A healthy economy should be designed to thrive, not grow | Kate Raworth

732,798 views ใƒป 2018-06-04

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
Have you ever watched a baby learning to crawl?
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ื”ืื ืฆืคื™ืชื ืคืขื ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ?
00:16
Because as any parent knows, it's gripping.
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ื›ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื–ื” ืžืจืชืง.
00:19
First, they wriggle about on the floor,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืชืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”, ื‘ื“"ื› ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
00:21
usually backwards,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
00:22
but then they drag themselves forwards,
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00:24
and then they pull themselves up to stand,
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ื•ืื– ืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืขืœื”, ืœืขืžื™ื“ื”,
00:27
and we all clap.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื•ื—ืื™ื ื›ืคื™ื™ื.
00:29
And that simple motion of forwards and upwards,
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ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืœืžืขืœื”,
00:33
it's the most basic direction of progress we humans recognize.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
00:38
We tell it in our story of evolution as well,
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ืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:40
from our lolloping ancestors to Homo erectus, finally upright,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื“ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืฃ,
00:44
to Homo sapiens, depicted, always a man,
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ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก, ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื’ื‘ืจ,
00:48
always mid-stride.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฆืขื“.
00:51
So no wonder we so readily believe
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืคืœื ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืคืชื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
00:54
that economic progress will take this very same shape,
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ืฉื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”,
00:57
this ever-rising line of growth.
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ืฉืœ ืงื•-ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช.
01:02
It's time to think again,
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืขืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
01:04
to reimagine the shape of progress,
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ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช,
01:08
because today, we have economies
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช
01:11
that need to grow, whether or not they make us thrive,
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ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื—ื•ืช ืœืฆืžื•ื—, ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœืฉื’ืฉื’,
01:16
and what we need, especially in the richest countries,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื•, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
01:20
are economies that make us thrive
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœืฉื’ืฉื’
01:22
whether or not they grow.
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ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช.
01:24
Yes, it's a little flippant word
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”,
01:27
hiding a profound shift in mindset,
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01:30
but I believe this is the shift we need to make
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
01:33
if we, humanity, are going to thrive here together this century.
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ืื ืื ื•, ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
01:38
So where did this obsession with growth come from?
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ืื– ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื” ื”ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”?
01:41
Well, GDP, gross domestic product,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™
01:43
it's just the total cost of goods and services
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื
01:46
sold in an economy in a year.
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ืฉื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช.
01:48
It was invented in the 1930s,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“ ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
01:50
but it very soon became the overriding goal of policymaking,
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
01:54
so much so that even today, in the richest of countries,
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01:57
governments think that the solution to their economic problems
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช
02:00
lies in more growth.
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ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
02:03
Just how that happened
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ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
02:05
is best told through the 1960 classic by W.W. Rostow.
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ืžืชื•ืืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ืจื•ืกื˜ื•ื‘ ืž-1960.
02:10
I love it so much, I have a first-edition copy.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื” ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื•ืชืง ืžื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02:16
"The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto."
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"ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช: ืžื ื™ืคืกื˜ ืœื-ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™."
02:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:23
You can just smell the politics, huh?
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ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื”ื?
02:25
And Rostow tells us that all economies
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ื•ืจื•ืกื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื
02:28
need to pass through five stages of growth:
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”:
02:30
first, traditional society, where a nation's output is limited
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ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ
ืข"ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”;
02:34
by its technology, its institutions and mindset;
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืœื”ืžืจืื”,
02:37
but then the preconditions for takeoff,
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02:39
where we get the beginnings of a banking industry,
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ืขื ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช, ืขื ืžื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
02:42
the mechanization of work
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02:43
and the belief that growth is necessary for something beyond itself,
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ื•ืขื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื”,
ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื• ืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื;
02:47
like national dignity or a better life for the children;
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ - ื”ืžืจืื”,
02:51
then takeoff, where compound interest is built into the economy's institutions
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื
02:57
and growth becomes the normal condition;
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ื•ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ;
ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื”ื‘ืฉืœื”, ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื,
03:00
fourth is the drive to maturity where you can have any industry you want,
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03:03
no matter your natural resource base;
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื;
03:05
and the fifth and final stage, the age of high-mass consumption
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ - ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช,
ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืžืชื—ืฉืง ืœื”ื,
03:10
where people can buy all the consumer goods they want,
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03:12
like bicycles and sewing machines --
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ื›ืžื• ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืจื” --
03:14
this was 1960, remember.
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื•, ื–ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-1960.
