How the blockchain will radically transform the economy | Bettina Warburg

2,394,273 views ใƒป 2016-12-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Dani Segdan ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:13
Economists have been exploring people's behavior for hundreds of years:
0
13000
4960
ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื;
00:18
how we make decisions,
1
18880
1576
ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
00:20
how we act individually and in groups,
2
20480
3056
ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช,
00:23
how we exchange value.
3
23560
1720
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื.
00:26
They've studied the institutions that facilitate our trade,
4
26760
3456
ื”ื ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:30
like legal systems,
5
30240
1416
ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
00:31
corporations,
6
31680
1240
ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื,
00:33
marketplaces.
7
33520
1200
ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื—ืจ.
00:35
But there is a new, technological institution
8
35600
3456
ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืžืกื“ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ
00:39
that will fundamentally change how we exchange value,
9
39080
4016
ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื,
00:43
and it's called the blockchain.
10
43120
1480
ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื”"ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ".
00:46
Now, that's a pretty bold statement,
11
46040
2656
ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ืืžื™ืจื” ื ื•ืขื–ืช ืœืžื“ื™,
00:48
but if you take nothing else away from this talk,
12
48720
3136
ืืš ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืชืงื—ื• ืžื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื•,
00:51
I actually want you to remember
13
51880
1736
ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื–ื›ืจื•
00:53
that while blockchain technology is relatively new,
14
53640
3936
ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”,
00:57
it's also a continuation of a very human story,
15
57600
4376
ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
01:02
and the story is this.
16
62000
1520
ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”.
01:04
As humans, we find ways
17
64080
2016
ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื
01:06
to lower uncertainty about one another
18
66120
2816
ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™
01:08
so that we can exchange value.
19
68960
1800
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื—ื•ืจ.
01:13
Now, one of the first people to really explore the idea
20
73080
3495
ื•ื›ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ืงืจื• ืœืขื•ืžืง ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
01:16
of institutions as a tool in economics
21
76599
3177
ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™
01:19
to lower our uncertainties about one another
22
79800
2456
ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™
01:22
and be able to do trade
23
82280
1896
ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืกื—ืจ
01:24
was the Nobel economist Douglass North.
24
84200
2640
ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื“ืื’ืœืก ื ื•ืจืช'.
01:27
He passed away at the end of 2015,
25
87680
2136
ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2015,
01:29
but North pioneered what's called "new institutional economics."
26
89840
4720
ืืš ื ื•ืจืช' ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”."
01:35
And what he meant by institutions were really just formal rules
27
95120
4176
ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“
01:39
like a constitution,
28
99320
1976
ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืงื”,
01:41
and informal constraints, like bribery.
29
101320
2920
ื•ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื—ื“.
01:45
These institutions are really the grease
30
105280
2896
ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื™ื›ื”
01:48
that allow our economic wheels to function,
31
108200
2936
ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื’ืœื’ืœื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
01:51
and we can see this play out over the course of human history.
32
111160
3120
ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:55
If we think back to when we were hunter-gatherer economies,
33
115120
3456
ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื,
01:58
we really just traded within our village structure.
34
118600
2936
ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื—ืจื ื• ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:01
We had some informal constraints in place,
35
121560
2416
ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื,
02:04
but we enforced all of our trade with violence
36
124000
3536
ืื‘ืœ ืื›ืคื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
02:07
or social repercussions.
37
127560
1880
ืื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
02:09
As our societies grew more complex
38
129960
2336
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:12
and our trade routes grew more distant,
39
132320
3216
ื•ืžืจื—ืงื™ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื’ื“ืœื•,
02:15
we built up more formal institutions,
40
135560
3016
ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื,
02:18
institutions like banks for currency,
41
138600
3336
ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืžื˜ื‘ืข,
02:21
governments, corporations.
42
141960
2696
ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื.
02:24
These institutions helped us manage our trade
43
144680
2536
ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื•
02:27
as the uncertainty and the complexity grew,
44
147240
3016
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•,
02:30
and our personal control was much lower.
45
150280
2600
ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืคื—ืชื”.
02:33
Eventually with the internet, we put these same institutions online.
