Stefan Wolff: The path to ending ethnic conflicts

36,494 views ・ 2010-11-10

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Byeonghoon Han κ²€ν† : J J LEE
00:15
Today I want to talk to you
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였늘 μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜
00:17
about ethnic conflict
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λ―Όμ‘± λΆ„μŸκ³Ό 내전에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ
00:19
and civil war.
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λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
These are not normally the most cheerful of topics,
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이 μ£Όμ œλ“€μ€ 보톡 TEDμ—μ„œ λ‹€λ£¨λŠ”
00:24
nor do they generally generate
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ν™œκΈ° λ„˜μΉ˜λŠ” μ£Όμ œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆκ±°λ‹ˆμ™€,
00:26
the kind of good news
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ„
00:28
that this conference is about.
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μ „ν•˜λŠ” 것도 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
Yet, not only is there at least some good news
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 적어도 20λ…„ 전에 λΉ„ν•΄ ν˜„μž¬λŠ”
00:34
to be told about fewer such conflicts now
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그런 λΆ„μŸμ΄ κ°μ†Œν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹λ“€μ΄
00:37
than two decades ago,
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μžˆμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
00:39
but what is perhaps more important
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 보닀 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은
00:41
is that we also have come
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λ―Όμ‘± λΆ„μŸκ³Ό λ‚΄μ „μ˜ 수λ₯Ό
00:43
to a much better understanding of what can be done
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보닀 κ°μ†Œμ‹œν‚€κ³  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ κ²ͺλŠ” 고톡을
00:46
to further reduce the number
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κ²½κ°μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬
00:48
of ethnic conflicts and civil wars
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 것듀을
00:51
and the suffering that they inflict.
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보닀 더 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
Three things stand out:
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μ„Έ 가지가 λ‘λ“œλŸ¬μ§€λŠ”λ°
00:56
leadership, diplomacy
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리더십, 외ꡐ,
00:59
and institutional design.
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그리고 μ œλ„μ  μ„€κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
What I will focus on in my talk
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ μ΄ˆμ μ„ 맞좜 것은
01:04
is why they matter, how they matter,
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그것듀이 μ™œ μ€‘μš”ν•œκ°€, μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œκ°€
01:07
and what we can all do
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그리고 그것듀이 ν•©λ‹Ήν•œ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ
01:09
to make sure that they continue to matter
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μ€‘μš”ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ§€μ†μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬
01:11
in the right ways,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
that is, how all of us can contribute
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그것은 우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 지역과 세계 λ¦¬λ”λ“€μ˜
01:16
to developing and honing the skills
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κΈ°μˆ μ„ 개발, μ—°λ§ˆν•˜κ³ 
01:19
of local and global leaders
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평화λ₯Ό μ΄λ£©ν•˜λ©°
01:22
to make peace
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그것을 μ§€μ†ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:24
and to make it last.
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κ³΅ν—Œν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
But let's start at the beginning.
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μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•΄λ³΄λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ£ .
01:29
Civil wars have made news headlines
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내전은 졜근 μˆ˜μ‹­λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
01:31
for many decades now,
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λ‰΄μŠ€μ˜ 머리기사λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
and ethnic conflicts in particular
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그리고 특히 λ―Όμ‘± λΆ„μŸμ€
01:35
have been a near constant presence
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μ£Όμš”ν•œ ꡭ제적 μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν˜‘μœΌλ‘œ
01:38
as a major international security threat.
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거의 λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
For nearly two decades now,
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졜근 거의 20λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
01:44
the news has been bad
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λ‰΄μŠ€λ“€μ€ 쒋지 μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
01:46
and the images have been haunting.
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κ·Έ 인상듀은 μžŠν˜€μ§€μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
In Georgia, after years of stalemate,
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κ·Έλ£¨μ§€μ•„μ—μ„œ μˆ˜λ…„κ°„μ˜ ꡐ착 μƒνƒœ 후에
01:52
we saw a full-scale resurgence of violence
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2008λ…„ 8μ›”, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 전면적인 폭λ ₯의 λΆ€ν™œμ„
01:55
in August, 2008.
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λͺ©κ²©ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
This quickly escalated into a five-day war
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μ΄λŠ” 곧 λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ™€ 그루지아 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜
02:00
between Russia and Georgia,
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5λ…„κ°„ μ „λ©΄μ „μœΌλ‘œ ν™•λŒ€λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
leaving Georgia ever more divided.
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이 μ „μŸμ΄ 그루지아λ₯Ό 더 λΆ„μ—΄λ˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
In Kenya, contested presidential elections in 2007 --
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2007λ…„ μΉ˜λŸ¬μ§„ μΌ€λƒμ˜ λŒ€μ„ μ€
02:08
we just heard about them --
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ“€μ–΄λ³Έ λ°”κ°€ 있죠.
02:11
quickly led to high levels
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곧 μœ„ν—˜ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜
02:13
of inter-ethnic violence
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λ―Όμ‘±κ°„μ˜ 폭λ ₯κ³Ό
02:15
and the killing and displacement
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살인, μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ‚œλ―Όμ„
02:17
of thousands of people.
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
In Sri Lanka,
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μŠ€λ¦¬λž‘μΉ΄μ—μ„œλŠ”
02:21
a decades-long civil war
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λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ 싱할라 λΆ€μ‘±κ³Ό
02:23
between the Tamil minority
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μ†Œμˆ˜μ˜ 타밀 λΆ€μ‘± κ°„
02:25
and the Sinhala majority
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μˆ˜μ‹­λ…„κ°„ 이어진 내전이
02:27
led to a bloody climax in 2009,
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1983λ…„λΆ€ν„° λŒ€λž΅
02:30
after perhaps as many as 100,000
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10만 λͺ… μ΄μƒμ˜ μ‚¬λ§μžλ₯Ό λ‚Έ 이후에
02:32
people had been killed
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2009λ…„μ—λŠ” 유혈 μ‚¬νƒœμ˜ μ •μ μœΌλ‘œ
02:34
since 1983.
