื• ืžื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืชื
08:44
to bring peace and stability to Northern Ireland.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืœื ื“.
08:47
The core institutions
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ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื”
08:49
that were put in place in 1998
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ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘-1998
08:51
and their modifications
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ื‘ื”ื
08:53
in 2006 and 2008
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ื‘-2006 ื•ื‘-2008
08:55
were highly innovative
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื,
08:57
and allowed all conflict parties
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ื•ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš
09:00
to see their core concerns and demands addressed.
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ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ืื’ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช.
09:04
The agreement combines a power-sharing arrangement
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ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื•ื—
09:06
in Northern Ireland
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืœื ื“
09:08
with cross-border institutions
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ืขื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื
09:10
that link Belfast and Dublin
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ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืคืกื˜ ื•ื“ื‘ืœื™ืŸ
09:12
and thus recognizes
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื›ื™ืจื•
09:14
the so-called Irish dimension of the conflict.
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ "ื”ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš".
09:17
And significantly,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง
09:19
there's also a clear focus
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ
09:21
on both the rights of individuals
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
09:23
and the rights of communities.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
09:27
The provisions in the agreement may be complex,
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ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
09:30
but so is the underlying conflict.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืฉืงื“ื ืœื•.
09:34
Perhaps most importantly,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
09:36
local leaders repeatedly rose to the challenge of compromise,
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ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื ืขื ื• ืœืืชื’ืจ ื”ืคืฉืจื”,
09:40
not always fast
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ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
09:42
and not always enthusiastically,
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ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช,
09:45
but rise in the end they did.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ื ืขื ื• ืœื•.
09:47
Who ever could have imagined
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ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ
09:50
Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness
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ืฉืื™ืืŸ ืคืื™ื™ืกืœื™ ื•ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืง'ื’ื™ื ืก
09:53
jointly governing Northern Ireland
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ื™ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืœื ื“
09:55
as First and Deputy First Minister?
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืกื’ื ื•?
09:58
But then, is Northern Ireland a unique example,
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ืืš ื”ืื ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืงืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
10:01
or does this kind of explanation
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ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”
10:03
only hold more generally
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ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:05
in democratic and developed countries?
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ืจืง ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช?
10:08
By no means.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื.
10:10
The ending of Liberia's long-lasting civil war
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ืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื”
10:13
in 2003
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ื‘-2003
10:15
illustrates the importance
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ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช
10:17
of leadership, diplomacy
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ืœื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื”
10:19
and institutional design
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ื•ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช,
10:21
as much as the successful prevention
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช
10:23
of a full-scale civil war
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ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช-ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืœืื”
10:25
in Macedonia in 2001,
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ื‘ืžืงื“ื•ื ื™ื” ื‘-2001,
10:28
or the successful ending
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ืื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—
10:30
of the conflict in Aceh in Indonesia in 2005.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื‘-2005.
10:34
In all three cases,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
10:36
local leaders were willing and able
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
10:38
to make peace,
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื.
10:40
the international community stood ready
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื›ืŸ
10:43
to help them negotiate and implement an agreement,
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ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•"ืž ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื”ืกื›ื,
10:46
and the institutions have lived up
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•
10:49
to the promise that they held
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ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉื ืชื ื•
10:51
on the day they were agreed.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืกื›ื.
10:53
Focusing on leadership, diplomacy
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ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื”
10:55
and institutional design
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
10:57
also helps explain failures to achieve peace,
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ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื’ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ืฉืœื•ื,
11:00
or to make it last.
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ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื•.
11:02
The hopes that were vested in the Oslo Accords
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ื”ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืœื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•
11:04
did not lead to an end
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ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืกื™ื•ื
11:06
of the Israeli/Palestinian conflict.
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ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื™.
11:08
Not all the issues that needed to be resolved
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื‘ืขื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ
11:11
were actually covered in the agreements.
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ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื.
11:13
Rather, local leaders committed
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ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•
11:16
to revisiting them later on.
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ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
11:19
Yet instead of grasping this opportunity,
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ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช,
11:21
local and international leaders
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื
11:23
soon disengaged
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ื ื™ืชืงื• ืžื’ืข
11:25
and became distracted
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ื•ื“ืขืชื ื”ื•ืกื—ื”
11:27
by the second Intifada, the events of 9/11
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”-11.9
11:30
and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
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ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืจืง.