46
153560
4280
ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช.
02:38
We built platform marketplaces like Amazon, eBay, Alibaba,
47
158600
4376
ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื—ืจ ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ื™ื™ ื•ืขืœื™ื‘ืื‘ื,
02:43
just faster institutions that act as middlemen
48
163000
3536
ืจืง ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื
02:46
to facilitate human economic activity.
49
166560
2920
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
02:51
As Douglass North saw it,
50
171840
2136
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื“ืื’ืœืก ื ื•ืจืช' ืจืื” ื–ืืช,
02:54
institutions are a tool to lower uncertainty
51
174000
3656
ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืจืง ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช
02:57
so that we can connect and exchange all kinds of value in society.
52
177680
4320
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื•ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ืขืจืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
03:02
And I believe we are now entering
53
182840
2336
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื”
03:05
a further and radical evolution
54
185200
2976
ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
03:08
of how we interact and trade,
55
188200
2456
ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื,
03:10
because for the first time, we can lower uncertainty
56
190680
3576
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช
03:14
not just with political and economic institutions,
57
194280
3576
ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื,
03:17
like our banks, our corporations, our governments,
58
197880
3736
ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:21
but we can do it with technology alone.
59
201640
2360
ืืœื ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:25
So what is the blockchain?
60
205920
2016
ืื– ืžื”ื• ื”"ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ"?
03:27
Blockchain technology is a decentralized database
61
207960
4056
ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ
03:32
that stores a registry of assets and transactions
62
212040
3536
ื”ืžืื—ืกืŸ ืžืจืฉื ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื•ืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช
03:35
across a peer-to-peer network.
63
215600
1800
ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืจืฉืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื.
03:38
It's basically a public registry
64
218160
2136
ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื–ื”ื• ืžืจืฉื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
03:40
of who owns what and who transacts what.
65
220320
2840
ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•, ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื”, ื•ืžื™ ืกื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืžื”.
03:43
The transactions are secured through cryptography,
66
223920
2976
ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื ื”,
03:46
and over time, that transaction history gets locked in blocks of data
67
226920
5776
ื•ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื ื ืขืœืช ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
03:52
that are then cryptographically linked together and secured.
68
232720
3480
ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฆืคืŸ ื•ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื.
03:57
This creates an immutable, unforgeable record
69
237360
4176
ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ืœื–ื™ื•ืฃ
04:01
of all of the transactions across this network.
70
241560
3816
ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืจืฉืช.
04:05
This record is replicated on every computer that uses the network.
71
245400
4400
ืจืฉื•ืžื” ื–ื• ืžืฉื•ื›ืคืœืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืช.
04:11
It's not an app.
72
251240
1240
ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”.
04:13
It's not a company.
73
253080
1240
ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื”.
04:15
I think it's closest in description to something like Wikipedia.
74
255120
3760
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”.
04:19
We can see everything on Wikipedia.
75
259800
2056
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”.
04:21
It's a composite view that's constantly changing and being updated.
76
261880
4040
ื–ื• ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ืžืชืขื“ื›ื ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.
04:27
We can also track those changes over time on Wikipedia,
77
267880
3656
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”,
04:31
and we can create our own wikis,
78
271560
2296
ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืžืฉืœื ื•,
04:33
because at their core, they're just a data infrastructure.
79
273880
2840
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:38
On Wikipedia, it's an open platform that stores words and images
80
278600
5496
ื‘ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื–ื• ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื”ืžืื—ืกื ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
04:44
and the changes to that data over time.
81
284120
2480
ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:47
On the blockchain,
82
287520
1456
ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ
04:49
you can think of it as an open infrastructure
83
289000
2936
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื”
04:51
that stores many kinds of assets.
84
291960
2680
ื”ืžืื—ืกื ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื ื›ืก ืจื‘ื™ื.
04:55
It stores the history of custodianship,
85
295760
2736
ื”ื•ื ืžืื—ืกืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื”,
04:58
ownership and location
86
298520
2216
ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื
05:00
for assets like the digital currency Bitcoin,
87
300760
3656
ืœื ื›ืกื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ,
05:04
other digital assets
88
304440
1576
ื ื›ืกื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
05:06
like a title of ownership of IP.