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μΉ˜λ‹¬μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
In Kyrgyzstan, just over the last few weeks,
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ν‚€λ₯΄κΈ°μ¦ˆμŠ€νƒ„μ—μ„œλŠ” 뢈과 μ§€λ‚œ λͺ‡ μ£Ό λ™μ•ˆ,
02:39
unprecedented levels of violence occurred
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ν‚€λ₯΄κΈ°μ¦ˆ λ―Όμ‘±κ³Ό 우즈벑 λ―Όμ‘± 사이에
02:42
between ethnic Kyrgyz
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μ „λ‘€λ₯Ό 찾아보기 νž˜λ“  μˆ˜μ€€μ˜
02:44
and ethnic Uzbeks.
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폭λ ₯μ‚¬νƒœκ°€ λ²Œμ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
Hundreds have been killed,
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수백λͺ…이 μ‚΄ν•΄ λ‹Ήν–ˆκ³ 
02:48
and more than 100,000 displaced,
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μ΄μ›ƒν•˜λŠ” μš°μ¦ˆλ² ν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μœΌλ‘œ λ‹¬μ•„λ‚œ
02:51
including many ethnic Uzbeks
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λ§Žμ€ 수의 우즈벑 민쑱을 ν¬ν•¨ν•˜μ—¬
02:53
who fled to neighboring Uzbekistan.
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10만 λͺ… μ΄μƒμ˜ λ‚œλ―Όμ΄ λ°œμƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
In the Middle East,
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μ€‘λ™μ—μ„œλŠ”,
02:58
conflict between Israelis and Palestinians
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μ΄μŠ€λΌμ—˜κ³Ό νŒ”λ ˆμŠ€νƒ€μΈ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 좩돌이
03:01
continues unabated,
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μˆ˜κ·ΈλŸ¬λ“€μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 채 μ§€μ†λ˜κ³  있으며
03:03
and it becomes ever more difficult
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ³  지속될 수 μžˆλŠ” ν•΄κ²°μ±…,
03:05
to see how, just how
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κ·Έ 해결책을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 것이
03:08
a possible, sustainable solution
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더 없이 μ–΄λ €μ›Œμ§€κ³ 
03:10
can be achieved.
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μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
Darfur may have slipped from the news headlines,
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λ‹€λ₯΄ν‘Έλ₯΄κ°€ λ‰΄μŠ€ λ¨Έλ¦¬κΈ°μ‚¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λΉ μ‘ŒλŠ”μ§€ λͺ°λΌλ„,
03:16
but the killing and displacement there
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³³κ³Ό λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ 살인과
03:18
continues as well,
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λ‚œλ―Όμ΄ λ°œμƒν•˜κ³  있고
03:20
and the sheer human misery that it creates
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κ°€λŠ ν•˜κΈ° μ•„μ£Ό νž˜λ“€ μ •λ„μ˜
03:23
is very hard to fathom.
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λΉ„μ°Έν•œ 참상을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
And in Iraq, finally,
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그리고 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λΌν¬μ—μ„œ
03:27
violence is on the rise again,
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폭λ ₯이 λ‹€μ‹œ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
and the country has yet to form a government
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그리고 μ΄λΌν¬λŠ” μ§€λ‚œ μ˜νšŒμ„ κ±°κ°€ μΉ˜λŸ¬μ§€κ³ 
03:33
four months after
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4κ°œμ›”μ΄ μ§€λ‚œ 이후에도
03:35
its last parliamentary elections.
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아직 μ •λΆ€λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
But hang on, this talk is to be about the good news.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μž μ‹œλ§Œμš”, μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ €λŠ” 것은 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
So are these now the images of the past?
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그러면 이제 이것듀은 κ·Έμ € 과거의 λͺ¨μŠ΅λ“€μΈκ°€μš”?
03:47
Well, notwithstanding the gloomy pictures
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자, 쀑동, λ‹€λ₯΄ν‘Έλ₯΄, 이라크,
03:50
from the Middle East, Darfur,
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그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œμ˜
03:52
Iraq, elsewhere,
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μ•”μšΈν•œ 상황에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
03:54
there is a longer-term trend
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쒋은 μ†Œμ‹λ“€μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ”
03:56
that does represent some good news.
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μž₯기적인 μΆ”μ„Έκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
Over the past two decades, since the end of the Cold War,
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냉전이 μ’…μ‹λœ 이래둜 μ§€λ‚œ 20λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
04:02
there has been an overall decline
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λ‚΄μ „μ˜ μˆ˜λŠ” μ „λ°˜μ μœΌλ‘œ
04:05
in the number of civil wars.
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κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
Since the high in the early 1990s,
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1990λ…„λŒ€ 초반, μ•½ 50μ—¬κ°œμ˜
04:10
with about 50 such civil wars ongoing,
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λ‚΄μ „μœΌλ‘œ 정점을 κΈ°λ‘ν•œ 이래
04:13
we now have 30 percent fewer
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λŠ” λ‚΄μ „μ˜ μˆ˜κ°€ 30% 정도
04:15
such conflicts today.
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κ°μ†Œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
The number of people killed in civil wars
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λ‚΄μ „μ—μ„œ μ‚΄ν•΄λ‹Ήν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 수 μ—­μ‹œ
04:19
also is much lower today
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10, 20λ…„ 전보닀
04:22
than it was a decade ago or two.
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많이 μ€„μ–΄λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:25
But this trend is less unambiguous.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 μΆ”μ„Έκ°€ λͺ…ν™•ν•œ 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
The highest level of deaths on the battlefield
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μ „μž₯μ—μ„œμ˜ μ΅œλŒ€ μ‚¬λ§μž μˆ˜λŠ”
04:31
was recorded between 1998 and 2001,
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1998λ…„κ³Ό 2001λ…„ 사이에 κΈ°λ‘λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
04:34
with about 80,000 soldiers, policemen and rebels
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맀년 μ•½ 8만 λͺ…μ˜ ꡰ인, κ²½μ°°, 그리고 반ꡰ이
04:37
killed every year.