11:34
The comprehensive peace agreement for Sudan
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ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื“ืืŸ
11:36
signed in 2005
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ื ื—ืชื ื‘-2005
11:38
turned out to be less comprehensive than envisaged,
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ืžืงื™ืฃ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ื–ื• ืœื•,
11:41
and its provisions may yet bear the seeds
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉืื• ืคืจื™
11:44
of a full-scale return to war
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืœืื”
11:46
between north and south.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื.
11:48
Changes and shortcomings in leadership,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืฆืจ-ื™ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื”,
11:51
more off than on international diplomacy
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
11:54
and institutional failures
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ื•ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื,
11:56
account for this
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ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืืช
11:58
in almost equal measure.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื™ืฉืจ.
12:00
Unresolved boundary issues, squabbles over oil revenues,
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื-ืคืชื•ืจื•ืช, ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืกืคื™ ื ืคื˜,
12:03
the ongoing conflict in Darfur,
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ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื“ืืจืคื•ืจ,
12:05
escalating tribal violence in the south
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ื”ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื
12:08
and generally weak state capacity
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ืœืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
12:10
across all of Sudan
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื“ืืŸ
12:12
complete a very depressing picture
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ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื“ื›ืืช ืžืื“
12:15
of the state of affairs
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ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
12:17
in Africa's largest country.
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ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
12:19
A final example: Kosovo.
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ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”: ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื•.
12:21
The failure to achieve
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ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
12:23
a negotiated solution for Kosovo
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ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•"ืž ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื•
12:25
and the violence, tension
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ื•ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช
12:27
and de facto partition that resulted from it
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื“ื”-ืคืงื˜ื• ืฉื ื‘ืขื” ืžื›ืš
12:30
have their reasons
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ืกื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ืขื•ืฆื•ืช
12:32
in many, many different factors.
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
12:35
Central among them are three.
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ืžืชื•ื›ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.
12:38
First, the intransigence of local leaders
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
12:41
to settle for nothing less
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ื•ืื™-ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•"ื“
12:43
than their maximum demands.
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ืžื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ื•ืช.
12:46
Second, an international diplomatic effort
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžืืžืฅ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
12:49
that was hampered from the beginning
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ืฉื”ื•ื›ืฉืœ ืœืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”
12:52
by Western support for Kosovo's independence.
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื•.
12:56
And third, a lack of imagination
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ
12:59
when it came to designing institutions
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
13:02
that could have addressed the concerns
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ืื’ื•ืช
13:04
of Serbs and Albanians alike.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืืœื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
13:07
By the same token --
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ื‘ืข--
13:09
and here we have some good news again --
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช--
13:11
the very fact that there is a high-level,
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ืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืจืžืช-ื“ืจื’,
13:14
well-resourced international presence
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ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืจื‘ืช-ืชื•ืฉื™ื”
13:16
in Kosovo
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ื‘ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื•
13:18
and the Balkans region more generally
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ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ
13:21
and the fact that local leaders on both sides
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื
13:23
have showed relative restraint,
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ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ืื™ืคื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™,
13:25
explains why things have not been worse
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ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ
13:28
over the past two years since 2008.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืื– 2008.
13:31
So even in situations
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื
13:33
where outcomes are less than optimal,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
13:36
local leaders
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ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
13:38
and international leaders have a choice,
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ื•ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”,
13:41
and they can make a difference for the better.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:44
A cold war
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ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงืจื”
13:46
is not as good
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ืื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”-ื‘ืžื™ื“ื”
13:48
as a cold peace,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื•ื ืงืจ.
13:50
but a cold peace
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืงืจ
13:52
is still better than a hot war.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ืžื”.
13:56
Good news is also about learning the right lesson.
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ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื’ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืœืงื— ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
13:59
So what then distinguishes
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ืื– ืžื” ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ
14:01
the Israeli/Palestinian conflict
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื™
14:03
from that in Northern Ireland,
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืœื ื“,
14:06
or the civil war in Sudan
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ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืืŸ
14:08
from that in Liberia?
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื”?
14:10
Both successes and failures
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ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื
14:13
teach us several critically important things
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ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื›ืจืขืช
14:16
that we need to bear in mind
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
14:18
if we want the good news to continue.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
14:20
First, leadership.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช.