03:17
Well, you can hear the implicit airplane metaphor in this story,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืžืจื•ืžื– ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:23
but this plane is like no other,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื•,
03:27
because it can never be allowed to land.
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ื›ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื• ืœื ื—ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื.
03:30
Rostow left us flying into the sunset of mass consumerism,
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ืจื•ืกื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืฉืื ื• ื˜ืกื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช
03:35
and he knew it.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
03:37
As he wrote,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘:
03:39
"And then the question beyond,
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"ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจืช ืคืชื•ื—ื”,
03:43
where history offers us only fragments.
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"ื›ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ืชื™ืจื” ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
03:47
What to do when the increase in real income itself loses its charm?"
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"ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืฉืขืฆื ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืชืื‘ื“ ืืช ืงืกืžื”?"
03:54
He asked that question, but he never answered it, and here's why.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื•ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”:
ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” 1960,
03:58
The year was 1960,
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03:59
he was an advisor to the presidential candidate John F. Kennedy,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืขืฆื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืค' ืงื ื“ื™,
04:03
who was running for election on the promise of five-percent growth,
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ืฉืจืฅ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”,
04:07
so Rostow's job was to keep that plane flying,
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื˜ื•ืก,
04:09
not to ask if, how, or when it could ever be allowed to land.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื, ืื™ืš ืื• ืžืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืื™-ืคืขื ืœื ื—ื•ืช.
04:16
So here we are, flying into the sunset of mass consumerism
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื: ื˜ืกื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช
ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™-ืžืื”,
04:20
over half a century on,
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04:22
with economies that have come to expect, demand and depend upon
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ืขื ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”.
04:27
unending growth,
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04:29
because we're financially, politically and socially addicted to it.
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ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืื ื• ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”.
04:34
We're financially addicted to growth, because today's financial system
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ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืื ื• ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•
ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:38
is designed to pursue the highest rate of monetary return,
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04:41
putting publicly traded companies under constant pressure
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœื—ืฅ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืกื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”
04:45
to deliver growing sales, growing market share and growing profits,
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ืœืกืคืง ืขื•ื“ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ื“ ืขืจืš ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื,
04:48
and because banks create money as debt bearing interest,
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื ื•ืฉื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช,
ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ.
04:52
which must be repaid with more.
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04:54
We're politically addicted to growth
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ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื ื• ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”
04:55
because politicians want to raise tax revenue
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”
ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžืกื™ื
04:58
without raising taxes
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04:59
and a growing GDP seems a sure way to do that.
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ื•ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœื›ืš.
05:02
And no politician wants to lose their place in the G-20 family photo.
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ื•ืืฃ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ 20 ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
05:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:07
But if their economy stops growing while the rest keep going,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื• ืชืคืกื™ืง ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ,
05:11
well, they'll be booted out by the next emerging powerhouse.
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ื™ืขืœื” ื›ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืขื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
05:14
And we are socially addicted to growth,
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ื•ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืื ื• ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”
05:16
because thanks to a century of consumer propaganda,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืชืขืžื•ืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื”,
05:20
which fascinatingly was created by Edward Bernays,
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ืฉืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื™ืื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืข"ื™ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื‘ืจื ื™ื™ืก,
05:23
the nephew of Sigmund Freud,
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ืื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“,
05:26
who realized that his uncle's psychotherapy
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ื•
05:29
could be turned into very lucrative retail therapy
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ ืœืชืจืคื™ื” ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:32
if we could be convinced to believe that we transform ourselves
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“
ื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•.
05:37
every time we buy something more.
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05:41
None of these addictions are insurmountable,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
05:44
but they all deserve far more attention than they currently get,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื• ื›ืจื’ืข,
05:48
because look where this journey has been taking us.
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ื›ื™ ืจืื• ืœืืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื”.
05:50
Global GDP is 10 times bigger than it was in 1950
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 10 ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘-1950
05:55
and that increase has brought prosperity to billions of people,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื,
05:59
but the global economy has also become incredibly divisive,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื™ืฆืจื” ื’ื ืคืขืจื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื,
06:04
with the vast share of returns to wealth
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ
06:06
now accruing to a fraction of the global one percent.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืžื”ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
06:10
And the economy has become incredibly degenerative,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื
06:14
rapidly destabilizing this delicately balanced planet
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ืฉืžืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”
06:19
on which all of our lives depend.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
06:22
Our politicians know it, and so they offer new destinations for growth.
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ื”ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื:
ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžื›ืœื™ืœื”,
06:26
You can have green growth, inclusive growth,
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06:28
smart, resilient, balanced growth.
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ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื—ื›ืžื”, ื—ืกื•ื ื”, ืžืื•ื–ื ืช.