89
306040
3320
ื›ืžื• ืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
05:10
It could be a certificate, a contract,
90
310480
3136
ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืขื•ื“ื”, ื—ื•ื–ื”,
05:13
real world objects,
91
313640
1256
ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
05:14
even personal identifiable information.
92
314920
2800
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืื™ืฉื™ ืžื–ื•ื”ื”.
05:19
There are of course other technical details to the blockchain,
93
319080
3856
ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ,
05:22
but at its core, that's how it works.
94
322960
2016
ืืš ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ.
05:25
It's this public registry that stores transactions in a network
95
325000
4336
ื–ื”ื• ืžืจืฉื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืื—ืกืŸ ืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช
05:29
and is replicated so that it's very secure and hard to tamper with.
96
329360
4200
ื•ืžืฉื•ื›ืคืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืื‘ื˜ื— ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื.
05:35
Which brings me to my point
97
335120
2136
ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
05:37
of how blockchains lower uncertainty
98
337280
3056
ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช
05:40
and how they therefore promise to transform our economic systems
99
340360
4136
ื•ืื™ืš ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
05:44
in radical ways.
100
344520
1200
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
05:47
So uncertainty is kind of a big term
101
347880
2336
ืื– ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื— ื ืจื—ื‘
05:50
in economics,
102
350240
1376
ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
05:51
but I want to go through three forms of it
103
351640
2056
ืืš ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”
05:53
that we face in almost all of our everyday transactions,
104
353720
3376
ืฉืื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืกืงื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช,
05:57
where blockchains can play a role.
105
357120
2096
ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“.
05:59
We face uncertainties like not knowing who we're dealing with,
106
359240
3376
ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ ืื ื• ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื,
06:02
not having visibility into a transaction
107
362640
2816
ื›ืฉืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืขืกืงื” ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•
06:05
and not having recourse if things go wrong.
108
365480
2920
ืœืœื ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื.
06:09
So let's take the first example, not knowing who we're dealing with.
109
369520
3360
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ ืื ื• ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื.
06:13
Say I want to buy a used smartphone on eBay.
110
373720
3360
ื ืืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื‘ื™ื™.
06:17
The first thing I'm going to do is look up who I'm buying from.
111
377760
3320
ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžืžื™ ืื ื™ ืงื•ื ื”.
06:21
Are they a power user?
112
381600
1736
ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ?
06:23
Do they have great reviews and ratings, or do they have no profile at all?
113
383360
4120
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืœืœ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ?
06:28
Reviews, ratings, checkmarks:
114
388960
2776
ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ืกื™ืžื•ืœื™ื:
06:31
these are the attestations about our identities
115
391760
3616
ืืœื• ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
06:35
that we cobble together today
116
395400
1616
ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
06:37
and use to lower uncertainty about who we're dealing with.
117
397040
3440
ื•ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืขื™ืžื.
06:41
But the problem is they're very fragmented.
118
401840
3016
ืืš ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืื“ ืžืงื•ื˜ืขื™ื.
06:44
Think about how many profiles you have.
119
404880
2320
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื.
06:48
Blockchains allow for us to create an open, global platform
120
408520
5496
ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื”
06:54
on which to store any attestation about any individual
121
414040
4376
ืขืœื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ื›ืœ ืขื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื
06:58
from any source.
122
418440
1400
ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจ.
07:00
This allows us to create a user-controlled
123
420480
3296
ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื“ืช
07:03
portable identity.
124
423800
1360
ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ.
07:07
More than a profile,
125
427800
1896
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ,
07:09
it means you can selectively reveal
126
429720
3296
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
07:13
the different attributes about you
127
433040
1936
ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
07:15
that help facilitate trade or interaction,
128
435000
3296
ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืกื—ืจ ืื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื”,
07:18
for instance that a government issued you an ID,
129
438320
2856
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื ืคื™ืงื” ืœื›ื ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช,
07:21
or that you're over 21,
130
441200
2256
ืื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ื ื™ 21 ื•ืžืขืœื”,
07:23
by revealing the cryptographic proof
131
443480
2616
ืข"ื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืคื ืช
07:26
that these details exist and are signed off on.