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μ‚΄ν•΄ λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
The lowest number of combatant casualties
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κ°€μž₯ 적게 ν¬μƒλœ μ „νˆ¬μ›μ˜ μˆ˜λŠ”
04:41
occurred in 2003,
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2003년에 λ°œμƒν–ˆμœΌλ©°,
04:44
with just 20,000 killed.
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2만 λͺ… 정도가 μ‚¬λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
Despite the up and down since then,
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κ·Έ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ 였λ₯΄λ½ 내리락 ν–ˆμŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ ,
04:50
the overall trend --
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μ „λ°˜μ μΈ μΆ”μ„ΈλŠ”
04:52
and this is the important bit --
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이것이 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ μΈλ°μš”.
04:54
clearly points downward
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μ§€λ‚œ 20λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ,
04:56
for the past two decades.
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λͺ…λ°±ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜ν–₯ μΆ”μ„Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
The news about civilian casualties
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μ‹œλ―Ό ν¬μƒμžμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ‰΄μŠ€ μ—­μ‹œ
05:01
is also less bad than it used to be.
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과거에 λΉ„ν•΄ λ‚˜μ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
From over 12,000 civilians
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만이천λͺ…이 λ„˜λŠ” μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ΄
05:05
deliberately killed in civil wars
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1997λ…„κ³Ό 1998λ…„ 내전쀑에
05:07
in 1997 and 1998,
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κ³„νšμ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚΄ν•΄ λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
a decade later,
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10λ…„ 뒀에,
05:12
this figure stands at 4,000.
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이 μˆ«μžλŠ” 4천λͺ…이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:15
This is a decrease by two-thirds.
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3λΆ„μ˜ 2 정도 쀄어든 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
This decline would be even more obvious
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이 κ°μ†Œμ„ΈλŠ” 1994년에 λ₯΄μ™„λ‹€μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚¬λ˜
05:20
if we factored in the genocide in Rwanda
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학살을 κ³ λ €ν•˜λ©΄ λ”μš± λͺ…ν™•ν•΄μ§ˆ
05:22
in 1994.
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κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
But then 800,000 civilians were slaughtered
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” 뢈과 λͺ‡ 달 사이에
05:27
in a matter of just a few months.
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80만 λͺ…μ˜ μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ΄ ν•™μ‚΄λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:30
This certainly is an accomplishment
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이것은 ν™•μ‹€νžˆ λ‹€μ‹œ λ„˜μ–΄μ„œμ„œλŠ” μ•ˆλ 
05:32
that must never be surpassed.
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기둝일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
What is also important is to note
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λ˜ν•œ μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•  것은
05:37
that these figures only tell part of the story.
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이 μˆ˜μΉ˜λ“€μ€ 단지 일뢀뢄에 λΆˆκ³Όν•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
They exclude people
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μˆ˜μΉ˜λ“€μ€ λ‚΄μ „μ˜ 결과둜
05:42
that died as a consequence of civil war,
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μ‚¬λ§ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€, 예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ 기아와 μ§ˆλ³‘μœΌλ‘œ
05:44
from hunger or disease, for example.
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μ‚¬λ§ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λ°°μ œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
And they also do not properly account
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λ˜ν•œ 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ΄ κ²ͺλŠ”
05:48
for civilian suffering more generally.
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고톡듀을 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μˆ˜μΉ˜ν™”ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
Torture, rape and ethnic cleansing
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λ‚΄μ „μ—μ„œ 자주 μ“°μ΄λŠ” λΉ„μΉ˜λͺ…적인 무기가 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
05:55
have become highly effective,
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κ³ λ¬Έ, κ°•κ°„, 그리고 인쒅 μ²­μ†Œκ°€
05:58
if often non-lethal, weapons in civil war.
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맀우 효과적이 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
To put it differently,
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λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ 말해,
06:04
for the civilians that suffer the consequences
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λ‚΄μ „κ³Ό 인쒅 λΆ„μŸμ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό κ²ͺ은
06:07
of ethnic conflict and civil war,
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μ‹œλ―Όμ˜ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ 보면
06:10
there is no good war
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쒋은 μ „μŸμ΄λž€ μ—†κ³ 
06:13
and there is no bad peace.
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λ‚˜μœ ν‰ν™”λž€ 것도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
Thus, even though every civilian killed,
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이와 같이, 믾은 μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ΄
06:19
maimed, raped, or tortured is one too many,
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상해, κ°•κ°„, κ³ λ¬Έ λ“±μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λ§ν•œλ‹€ 할지라도
06:22
the fact that the number
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ‹œλ―Ό ν¬μƒμžμ˜
06:24
of civilian casualties
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μˆ˜κ°€ 10λ…„ 전보닀
06:26
is clearly lower today
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ μ€„μ–΄λ“€μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ”
06:28
than it was a decade ago,
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κ·Έ 사싀은
06:30
is good news.
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쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
So, we have fewer conflicts today
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 보닀 적은 수의 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
06:35
in which fewer people get killed.
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μ£½μž„μ„ λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ 적은 κ°ˆλ“±μ„ 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:38
And the big question, of course,
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그리고 λ¬Όλ‘ , κ°€μž₯ 큰 λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
06:40
is why?
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λ°”λ‘œ μ™œμΈκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
In some cases,
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μ–΄λ–€ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”,
06:44
there is a military victory of one side.
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ν•œ μͺ½μ˜ ꡰ사적 μŠΉλ¦¬κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
This is a solution of sorts,
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이것은 μ‹ ν†΅μΉ˜ μ•Šμ€ ν•΄κ²°μ±…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
but rarely is it one
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인λͺ…μ˜ 희생이 μ—†κ±°λ‚˜
06:50
that comes without human costs
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인도적 결과둜 λ§ˆλ¬΄λ¦¬λ˜κΈ°κ°€
06:52
or humanitarian consequences.