06:30
Choose any future you want so long as you choose growth.
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ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืื™ื–ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื ืœื›ื,
ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
06:35
I think it's time to choose a higher ambition, a far bigger one,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืขื” ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื™ืขื“ ื ืขืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
ื›ื™ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ื‘ืจื•ืจ:
06:40
because humanity's 21st century challenge is clear:
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06:44
to meet the needs of all people
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ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื
06:47
within the means of this extraordinary, unique, living planet
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœื, ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื™ ื”ื–ื”
06:51
so that we and the rest of nature can thrive.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื• ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ื•ืœื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืชื™ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ.
06:56
Progress on this goal isn't going to be measured with the metric of money.
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06:59
We need a dashboard of indicators.
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ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื• ืœื•ื—-ืžื—ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื.
ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช,
07:02
And when I sat down to try and draw a picture of what that might look like,
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07:06
strange though this is going to sound,
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ืžื•ื–ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ืฉืžืข,
07:08
it came out looking like a doughnut.
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ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ื›ืžื• ื›ืขืš (ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช).
07:12
I know, I'm sorry,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช. ืžืฆื˜ืขืจืช.
07:13
but let me introduce you to the one doughnut
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ื›ืขืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
07:15
that might actually turn out to be good for us.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืงื•ืจืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–.
07:18
So imagine humanity's resource use radiating out from the middle.
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07:21
That hole in the middle is a place
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฆืจื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“.
07:23
where people are falling short on life's essentials.
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07:25
They don't have the food, health care, education, political voice, housing
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื“ื™ื•ืจ
07:29
that every person needs for a life of dignity and opportunity.
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ืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
07:33
We want to get everybody out of the hole, over the social foundation
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ื—ื•ืจ, ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
07:36
and into that green doughnut itself.
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ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ื”ื›ืขืš ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืขืฆืžื•.
07:39
But, and it's a big but,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื•ื–ื” "ืื‘ืœ" ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
07:43
we cannot let our collective resource use overshoot that outer circle,
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ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
ื”ืชืงืจื” ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
07:48
the ecological ceiling,
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07:49
because there we put so much pressure on this extraordinary planet
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ื›ื™ ืื– ืื ื• ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืขืžืกื” ื›ื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”,
07:53
that we begin to kick it out of kilter.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžื›ืœืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ.
07:55
We cause climate breakdown, we acidify the oceans,
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ืื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช, ืœื”ื—ืžืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
07:58
a hole in the ozone layer,
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ืœื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ,
08:00
pushing ourselves beyond the planetary boundaries
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ื•ื“ื•ื—ืงื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
08:03
of the life-supporting systems that have for the last 11,000 years
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš 11,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
08:08
made earth such a benevolent home to humanity.
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ืกื™ืคืงื• ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื‘ ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
08:13
So this double-sided challenge to meet the needs of all
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ืื– ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
ืฉืœ ืžืขื ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช,
08:15
within the means of the planet,
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ืงื•ืจื ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ืžื”,
08:17
it invites a new shape of progress,
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08:19
no longer this ever-rising line of growth,
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ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืงื• ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”,
08:22
but a sweet spot for humanity,
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ืืœื ืžืฆืข ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
08:25
thriving in dynamic balance between the foundation and the ceiling.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื• ืชืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชืงืจื”.
ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื ื“ื”ืžืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช
08:30
And I was really struck once I'd drawn this picture
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08:32
to realize that the symbol of well-being in many ancient cultures
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ืฉืกืžืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
ืžืฉืงืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™,
08:37
reflects this very same sense of dynamic balance,
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08:40
from the Maori Takarangi
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื˜ืงืจื ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจื™ื,
08:42
to the Taoist Yin Yang, the Buddhist endless knot,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ-ื™ืื ื’ ื”ื˜ืื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™, ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื
08:44
the Celtic double spiral.
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ื™.
08:47
So can we find this dynamic balance in the 21st century?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21?
08:52
Well, that's a key question,
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ื–ืืช ืฉืืœืช ืžืคืชื—,
08:54
because as these red wedges show, right now we are far from balanced,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืจืื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื™ื–ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืจื’ืข ืื ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ,
08:58
falling short and overshooting at the same time.
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ืื ื• ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข ื•ืจืื• ืืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•
09:02
Look in that hole, you can see that millions or billions of people worldwide
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09:05
still fall short on their most basic of needs.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจื™ื ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:09
And yet, we've already overshot at least four of these planetary boundaries,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืจื’ื ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
09:13
risking irreversible impact of climate breakdown
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกื” ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช
09:17
and ecosystem collapse.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
09:20
This is the state of humanity and our planetary home.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
09:24
We, the people of the early 21st century,
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ืื ื•, ืื ืฉื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21,
09:28
this is our selfie.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”"ืกืœืคื™" ืฉืœื ื•.