132
446120
2880
ืฉืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื.
07:30
Having this kind of portable identity
133
450960
2056
ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ื›ื–ื•
07:33
around the physical world and the digital world
134
453040
3016
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™
07:36
means we can do all kinds of human trade
135
456080
3296
ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืงืฉืจ
07:39
in a totally new way.
136
459400
1400
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
07:42
So I've talked about how blockchains could lower uncertainty
137
462600
2896
ืื– ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
07:45
in who we're dealing with.
138
465520
1536
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœื.
07:47
The second uncertainty that we often face
139
467080
2576
ืื™-ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
07:49
is just not having transparency into our interactions.
140
469680
3200
ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:53
Say you're going to send me that smartphone by mail.
141
473600
2736
ื ืืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื™ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ.
07:56
I want some degree of transparency.
142
476360
1696
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช.
07:58
I want to know that the product I bought is the same one that arrives in the mail
143
478080
4296
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืงื ื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ
08:02
and that there's some record for how it got to me.
144
482400
2376
ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™.
08:04
This is true not just for electronics like smartphones,
145
484800
2616
ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื›ืžื• ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื,
08:07
but for many kinds of goods and data,
146
487440
3176
ืืœื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื“ืข,
08:10
things like medicine, luxury goods,
147
490640
2640
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื™ื•ืงืจื”,
08:14
any kind of data or product that we don't want tampered with.
148
494000
3520
ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื
08:18
The problem in many companies,
149
498880
2216
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
08:21
especially those that produce something complicated like a smartphone,
150
501120
3336
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื• ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื,
08:24
is they're managing all of these different vendors
151
504480
2496
ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืกืคืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
08:27
across a horizontal supply chain.
152
507000
1880
ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื”.
08:30
All of these people that go into making a product,
153
510240
2576
ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ,
08:32
they don't have the same database.
154
512840
1656
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
08:34
They don't use the same infrastructure,
155
514520
2016
ื”ื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช,
08:36
and so it becomes really hard to see transparently a product evolve over time.
156
516560
5120
ืœื›ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
08:43
Using the blockchain, we can create
157
523840
1935
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
08:45
a shared reality across nontrusting entities.
158
525799
3760
ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืืžื•ืŸ.
08:50
By this I mean
159
530640
1216
ื‘ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช
08:51
all of these nodes in the network do not need to know each other
160
531880
3376
ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™
08:55
or trust each other,
161
535280
1416
ืื• ืœืกืžื•ืš ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
08:56
because they each have the ability
162
536720
2136
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
08:58
to monitor and validate the chain for themselves.
163
538880
3080
ืœื ื˜ืจ ื•ืœืชืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืœืขืฆืžื.
09:03
Think back to Wikipedia.
164
543040
1736
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”.
09:04
It's a shared database,
165
544800
2176
ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ,
09:07
and even though it has multiple readers
166
547000
2816
ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื
09:09
and multiple writers at the same time,
167
549840
2096
ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
09:11
it has one single truth.
168
551960
1720
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืง ืืžืช ืื—ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
09:14
So we can create that using blockchains.
169
554720
2096
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
09:16
We can create a decentralized database that has the same efficiency of a monopoly
170
556840
5976
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ
09:22
without actually creating that central authority.
171
562840
2680
ื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
09:26
So all of these vendors, all sorts of companies,
172
566200
2416
ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืกืคืงื™ื, ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
09:28
can interact using the same database without trusting one another.
173
568640
3960
ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืืžื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™.
09:34
It means for consumers, we can have a lot more transparency.
174
574200
3536
ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช.
09:37
As a real-world object travels along,
175
577760
2136
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ื˜ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืžืฉื•ื ืข,
09:39
we can see its digital certificate or token move on the blockchain,
176
579920
5176
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืื• ืืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื–ื–ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ,
09:45
adding value as it goes.
177
585120
1720
ื•ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื•.
09:48
This is a whole new world in terms of our visibility.
