Dilip Ratha: The hidden force in global economics: sending money home

94,364 views ใƒป 2014-10-09

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sagi Nishri ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I live in Washington, D.C.,
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ืื ื™ ื’ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”,
00:17
but I grew up in Sindhekela, a village in Orissa, in India.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ื ื“ืงืœื”, ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ืกื”, ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
00:24
My father was a government worker.
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ืื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.
00:28
My mother could not read or write, but she
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ืื™ืžื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื
00:32
would say to me, "A king is worshipped only in his
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื™, "ืžืœืš ื ืขืจืฅ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
00:38
own kingdom. A poet is respected everywhere."
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ืžืžืœื›ืชื• ืฉืœื•. ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื."
00:44
So I wanted to be a poet when I grew up.
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ืื– ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื›ืฉืื’ื“ืœ.
00:47
But I almost didn't go to college
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืงื•ืœื’'
00:52
until an aunt offered financial help.
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ืขื“ ืฉืื—ืช ืžื“ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืขื–ืจื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช.
00:56
I went to study in Sambalpur,
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ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกืžื‘ืœืคื•ืจ,
00:58
the largest town in the region,
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ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ,
01:02
where, already in college, I saw a television for the first time.
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ืฉื, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœื’', ืจืื™ืชื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
01:09
I had dreams of going to the United States
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ื—ืœืžืชื™ ืขืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
01:12
for higher studies.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
01:14
When the opportunity came,
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ื›ืฉื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืคื ื™,
01:16
I crossed two oceans, with borrowed money
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ื—ืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ืขื ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืื•ืœ
01:19
for airfare and only a $20 bill in my pocket.
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ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื•ืจืง ืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœ 20$ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื™.
01:25
In the U.S., I worked in a research center,
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžื—ืงืจ,
01:30
part-time, while taking graduate classes in economics.
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ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืžืฉืจื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืงื—ืชื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
01:34
And with the little I earned, I would
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ื•ืขื ื”ืžืขื˜ ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืชื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™
01:40
finance myself and then I would send
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ืžื›ืœื›ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืื– ืฉื•ืœื—
01:42
money home to my brother and my father.
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ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœืื—ื™ ื•ืœืื‘ื™.
01:46
My story is not unique.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
01:50
There are millions of people who migrate each year.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
01:54
With the help of the family, they cross oceans,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
01:58
they cross deserts, they cross rivers, they cross mountains.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืจื™ื.
02:05
They risk their lives to realize a dream,
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ื”ื ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื•ื,
02:09
and that dream is as simple as having a
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“
02:12
decent job somewhere so they can send money home
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ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื›ื ืฉื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
02:15
and help the family,
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”,
02:17
which has helped them before.
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ืฉืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
02:21
There are 232 million international migrants in the world.
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ื™ืฉื ื 232 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:27
These are people who live in a country
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ
02:28
other than their country of birth.
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ืื—ืจืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื.
02:31
If there was a country made up of
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืจืฅ ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื”
02:32
only international migrants,
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ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
02:34
that would be larger, in population,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืชื”,
02:36
than Brazil.
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ืžื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
02:37
That would be larger, in its size
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ
02:39
of the economy, than France.
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื”, ืžืฆืจืคืช.
02:43
Some 180 million of them, from poor countries,
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ื—ืœืงื, 180 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช,
02:47
send money home regularly.
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ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.
02:50
Those sums of money are called remittances.
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ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืœืœื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”.
02:55
Here is a fact that might surprise you:
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืืชื›ื:
02:59
413 billion dollars, 413 billion dollars
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413 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, 413 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
03:04
was the amount of remittances sent last year
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
03:07
by migrants to developing countries.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
03:10
Migrants from developing countries,
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ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
03:11
money sent to developing countries โ€”
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ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช -
03:13
413 billion dollars.
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413 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
03:16
That's a remarkable number because
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
03:18
that is three times the size of
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ
03:19
the total of development aid money.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—.
03:23
And yet, you and I,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืชื ื•ืื ื™,
03:27
my colleagues in Washington,
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ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
03:28
we endlessly debate and
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ืžืชื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ืฃ
03:30
discuss about development aid,
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
03:33
while we ignore remittances as small change.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ืžืชื™ื™ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื™ืก.
03:37
True, people send 200 dollars per month,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื 200 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
03:40
on average. But, repeated month after month,
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื•,
03:44
by millions of people,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:46
these sums of money add up to rivers of foreign currency.
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ื”ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ืขืจืžื™ื ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื.
03:50
So India, last year, received 72 billion dollars, larger than
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ืื ื›ืš ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœื” 72 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ืกื›ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:55
its IT exports.