09:31
No economist from last century saw this picture,
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ืฉื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื ืจืื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•,
09:34
so why would we imagine that their theories
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืืชื’ืจ ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•?
09:36
would be up for taking on its challenges?
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09:38
We need ideas of our own,
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื ื•,
09:39
because we are the first generation to see this
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
09:42
and probably the last with a real chance of turning this story around.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ.
09:47
You see, 20th century economics assured us that if growth creates inequality,
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ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ,
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื,
09:51
don't try to redistribute,
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09:52
because more growth will even things up again.
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ื›ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืชืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘.
09:54
If growth creates pollution,
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ืื ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
09:56
don't try to regulate, because more growth will clean things up again.
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ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื›ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืชื ืงื” ื”ื›ืœ.
10:01
Except, it turns out, it doesn't,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช
10:04
and it won't.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
10:05
We need to create economies that tackle this shortfall and overshoot together,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืชืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื’ื ื™ื—ื“,
10:09
by design.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ.
10:11
We need economies that are regenerative and distributive by design.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืžื—ืœืงืช ืžืขืฆื ืชื›ื ื•ื ื”.
ื›ื™ ื™ืจืฉื ื• ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืžึทืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
10:16
You see, we've inherited degenerative industries.
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10:18
We take earth's materials, make them into stuff we want,
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ืื“ืžื” ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื•,
10:21
use it for a while, often only once, and then throw it away,
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื”ื ืงืฆืช, ื‘ื“"ื› ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื•ืื– ื–ืจืงื ื• ืื•ืชื,
10:25
and that is pushing us over planetary boundaries,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื—ืจื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช,
10:28
so we need to bend those arrows around,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
10:30
create economies that work with and within the cycles of the living world,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื,
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืชื›ืœื• ืืœื ื™ื ื•ืฆืœื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
10:35
so that resources are never used up but used again and again,
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ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
10:38
economies that run on sunlight,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื—ื“ ืžื–ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื.
10:40
where waste from one process is food for the next.
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10:43
And this kind of regenerative design is popping up everywhere.
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
10:47
Over a hundred cities worldwide, from Quito to Oslo,
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ืžืขืœ ืžืื” ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืงื™ื˜ื• ื•ืขื“ ืื•ืกืœื•,
10:50
from Harare to Hobart,
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ืžื”ืจืจื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ื•ื‘ืจื˜,
10:52
already generate more than 70 percent of their electricity
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืžืขืœ 70% ืžื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ
10:56
from sun, wind and waves.
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ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ื.
10:58
Cities like London, Glasgow, Amsterdam are pioneering circular city design,
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ืขืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื’ืœื–ื’ื•, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื”ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืขื’ืœื™,
11:03
finding ways to turn the waste from one urban process
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ื•ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืื—ื“
ืœื“ืœืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื.
11:07
into food for the next.
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11:08
And from Tigray, Ethiopia to Queensland, Australia,
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ื•ืžื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ ืฉื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืกืœื ื“ ืฉื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
11:13
farmers and foresters are regenerating once-barren landscapes
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ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื•ื™ืขืจื ื™ื ืžืฉืงืžื™ื ื ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืขืงืจื™ื
11:17
so that it teems with life again.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืงืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:20
But as well as being regenerative by design,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงื,
11:22
our economies must be distributive by design,
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช,
11:26
and we've got unprecedented opportunities for making that happen,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช-ืชืงื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš,
11:30
because 20th-century centralized technologies,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20:
11:33
institutions,
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ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ื™ื.
11:35
concentrated wealth, knowledge and power in few hands.
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11:40
This century, we can design our technologies and institutions
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
11:44
to distribute wealth, knowledge and empowerment to many.
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ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื”ืขืฆืžื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื.
11:48
Instead of fossil fuel energy and large-scale manufacturing,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
11:52
we've got renewable energy networks, digital platforms and 3D printing.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช, ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช.
11:57
200 years of corporate control of intellectual property is being upended
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200 ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืช ืืœ ืงื™ืฆืŸ
12:02
by the bottom-up, open-source, peer-to-peer knowledge commons.
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
12:06
And corporations that still pursue maximum rate of return
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ื•ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืžื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช,
12:09
for their shareholders,
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™
12:12
well they suddenly look rather out of date
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12:14
next to social enterprises that are designed to generate
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
12:17
multiple forms of value and share it with those throughout their networks.