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μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:55
The defeat of the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka
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μŠ€λ¦¬λž‘μΉ΄μ—μ„œ Tamil Tigers의 νŒ¨λ°°κ°€ (μ—­μ£Ό: μŠ€λ¦¬λž‘μΉ΄ λΆλ™λΆ€μ˜ 무μž₯ λ…λ¦½μš΄λ™ 단체)
06:58
is perhaps the most recent example of this,
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ κ°€μž₯ 졜근의 μ‚¬λ‘€μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
07:00
but we have seen similar
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 발칸 λ°˜λ„μ™€ 남뢀 μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μŠ€
07:02
so-called military solutions
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그리고 λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ 아프리카에 걸쳐
07:05
in the Balkans, in the South Caucasus
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ν”νžˆ ꡰ사적 해결책이라 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ”
07:07
and across most of Africa.
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μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 것듀을 λ΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:10
At times, they are complimented
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ”, μ€‘μž¬ ν˜‘μƒμ΄λ‚˜
07:12
by negotiated settlements,
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적어도 νœ΄μ „ ν˜‘μ •
07:14
or at least cease-fire agreements,
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그리고 ν‰ν™”κ°μ‹œμžλ“€μ„ λ°°μΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것이
07:16
and peacekeepers are deployed.
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찬사λ₯Ό 받을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:18
But hardly ever do they represent
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그듀은 μ•„λ§ˆ 그루지아 보닀
07:20
a resounding success --
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λ³΄μŠ€λ‹ˆμ•„μ™€
07:22
Bosnia and Herzegovina
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ν—€λ₯΄μ²΄κ³ λΉ„λ‚˜λ₯Ό
07:24
perhaps more so than Georgia.
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μ„±κ³΅μ‚¬λ‘€λ‘œ λ‚΄λ†“μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
But for many parts of Africa,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ λ§Žμ€ 지역에 μžˆλŠ”
07:28
a colleague of mine once put it this way,
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제 λ™λ£Œλ“€μ΄ ν•œ λ²ˆμ€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:31
"The cease-fire on Tuesday night
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"λŒ€λŸ‰ν•™μ‚΄μ΄ μ‹œμž‘λœ
07:34
was reached just in time
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μˆ˜μš”μΌ 아침에 λ•Œλ§žμΆ°
07:36
for the genocide to start on Wednesday morning."
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ν™”μš”μΌ λ°€, νœ΄μ „μ— 이λ₯΄λ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
07:41
But let's look at the good news again.
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이제 λ‹€μ‹œ 쒋은 λ‰΄μŠ€λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κΈ°λ‘œ ν•˜μ£ .
07:43
If there's no solution on the battlefield,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ „μž₯μ—μ„œ 해결책이 μ—†λ‹€λ©΄,
07:45
three factors can account
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λ‹€μŒ μ„Έ 가지 μš”μ†Œκ°€
07:47
for the prevention of ethnic conflict and civil war,
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λ―Όμ‘± λΆ„μŸκ³Ό 내전을 λ°©μ§€ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
07:51
or for sustainable peace afterwards:
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μ΄ν›„μ˜ 지속적인 평화λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
leadership, diplomacy
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리더십, 외ꡐ,
07:56
and institutional design.
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그리고 μ œλ„μ  섀계가 κ·Έκ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:59
Take the example of Northern Ireland.
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λΆμ•„μΌλžœλ“œλ₯Ό 예둜 듀어보죠.
08:02
Despite centuries of animosity,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 세기에 걸친 μ¦μ˜€μ™€
08:04
decades of violence
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μˆ˜μ‹­λ…„ κ°„μ˜ 폭λ ₯,
08:06
and thousands of people killed,
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그리고 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ ν¬μƒμžλ“€μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ ,
08:09
1998 saw the conclusion
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1998λ…„ 역사적인 ν˜‘μ •μœΌλ‘œ
08:11
of an historic agreement.
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결말을 맺게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
Its initial version was skillfully mediated
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μƒμ›μ˜μ› 쑰지미첼이 ν˜‘μ •μ˜ 초기 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό
08:17
by Senator George Mitchell.
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μ†œμ”¨μ’‹κ²Œ μ΄λŒμ–΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:19
Crucially, for the long-term success
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κ²°μ •μ μœΌλ‘œ, λΆμ•„μΌλžœλ“œμ—μ„œ
08:21
of the peace process in Northern Ireland,
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μž₯기적인 평화λ₯Ό μ§€μ†μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬,
08:24
he imposed very clear conditions
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κ·ΈλŠ” 참여와 μ€‘μž¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ
08:26
for the participation and negotiations.
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μ•„μ£Ό λͺ…ν™•ν•œ 쑰건듀을 λ‚΄κ±Έμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
Central among them,
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κ·Έ μ€‘μ‹¬μ—λŠ”,
08:31
a commitment
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μ˜€λ‘œμ§€ 평화적 μˆ˜λ‹¨μ— λŒ€ν•œ
08:33
to exclusively peaceful means.
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μ±…μž„μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:36
Subsequent revisions of the agreement
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이후 ν˜‘μ •μ˜ κ°œμ •λ“€μ€
08:38
were facilitated by the British and Irish governments,
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λΆμ•„μΌλžœλ“œμ— 평화와 μ•ˆμ •μ„ κ°€μ Έμ˜€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
08:41
who never wavered in their determination
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영ꡭ과 μ•„μΌλžœλ“œ μ •λΆ€μ˜ 흔듀림 μ—†λŠ”
08:44
to bring peace and stability to Northern Ireland.