178
588360
3840
ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืจืื•ืช.
09:53
So I've talked about how blockchains can lower our uncertainties about identity
179
593720
4600
ืื– ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืื™-ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช
09:59
and how they change what we mean about transparency
180
599240
3216
ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœ"ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช"
10:02
in long distances and complex trades, like in a supply chain.
181
602480
3760
ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืกืคืงื”.
10:07
The last uncertainty that we often face
182
607520
2096
ืื™-ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
10:09
is one of the most open-ended, and it's reneging.
183
609640
2640
ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื• ืฉืื™ื ื” ืกื’ื•ืจื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืืžื™ื ื” ืžืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื”.
10:12
What if you don't send me the smartphone?
184
612920
2496
ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืœื ืชืฉืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื?
10:15
Can I get my money back?
185
615440
1560
ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืกืคื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”?
10:17
Blockchains allow us to write code,
186
617800
3696
ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืจืฉื•ื ืงื•ื“,
10:21
binding contracts,
187
621520
1696
ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘,
10:23
between individuals
188
623240
1656
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
10:24
and then guarantee that those contracts will bear out
189
624920
3656
ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืงื•ื™ืžื•
10:28
without a third party enforcer.
190
628600
1960
ืœืœื ืื›ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
10:31
So if we look at the smartphone example, you could think about escrow.
191
631720
3896
ืื– ืื ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืคืงื“ื” ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช.
10:35
You are financing that phone,
192
635640
2096
ืืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ,
10:37
but you don't need to release the funds
193
637760
2536
ืืš ืื™ื ื›ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื
10:40
until you can verify that all the conditions have been met.
194
640320
2816
ื‘ื˜ืจื ืชื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืžื•ืœืื•.
10:43
You got the phone.
195
643160
1200
ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
10:46
I think this is one of the most exciting ways
196
646240
2416
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืจืชืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:48
that blockchains lower our uncertainties,
197
648680
2440
ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
10:51
because it means to some degree
198
651840
1576
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช
10:53
we can collapse institutions and their enforcement.
199
653440
3600
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื.
10:59
It means a lot of human economic activity
200
659720
2696
ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืจื‘ื”
11:02
can get collateralized and automated,
201
662440
5016
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช,
11:07
and push a lot of human intervention to the edges,
202
667480
3056
ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืœืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
11:10
the places where information moves from the real world to the blockchain.
203
670560
3960
ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ.
11:16
I think what would probably floor Douglass North
204
676880
2456
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžื” ืฉื™ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื“ืื’ืœืก ื ื•ืจืช' ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•
11:19
about this use of technology
205
679360
2376
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
11:21
is the fact that the very thing that makes it work,
206
681760
3016
ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“,
11:24
the very thing that keeps the blockchain secure and verified,
207
684800
4536
ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื•ืžืื•ืžืช,
11:29
is our mutual distrust.
208
689360
1960
ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
11:33
So rather than all of our uncertainties
209
693600
3096
ื›ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
11:36
slowing us down
210
696720
1616
ื™ืื˜ื• ืื•ืชื ื•
11:38
and requiring institutions
211
698360
2496
ื•ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
11:40
like banks, our governments, our corporations,
212
700880
3080
ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
11:45
we can actually harness all of that collective uncertainty
213
705360
4376
ืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ืชืžื™ื ืืช ืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
11:49
and use it to collaborate and exchange more and faster and more open.
214
709760
5600
ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:56
Now, I don't want you to get the impression
215
716800
2056
ื•ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื
11:58
that the blockchain is the solution to everything,
216
718880
2376
ืฉื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืœ,
12:01
even though the media has said that it's going to end world poverty,
217
721280
4920
ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
12:07
it's also going to solve the counterfeit drug problem
218
727840
2736
ื•ื’ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืคื•ืช
12:10
and potentially save the rainforest.
219
730600
2200
ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื,
12:14
The truth is, this technology is in its infancy,
220
734320
3976
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื”,
12:18
and we're going to need to see a lot of experiments take place
221
738320
3216
ื•ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื‘ืฆืขื•,
12:21
and probably fail
222
741560
1416
ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื›ืฉืœื•
12:23
before we truly understand all of the use cases
223
743000
3536
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื
12:26
for our economy.