14:23
In the same way in which ethnic conflict and civil war
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื ืฉืกื›ืกื•ืš ืืชื ื™ ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช-ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
14:27
are not natural
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ืื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
14:29
but man-made disasters,
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ืืœื ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื”-ืื“ื,
14:31
their prevention and settlement
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืžื ื™ืขืชื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื
14:33
does not happen automatically either.
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ืœื ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืžืขืฆืžื.
14:37
Leadership needs to be capable,
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืฉืจืช,
14:40
determined and visionary
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ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช-ื—ื–ื•ืŸ
14:42
in its commitment to peace.
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ื‘ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืœืฉืœื•ื.
14:44
Leaders need to connect to each other
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืืœื” ืขื ืืœื”
14:47
and to their followers,
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ื•ืขื ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื”ื,
14:49
and they need to bring them along
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ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื™ืžื
14:51
on what is an often arduous journey
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืคืจื›ืช
14:54
into a peaceful future.
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ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื.
14:56
Second, diplomacy.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื”.
14:59
Diplomacy needs to be well resourced,
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ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ืช-ืชื•ืฉื™ื”,
15:02
sustained,
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ืขืžื™ื“ื”,
15:04
and apply the right mix of incentives and pressures
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ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืœื—ืฆื™ื
15:06
on leaders and followers.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื”ื.
15:08
It needs to help them reach an equitable compromise,
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ืขืœื™ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืฉืจื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช,
15:11
and it needs to ensure
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ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
15:13
that a broad coalition
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ืฉืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ื”
15:15
of local, regional
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ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื
15:17
and international supporters
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
15:19
help them implement their agreement.
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ืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•.
15:22
Third, institutional design.
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.
15:25
Institutional design requires
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘
15:27
a keen focus on issues,
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ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
15:29
innovative thinking
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ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช,
15:31
and flexible and well-funded implementation.
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ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื•ืžืžื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
15:35
Conflict parties need to move away
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ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ
15:38
from maximum demands
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ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ื•ืช,
15:40
and towards a compromise
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ื•ืœื ื•ืข ืœืขื‘ืจ ืคืฉืจื”
15:42
that recognizes each other's needs.
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ืฉืชื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืฆื“.
15:45
And they need to think
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
15:47
about the substance of their agreement
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ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื”ื
15:49
much more than about
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ
15:51
the labels they want to attach to them.
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
15:53
Conflict parties also need to be prepared
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ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื
15:55
to return to the negotiation table
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ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื
15:58
if the agreement implementation stalls.
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ืื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืžืชืขื›ื‘.
16:02
For me personally,
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ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™,
16:04
the most critical lesson of all is this:
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ื”ืœืงื— ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืžื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
16:07
Local commitment to peace
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ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื
16:09
is all-important,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:11
but it is often not enough
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ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื“ื™
16:14
to prevent or end violence.
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ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื• ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
16:17
Yet, no amount of diplomacy
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ืื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื”
16:20
or institutional design
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ืื• ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
16:22
can make up for local failures
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
16:25
and the consequences that they have.
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ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”ื.
16:28
Therefore, we must invest
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ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข
16:31
in developing leaders,
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ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื,
16:34
leaders that have the skills,
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื
16:37
vision and determination
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ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช
16:39
to make peace.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื.
16:41
Leaders, in other words,
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
16:43
that people will trust
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ืฉื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ื ืืžื•ืŸ
16:45
and that they will want to follow
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ื•ืฉื™ืจืฆื• ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื”ื
16:48
even if that means
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ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
16:50
making hard choices.
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช.
16:53
A final thought:
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”:
16:55
Ending civil wars
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ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
16:57
is a process that is fraught with dangers,
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ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื”-ืกื›ื ื•ืช,
17:00
frustrations and setbacks.
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ืชืกื›ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช.
17:03
It often takes a generation to accomplish,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ืื•ืจื›ืช ืฉื ื•ืช-ื“ื•ืจ,
17:06
but it also requires us, today's generation,
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ืืš ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•, ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
17:09
to take responsibility
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ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
17:11
and to learn the right lessons
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื
17:13
about leadership, diplomacy
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื”
17:16
and institutional design,
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ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช,
17:19
so that the child soldiers of today
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื-ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
17:22
can become the children of tomorrow.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืจ.
17:24
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:26
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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