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κ²°λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:47
The core institutions
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핡심 μ‹œν–‰μ‚¬ν•­λ“€μ€
08:49
that were put in place in 1998
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1998년에 μžλ¦¬μž‘μ•˜κ³ 
08:51
and their modifications
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2006λ…„κ³Ό 2008년에
08:53
in 2006 and 2008
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이루어진 μˆ˜μ •λΆ„μ€
08:55
were highly innovative
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ν˜μ‹ μ μ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ©°
08:57
and allowed all conflict parties
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λͺ¨λ“  λŒ€λ¦½ 집단듀이
09:00
to see their core concerns and demands addressed.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 관심과 μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό ν‘œλͺ…ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:04
The agreement combines a power-sharing arrangement
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이 ν˜‘μ •μ€ λΆμ•„μΌλžœλ“œμ—μ„œμ˜ ꢌλ ₯ λΆ„λ‹΄ ν•©μ˜μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜
09:06
in Northern Ireland
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ꡭ경을 λ„˜μ–΄
09:08
with cross-border institutions
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λ²¨νŒŒμŠ€νŠΈμ™€ 더블린을 μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ”
09:10
that link Belfast and Dublin
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법λ₯  μ‹œν–‰κ³Ό
09:12
and thus recognizes
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μ†Œμœ„ λΆ„μŸμ—μ„œ μ•„μΌλžœλ“œμΈ κ΄€μ μ˜
09:14
the so-called Irish dimension of the conflict.
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μŠΉμΈμ„ κ²°ν•©μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:17
And significantly,
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그리고 μ£Όλͺ©ν•  것은
09:19
there's also a clear focus
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λ˜ν•œ ν˜‘μ •μ—λŠ” 개인의 κΆŒλ¦¬μ™€
09:21
on both the rights of individuals
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κ³΅λ™μ²΄μ˜ κΆŒλ¦¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ
09:23
and the rights of communities.
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λͺ…ν™•ν•œ 초점 λ˜ν•œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:27
The provisions in the agreement may be complex,
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이 ν˜‘μ •μ˜ 각 쑰항듀은 λ³΅μž‘ν•  수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
09:30
but so is the underlying conflict.
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근본적인 좩돌의 λ¬Έμ œλ„ 그만큼 λ³΅μž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:34
Perhaps most importantly,
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μ•„λ§ˆ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²ŒλŠ”,
09:36
local leaders repeatedly rose to the challenge of compromise,
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지역 μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ€ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ νƒ€ν˜‘μ˜ λ„μ „μ—μ„œ λŠ₯λ ₯을 λ°œνœ˜ν•˜κ³ ,
09:40
not always fast
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항상 λΉ λ₯΄μ§€λ„,
09:42
and not always enthusiastically,
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항상 μ—΄μ€‘ν•˜λŠ” 것도 μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
09:45
but rise in the end they did.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μ—λŠ” κ²°κ΅­ ν•΄λƒˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:47
Who ever could have imagined
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λˆ„κ°€ μ΄μ•ˆ νŽ˜μ΄μ¦λ¦¬μ™€ λ§ˆν‹΄ λ©•κΈ°λ„€μŠ€κ°€
09:50
Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness
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λΆμ•„μΌλžœλ“œλ₯Ό μ—¬λ‹ΉλŒ€ν‘œμ™€
09:53
jointly governing Northern Ireland
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μ—¬λ‹ΉλŒ€ν‘œ λŒ€λ¦¬μ—­μœΌλ‘œμ„œ(μ—­μ£Ό: 이 λ‘˜μ€ 같은 ꢌλ ₯을 μ§€λ‹˜)
09:55
as First and Deputy First Minister?
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κ³΅λ™μœΌλ‘œ ν†΅μΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μƒμƒμ΄λ‚˜ ν–ˆκ² λ‚˜μš”?
09:58
But then, is Northern Ireland a unique example,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λΆμ•„μΌλžœλ“œκ°€ μœ μΌν•œ μ˜ˆμ‹œμ΄κ±°λ‚˜
10:01
or does this kind of explanation
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이런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ„€λͺ…이 였직 일반적으둜
10:03
only hold more generally
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민주적인 μ„ μ§„κ΅­μ—μ„œλ§Œ
10:05
in democratic and developed countries?
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μ μš©λ˜λŠ” 것이라고 말할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
10:08
By no means.
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κ·ΈλŸ΄λ¦¬λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:10
The ending of Liberia's long-lasting civil war
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μ˜€λž˜λ„λ‘ μ§€μ†λ˜λ‹€κ°€ 2003년에 끝이 λ‚œ
10:13
in 2003
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λΌμ΄λ² λ¦¬μ•„μ˜ 내전은
10:15
illustrates the importance
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2001λ…„ λ§ˆμΌ€λ„λ‹ˆμ•„μ—μ„œμ˜
10:17
of leadership, diplomacy
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μ „λ©΄μ „μ˜ 성곡적인 방지λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³ 
10:19
and institutional design
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2005λ…„ μΈλ„λ„€μ‹œμ•„ μ•„μ²΄μ—μ„œ
10:21
as much as the successful prevention
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λ°œμƒν•œ μΆ©λŒμ„ μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ
10:23
of a full-scale civil war
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마무리 지은 것 λ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜
10:25
in Macedonia in 2001,
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리더십과 외ꡐ
10:28
or the successful ending
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그리고 μ œλ„μ  μ„€κ³„μ˜ μ€‘μš”μ„±μ„
10:30
of the conflict in Aceh in Indonesia in 2005.
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μ—¬μ‹€νžˆ 보여주고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:34
In all three cases,
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이 μ„Έ 경우λ₯Ό ν†΅ν‹€μ–΄μ„œ
10:36
local leaders were willing and able
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지역 μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ€ 평화λ₯Ό κ°ˆλ§ν•˜κ³ 
10:38
to make peace,
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이룩해낼 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:40
the international community stood ready
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κ΅­μ œμ‚¬νšŒλŠ” μ€‘μž¬μ™€ ν˜‘μ •μ˜ 이행을
10:43
to help them negotiate and implement an agreement,
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도와쀄 μ€€λΉ„κ°€ λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
10:46
and the institutions have lived up
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κ·Έ μ œλ„λŠ” ν•©μ˜ λ˜μ—ˆλ˜
10:49
to the promise that they held
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μ‹œμ μ—μ˜ 약속에
10:51
on the day they were agreed.