224
746560
1200
ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
12:29
But there are tons of people working on this,
225
749240
2176
ืืš ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
12:31
from financial institutions
226
751440
1696
ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื
12:33
to technology companies, start-ups and universities.
227
753160
3160
ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื ืง ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช.
12:37
And one of the reasons is that it's not just an economic evolution.
228
757120
4936
ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
12:42
It's also an innovation in computer science.
229
762080
3720
ื–ื” ื’ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
12:49
Blockchains give us the technological capability
230
769360
3456
ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
12:52
of creating a record of human exchange,
231
772840
3576
ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื,
12:56
of exchange of currency,
232
776440
1560
ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข,
12:58
of all kinds of digital and physical assets,
233
778720
3696
ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื,
13:02
even of our own personal attributes,
234
782440
2576
ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
13:05
in a totally new way.
235
785040
1320
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
13:07
So in some ways,
236
787720
1336
ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
13:09
they become a technological institution
237
789080
2976
ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
13:12
that has a lot of the benefits
238
792080
1776
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
13:13
of the traditional institutions we're used to using in society,
239
793880
3200
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื’ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
13:18
but it does this in a decentralized way.
240
798200
2920
ืืš ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช.
13:22
It does this by converting a lot of our uncertainties
241
802360
3536
ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืจืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:25
into certainties.
242
805920
1200
ืœื•ื•ื“ืื•ื™ื•ืช.
13:28
So I think we need to start preparing ourselves,
243
808360
3536
ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ,
13:31
because we are about to face a world
244
811920
2536
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืขื•ืœื
13:34
where distributed, autonomous institutions
245
814480
3136
ื‘ื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื
13:37
have quite a significant role.
246
817640
2000
ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
13:40
Thank you.
247
820600
1216
ืชื•ื“ื”.
13:41
(Applause)
248
821840
2360
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:50
Bruno Giussani: Thank you, Bettina.
249
830400
1667
ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’'ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”, ืชื•ื“ื”.
13:52
I think I understood that it's coming,
250
832880
3696
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข,
13:56
it offers a lot of potential,
251
836600
1896
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ,
13:58
and it's complex.
252
838520
2176
ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
14:00
What is your estimate for the rate of adoption?
253
840720
5080
ืžื” ื”ืขืจื›ืชืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืขื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืฅ?
14:07
Bettina Warburg: I think that's a really good question.
254
847120
2616
ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื” ื•ื•ืืจื‘ื•ืจื’: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
14:09
My lab is pretty much focused
255
849760
1416
ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื“ื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ืช
14:11
on going the enterprise and government route first,
256
851200
3456
ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
14:14
because in reality, blockchain is a complex technology.
257
854680
3536
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
14:18
How many of you actually understand how the internet works?
258
858240
2776
ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืื™ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืคื•ืขืœ?
14:21
But you use it every day,
259
861040
1656
ืืš ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
14:22
so I think we're sort of facing the same John Sculley idea
260
862720
3776
ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกืงืืœื™
14:26
of technology should either be invisible or beautiful,
261
866520
3656
ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช,
14:30
and blockchain is kind of neither of those things right now,
262
870200
3856
ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ืขืช,
14:34
so it's better suited for either really early adopters
263
874080
3976
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืืœื” ืฉืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืœืืžืฅ
14:38
who kind of get it and can tinker around
264
878080
2216
ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ืงืฆืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืขื ื–ื”
14:40
or for finding those best use cases
265
880320
2976
ืื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื
14:43
like identity or asset tracking or smart contracts
266
883320
3176
ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืจืฉื ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื• ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื
14:46
that can be used at that level of an enterprise or government.
267
886520
4016
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืจืžืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืื• ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช.
14:50
BG: Thank you. Thanks for coming to TED.
268
890560
1905
ื‘.ื’.: ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืืช ืœ-TED.
14:52
BW: Thanks.
269
892489
1207
ื‘.ื•.: ืชื•ื“ื”.
14:53
(Applause)
270
893720
2400
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7