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ื•ืœืฉืชืคื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
12:22
If we can harness today's technologies,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
12:25
from AI to blockchain
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ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ
12:27
to the Internet of Things to material science,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ืืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช,
12:30
if we can harness these in service of distributive design,
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12:34
we can ensure that health care, education, finance, energy, political voice
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ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
12:39
reaches and empowers those people who need it most.
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ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืœื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ื™ืขืฆื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื.
12:43
You see, regenerative and distributive design
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ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื•ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื
12:46
create extraordinary opportunities for the 21st-century economy.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21.
12:51
So where does this leave Rostow's airplane ride?
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ืื– ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ืžื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืกื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื˜ื•ื‘?
12:54
Well, for some it still carries the hope of endless green growth,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืข"ื™ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
12:58
the idea that thanks to dematerialization,
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13:01
exponential GDP growth can go on forever while resource use keeps falling.
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ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืœื ืฆื— ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื.
13:06
But look at the data. This is a flight of fancy.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื–ื• ื˜ื™ืกื” ืขืœ ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
13:10
Yes, we need to dematerialize our economies,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
ืื‘ืœ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ
13:13
but this dependency on unending growth cannot be decoupled from resource use
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13:17
on anything like the scale required
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13:19
to bring us safely back within planetary boundaries.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช,
13:24
I know this way of thinking about growth is unfamiliar,
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13:26
because growth is good, no?
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ื›ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื?
13:28
We want our children to grow, our gardens to grow.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื•ื™ืฆืžื—ื•, ืฉื”ื’ึธื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฆืžื—ื•.
13:31
Yes, look to nature and growth is a wonderful, healthy source of life.
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ื›ืŸ. ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืคืœืื”, ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื.
ื–ื”ื• ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืš ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื ืคืืœ
13:36
It's a phase, but many economies like Ethiopia and Nepal today
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13:40
may be in that phase.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
13:41
Their economies are growing at seven percent a year.
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 7% ื‘ืฉื ื”.
13:45
But look again to nature,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
13:47
because from your children's feet to the Amazon forest,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื” ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืœื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
13:51
nothing in nature grows forever.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆื•ืžื— ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
13:53
Things grow, and they grow up and they mature,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื, ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื,
13:56
and it's only by doing so
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ื•ืจืง ื›ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืื“.
13:58
that they can thrive for a very long time.
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14:03
We already know this.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•.
14:05
If I told you my friend went to the doctor
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ืื™ืœื• ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืจื•ืคื
14:08
who told her she had a growth
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ืฉืืžืจ ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
14:12
that feels very different,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™,
14:14
because we intuitively understand that when something tries to grow forever
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ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื ืกื” ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืœืœื-ื”ืจืฃ
14:18
within a healthy, living, thriving system,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื—ื™ื” ื•ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช,
14:22
it's a threat to the health of the whole.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื.
14:25
So why would we imagine that our economies
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
14:27
would be the one system that could buck this trend
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืชื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”
14:30
and succeed by growing forever?
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ื•ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืœื ืฆื—?
14:33
We urgently need financial, political and social innovations
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ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
14:38
that enable us to overcome this structural dependency on growth,
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ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื”,
14:42
so that we can instead focus on thriving and balance
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ื•ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ
14:48
within the social and the ecological boundaries of the doughnut.
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ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืขืš ื”ื–ื”.
14:53
And if the mere idea of boundaries makes you feel, well, bounded,
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ื•ืื ืขืฆื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช" ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื,
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
14:59
think again.
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15:00
Because the world's most ingenious people
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ื›ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช
15:03
turn boundaries into the source of their creativity.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื.
15:07
From Mozart on his five-octave piano
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ืžืžื•ืฆืืจื˜ ืขื ืคืกื ืชืจ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืื•ืงื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
15:10
Jimi Hendrix on his six-string guitar,
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ื’'ื™ืžื™ ื”ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก ื•ื’ื™ื˜ืจืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœื•,
15:13
Serena Williams on a tennis court,
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ื•ืขื“ ืกืจื™ื ื” ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื˜ื ื™ืก,
15:16
it's boundaries that unleash our potential.
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ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื—ืจืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•.
15:20
And the doughnut's boundaries unleash the potential for humanity to thrive
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ื•ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืขืš ืžืฉื—ืจืจื•ืช ืืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
15:25
with boundless creativity, participation, belonging and meaning.
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ืขื ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
15:32
It's going to take all the ingenuity that we have got to get there,
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ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœื ื•,
15:37
so bring it on.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืืชื›ื.
15:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช)
15:40
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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