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λΆ€ν•©ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:53
Focusing on leadership, diplomacy
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리더십과 외ꡐ, 그리고 μ œλ„μ 
10:55
and institutional design
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섀계에 μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”λŠ” 것은 λ˜ν•œ
10:57
also helps explain failures to achieve peace,
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평화λ₯Ό 달성할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ‹€νŒ¨λ“€μ„ μ‘°λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ ν•΄μ£Όλ©°,
11:00
or to make it last.
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평화λ₯Ό 지속할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:02
The hopes that were vested in the Oslo Accords
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였슬둜 ν˜‘μ •μ—μ„œ ν™•λ¦½λœ 희망듀이
11:04
did not lead to an end
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μ΄μŠ€λΌμ—˜κ³Ό νŒ”λ ˆμŠ€νƒ€μΈμ˜
11:06
of the Israeli/Palestinian conflict.
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λΆ„μŸμ„ λλ‚΄μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:08
Not all the issues that needed to be resolved
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해결을 ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ΄
11:11
were actually covered in the agreements.
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ν˜‘μ •μ„ 톡해 λ‹€λ€„μ§€λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:13
Rather, local leaders committed
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였히렀, μ§€μ—­μ˜ μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ€ κ·Έ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ˜
11:16
to revisiting them later on.
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λ…Όμ˜λ₯Ό λ‚˜μ€‘μœΌλ‘œ λ―Έλ£Ήλ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:19
Yet instead of grasping this opportunity,
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이 기회λ₯Ό μž‘λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ ,
11:21
local and international leaders
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지역과 ꡭ제적 μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ€
11:23
soon disengaged
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두 번째 μ•„λžμΈ λ°˜λž€μ΄λ‚˜ (μ—­μ£Ό : μ΄μŠ€λΌμ—˜ 점령 μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œμ˜ νŒ”λ ˆμŠ€νƒ€μΈμ— μ˜ν•œ λ°˜λž€)
11:25
and became distracted
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9/11 사건,
11:27
by the second Intifada, the events of 9/11
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μ•„ν”„κ°€λ‹ˆμŠ€νƒ„κ³Ό 이라크 μ „μŸμœΌλ‘œ 인해
11:30
and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
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곧 관심을 λ‹€λ₯Έ 곳으둜 돌리게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:34
The comprehensive peace agreement for Sudan
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2005년에 체결된 μˆ˜λ‹¨μ˜ 포괄적
11:36
signed in 2005
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평화 ν˜‘μ •μ€
11:38
turned out to be less comprehensive than envisaged,
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μ˜ˆμƒν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 포괄적이지 λͺ»ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬κ³ ,
11:41
and its provisions may yet bear the seeds
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κ·Έ 쑰항듀은 뢁과 남 μˆ˜λ‹¨ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œμ˜
11:44
of a full-scale return to war
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μ „λ©΄μ „μœΌλ‘œ νšŒκ·€ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
11:46
between north and south.
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κ°€λŠ₯성을 ν’ˆκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:48
Changes and shortcomings in leadership,
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λ¦¬λ”μ‹­μ˜ λ³€κ²½κ³Ό 단점,
11:51
more off than on international diplomacy
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ꡭ제 μ™Έκ΅μ—μ„œ 문제,
11:54
and institutional failures
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μ œλ„μ  μ‹€νŒ¨κ°€
11:56
account for this
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λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ 그런 κ°€λŠ₯μ„±μ˜
11:58
in almost equal measure.
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μ΄μœ κ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:00
Unresolved boundary issues, squabbles over oil revenues,
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ν•΄κ²°λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ κ΅­κ²½ λΆ„μŸ, μ„μœ  μˆ˜μ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ‹€νˆΌ,
12:03
the ongoing conflict in Darfur,
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λ‹€λ₯΄ν‘Έλ₯΄μ—μ„œ 계속 진행쀑인 좩돌,
12:05
escalating tribal violence in the south
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λ‚¨λΆ€μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” λΆ€μ‘± λΆ„μŸμ˜ 증가
12:08
and generally weak state capacity
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그리고 μˆ˜λ‹¨μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  뢀뢄에 걸친
12:10
across all of Sudan
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이런 μ‚¬νƒœμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ•½ν•œ 포용λ ₯이
12:12
complete a very depressing picture
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μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 큰 ꡭ가인
12:15
of the state of affairs
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μˆ˜λ‹¨μ˜ ν˜„μž¬ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό
12:17
in Africa's largest country.
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μ•„μ£Ό μš°μšΈν•œ λͺ¨μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
A final example: Kosovo.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ˜ˆλŠ” μ½”μ†Œλ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:21
The failure to achieve
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μ½”μ†Œλ³΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ€‘μž¬μ 
12:23
a negotiated solution for Kosovo
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해결책을 μ°ΎλŠ” 데 μ‹€νŒ¨ν•œ 것과
12:25
and the violence, tension
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μ΄κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ„μΆœλ˜λŠ” 폭λ ₯, κΈ΄μž₯
12:27
and de facto partition that resulted from it
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그리고 μ‚¬μ‹€μƒμ˜ μ •μΉ˜μ  뢄단은
12:30
have their reasons
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μ•„μ£Ό λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μš”μΈλ“€μ—
12:32
in many, many different factors.
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κ·Έ 이유λ₯Ό 두고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:35
Central among them are three.
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κ·Έ 쀑에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 μ„Έ κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:38
First, the intransigence of local leaders
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첫 번째둜, κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ΅œλŒ€ μš”κ΅¬λ³΄λ‹€
12:41
to settle for nothing less
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λΆ€μ‘±ν•œ 것에 λ§Œμ‘±ν•˜λŠ”
12:43
than their maximum demands.
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지역 μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ˜ λΉ„νƒ€ν˜‘μ  νƒœλ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:46
Second, an international diplomatic effort
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두 번째둜, μ½”μ†Œλ³΄μ˜ 독립을 μ§€μ›ν•˜λŠ”
12:49
that was hampered from the beginning
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μ„œλ°© ꡭ가듀에 μ˜ν•΄ μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° λ°©ν•΄κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆλ˜
12:52
by Western support for Kosovo's independence.
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ꡭ제적 외ꡐ λ…Έλ ₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:56
And third, a lack of imagination
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그리고 μ„Έ 번째둜, μ„Έλ₯΄λΉ„아인과 μ•Œλ°”λ‹ˆμ•„μΈ
12:59
when it came to designing institutions
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λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ 우렀λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν• 
13:02
that could have addressed the concerns
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μ œλ„λ₯Ό μ„€κ³„ν•˜λŠ”λ° κ΄€ν•œ
13:04
of Serbs and Albanians alike.
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상상λ ₯의 κ²°μ—¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:07
By the same token --
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같은 μ΄μœ μ—μ„œ
13:09
and here we have some good news again --
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μ—¬κΈ° λ‹€μ‹œ λͺ‡λͺ‡ 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹λ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:11
the very fact that there is a high-level,
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높은 μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ ν’λΆ€ν•œ μžμ›λ ₯을 가진
13:14
well-resourced international presence
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ꡭ제 주둔ꡰ이 μ½”μ†Œλ³΄μ™€ 발칸 지역에
13:16
in Kosovo
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μ£Όλ‘”ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ·Έ 사싀 μžμ²΄μ™€
13:18
and the Balkans region more generally
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더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ μ–‘ μ§€μ—­μ˜ μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ΄
13:21
and the fact that local leaders on both sides
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μƒμ‘ν•˜λŠ” μ œμ§€λ ₯을 보여주고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀이
13:23
have showed relative restraint,
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2008λ…„ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ μ§€λ‚œ 2λ…„κ°„
13:25
explains why things have not been worse
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상황이 μ•…ν™”λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€
13:28
over the past two years since 2008.
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이유λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:31
So even in situations
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λ”°λΌμ„œ κ²°κ³Όκ°€
13:33
where outcomes are less than optimal,
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μ΅œμ„ μ΄μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μƒν™©μ—μ„œλΌλ„
13:36
local leaders
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μ§€μ—­μ˜ μ§€λ„μžλ“€κ³Ό
13:38
and international leaders have a choice,
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ꡭ제적인 μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ΄ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 선택은 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:41
and they can make a difference for the better.
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그리고 그듀은 더 λ‚˜μ€ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:44
A cold war
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냉전은
13:46
is not as good
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κΈ΄μž₯ μ†μ˜ 평화 만큼
13:48
as a cold peace,
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μ’‹μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
13:50
but a cold peace
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κΈ΄μž₯ μ†μ˜ ν‰ν™”λŠ”
13:52
is still better than a hot war.
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ 본격적인 μ „μŸλ³΄λ‹€ λ‚«μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:56
Good news is also about learning the right lesson.
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쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ€ λ˜ν•œ μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ κ΅ν›ˆμ„ λ°°μš°λŠ” 것에 κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:59
So what then distinguishes
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그러면 무엇이 μ΄μŠ€λΌμ—˜κ³Ό
14:01
the Israeli/Palestinian conflict
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νŒ”λ ˆμŠ€νƒ€μΈ κ°„μ˜ μΆ©λŒμ„
14:03
from that in Northern Ireland,
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λΆμ•„μΌλžœλ“œλ‚˜ μˆ˜λ‹¨μ˜ λ‚΄μ „,
14:06
or the civil war in Sudan
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λΌμ΄λ² λ¦¬μ•„μ˜ λ‚΄μ „κ³Ό
14:08
from that in Liberia?
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κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
14:10
Both successes and failures
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성곡과 μ‹€νŒ¨ λͺ¨λ‘λŠ”
14:13
teach us several critically important things
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우리 λ§ˆμŒμ— ν’ˆμ–΄λ‘˜λ§Œν•œ 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•œ
14:16
that we need to bear in mind
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λͺ‡ 가지 것듀을 κ°€λ₯΄μ³μ£Όκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:18
if we want the good news to continue.
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만일 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ΄ κ³„μ†λ˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λž€λ‹€λ©΄ 말이죠.
14:20
First, leadership.
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첫번째둜, λ¦¬λ”μ‹­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:23
In the same way in which ethnic conflict and civil war
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λ―Όμ‘± λΆ„μŸκ³Ό 내전은 μžμ—° λ°œμƒμ μ΄μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©°
14:27
are not natural
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μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ§Œλ“ 
14:29
but man-made disasters,
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μž¬μ•™μ΄λΌλŠ” 점이 λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:31
their prevention and settlement
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κ·Έκ²ƒλ“€μ˜ 방지와 ν•΄κ²° μ—­μ‹œ
14:33
does not happen automatically either.
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μžλ™μ μœΌλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:37
Leadership needs to be capable,
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리더십이 평화에 ν—Œμ‹ ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
14:40
determined and visionary
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유λŠ₯ν•˜κ³  λ‹¨ν˜Έν•˜λ©°
14:42
in its commitment to peace.
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μ˜ˆμ§€λ ₯이 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:44
Leaders need to connect to each other
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μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ€ 그듀간에 그리고 κ·Έλ“€μ˜
14:47
and to their followers,
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μ§€μ§€μžλ“€κ³Ό 연결될 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:49
and they need to bring them along
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그리고 그듀을 ν‰ν™”λ‘œμš΄ 미래둜 μ΄λ„λŠ”
14:51
on what is an often arduous journey
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자주 νž˜λ“  μ—¬μ •μœΌλ‘œ 그듀을
14:54
into a peaceful future.
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이끌 수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:56
Second, diplomacy.
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두 번째둜 μ™Έκ΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:59
Diplomacy needs to be well resourced,
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μ™Έκ΅λŠ” ν’λΆ€ν•œ μžμ›μ΄ λ’·λ°›μΉ¨λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ ,
15:02
sustained,
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지속적이어야 ν•˜λ©°,
15:04
and apply the right mix of incentives and pressures
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μ§€λ„μžλ“€κ³Ό μ§€μ§€μžλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν˜œνƒκ³Ό 압박이
15:06
on leaders and followers.
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ν˜Όν•©λ˜μ–΄ μ μš©λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:08
It needs to help them reach an equitable compromise,
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그듀이 κ³΅ν‰ν•œ μ ˆμΆ©μ•ˆμ— λ‹€λ‹€λ₯΄λ„둝 λ„μšΈ ν•„μš”κ°€ 있고,
15:11
and it needs to ensure
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ν˜‘μ •μ„ μ΄ν–‰ν•˜λ„λ‘
15:13
that a broad coalition
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지역과
15:15
of local, regional
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ꡭ제적 μ§€μ§€μžλ“€μ˜
15:17
and international supporters
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κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•œ 연합을
15:19
help them implement their agreement.
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보μž₯ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:22
Third, institutional design.
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μ„Έ 번째둜, μ œλ„μ  μ„€κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:25
Institutional design requires
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μ œλ„μ  μ„€κ³„λŠ” μŸμ μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬
15:27
a keen focus on issues,
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μ˜ˆλ¦¬ν•˜κ²Œ μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”λŠ” 것,
15:29
innovative thinking
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ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ 사고와
15:31
and flexible and well-funded implementation.
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μœ λ™μ μ΄λ©΄μ„œλ„ ν’λΆ€ν•œ 자금 지원이 λ˜λŠ” 이행이 μš”κ΅¬λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:35
Conflict parties need to move away
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λŒ€λ¦½λ˜λŠ” 집단듀은 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ΅œλŒ€ μš”κ΅¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
15:38
from maximum demands
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λ–¨μ–΄μ Έμ„œ μ„œλ‘œμ˜ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό
15:40
and towards a compromise
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μΈμ •ν•˜λŠ” νƒ€ν˜‘μ„
15:42
that recognizes each other's needs.
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지ν–₯ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:45
And they need to think
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그리고 그듀은 ν˜‘μ •μ—
15:47
about the substance of their agreement
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그듀이 뢙이기 μ›ν•˜λŠ” κΌ¬λ¦¬ν‘œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”
15:49
much more than about
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μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ κ·Έ ν˜‘μ •μ˜ λ‚΄μš©μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ
15:51
the labels they want to attach to them.
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생각할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:53
Conflict parties also need to be prepared
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λŒ€λ¦½λ˜λŠ” 집단듀은 ν˜‘μ •μ˜ 이행이
15:55
to return to the negotiation table
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정체될 λ•Œμ—λŠ” μ€‘μž¬ ν…Œμ΄λΈ”λ‘œ
15:58
if the agreement implementation stalls.
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λŒμ•„μ˜¬ μ€€λΉ„λ₯Ό ν•΄μ•Όν•  ν•„μš”λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:02
For me personally,
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제 개인적으둜,
16:04
the most critical lesson of all is this:
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이 λͺ¨λ“  κ²ƒμ˜ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ κ΅ν›ˆμ€
16:07
Local commitment to peace
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평화에 λŒ€ν•œ 지역적 ν—Œμ‹ μ΄
16:09
is all-important,
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μ§€κ·Ήνžˆ μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:11
but it is often not enough
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 폭λ ₯을 μ˜ˆλ°©ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
16:14
to prevent or end violence.
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λλ‚΄λŠ” κ²ƒλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” λΆ€μ‘±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:17
Yet, no amount of diplomacy
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μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 외ꡐ와 μ œλ„μ 
16:20
or institutional design
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섀계가 μ—†μ΄λŠ”
16:22
can make up for local failures
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지역적 μ‹€νŒ¨μ™€ κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό
16:25
and the consequences that they have.
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λ§ŒνšŒν•  수 없을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:28
Therefore, we must invest
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ”ν‰ν™”λ₯Ό
16:31
in developing leaders,
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이루기 μœ„ν•œ 기술과 λΉ„μ „,
16:34
leaders that have the skills,
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결단을 κ°€μ§€λŠ” 리더λ₯Ό
16:37
vision and determination
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κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ”λ°
16:39
to make peace.
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νˆ¬μžν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:41
Leaders, in other words,
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μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ„ 달리 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λ©΄,
16:43
that people will trust
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‹ λ’°ν•˜κ³ 
16:45
and that they will want to follow
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아무리 νž˜λ“  결정을 ν•œλ‹€ ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
16:48
even if that means
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ”°λ₯΄κΈ°λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜λŠ”
16:50
making hard choices.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:53
A final thought:
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ,
16:55
Ending civil wars
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내전을 λλ‚΄λŠ” 것은
16:57
is a process that is fraught with dangers,
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μœ„ν—˜κ³Ό 쒌절과 차질 νˆ¬μ„±μ΄μ˜
17:00
frustrations and setbacks.
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κ³Όμ •μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:03
It often takes a generation to accomplish,
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이것을 μ΄λ£©ν•˜λ €λ©΄ ν•œ μ„ΈλŒ€κ°€ κ±Έλ¦¬μ§€λ§Œ
17:06
but it also requires us, today's generation,
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λ˜ν•œ ν˜„ μ„ΈλŒ€, 즉 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ±…μž„μ„ 질 것을
17:09
to take responsibility
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μš”κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:11
and to learn the right lessons
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그리고 리더십, 외ꡐ,
17:13
about leadership, diplomacy
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그리고 μ œλ„μ  섀계에 λŒ€ν•΄
17:16
and institutional design,
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μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ κ΅ν›ˆμ„ λ°°μ›Œ
17:19
so that the child soldiers of today
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ μ†Œλ…„λ³‘λ“€μ΄
17:22
can become the children of tomorrow.
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미래의 아이듀이 될 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:24
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:26
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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