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ืžื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”.
03:58
In Egypt remittances are three times
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ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”
04:01
the size of revenues from the Suez Canal.
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ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ.
04:04
In Tajikistan, remittances are 42 percent of GDP.
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ื‘ื˜ืืงื˜ื’'ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื 42% ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™.
04:08
And in poorer countries, smaller countries, fragile countries,
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ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช,
04:11
conflict-afflicted countries, remittances are a lifeline,
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืœื”,
04:16
as in Somalia or in Haiti.
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ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืžืืœื™ื” ืื• ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™.
04:20
No wonder these flows have huge
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ืœื ืคืœื ืฉืœื–ืจืžื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืฉ
04:22
impacts on economies and on poor people.
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ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื.
04:26
Remittances, unlike private investment money,
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ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”, ืœื ื›ืžื• ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช,
04:30
they don't flow back at the first
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ืœื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืขื
04:33
sign of trouble in the country.
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ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
04:35
They actually act like an insurance.
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ื”ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.
04:38
When the family is in trouble,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ืงืœืขืช ืœืฆืจื”,
04:40
facing hardship, facing hard times,
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ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงืฉื™ื™ื, ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื,
04:43
remittances increase, they act like an insurance.
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ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื”ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.
04:45
Migrants send more money then.
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ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ.
04:48
Unlike development aid money,
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ืœื ื›ืžื• ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™,
04:49
that must go through official agencies,
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช,
04:52
through governments, remittances
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ื“ืจืš ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”
04:55
directly reach the poor,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื,
04:56
reach the family,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”,
04:58
and often with business advice.
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขื ืขืฆื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช.
05:00
So in Nepal, the share of poor
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื ืคืืœ, ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื
05:04
people was 42 percent in 1995,
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ืชืคืก 42% ื‘1995,
05:06
the share of poor people in the population.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
05:09
By 2005, a decade later, at a
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ื•ื‘2005, ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
05:12
time of political crisis, economic crisis,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
05:15
the share of poor people went down to 31 percent.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื“ ืœ 31 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
05:19
That decline in poverty, most of it,
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ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขื•ื ื™, ืจื•ื‘ื”,
05:23
about half of it, is believed to be
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžืžื ื”, ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจื
05:25
because of remittances from India,
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ืขืงื‘ ืงื‘ืœืช ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืžื”ื•ื“ื•,
05:27
another poor country.
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ืขื•ื“ ืืจืฅ ืขื ื™ื™ื”.
05:29
In El Salvador, the school dropout
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ื‘ืืœ ืกืœื‘ื“ื•ืจ, ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ
05:34
rate among children is lower
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:37
in families that receive remittances.
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”.
05:39
In Mexico and Sri Lanka,
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ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื•ืกืจื™ ืœื ืงื”,
05:41
the birth weight of children is higher
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ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:45
among families that receive remittances.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”.
05:50
Remittances are dollars wrapped with care.
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ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืื’ื”.
05:54
Migrants send money home for food,
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ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืกืฃ ืœืื•ื›ืœ,
05:57
for buying necessities, for building houses,
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ืœืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื, ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ื,
05:59
for funding education, for funding
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ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ
06:01
healthcare for the elderly, for business
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ืœืขืกืงื™
06:04
investments for friends and family.
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ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
06:06
Migrants send even more money home
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ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
06:09
for special occasions like a surgery
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ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—
06:12
or a wedding. And migrants also send
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ืื• ื—ืชื•ื ื”. ื•ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื’ื
06:15
money, perhaps far too many times,
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ื›ืกืฃ, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขืžื™ื,
06:18
for unexpected funerals that
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ืœื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช
06:21
they cannot attend.
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ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ืŸ.
06:25
Much as these flows do all that good,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื–ืจืžื™ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘,
06:27
there are barriers to these
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื
06:29
flows of remittances, these
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ืœื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”,
06:30
400 billion dollars of remittances.
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400 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”.
06:33
Foremost among them is
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื
06:35
the exorbitant cost of sending money home.
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืงืขืช ืœืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
06:39
Money transfer companies structure
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืจื•ืงืžื•ืช
06:41
their fees to milk the poor.
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ืืช ืขืžืœื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื—ืœื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื.
06:45
They will say, "Up to 500 dollars
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ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•, "ืขื“ 500 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
06:48
if you want to send, we will charge you
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ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœืฉืœื•ื—, ืื ื• ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืชื›ื
06:50
30 dollars fixed."
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30 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืขืžืœื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”."
06:52
If you are poor and if you have only 200 dollars to send,
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ืื ื”ื ื›ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจืง 200 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื—,
06:55
you have to pay that $30 fee.
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฉืœื 30$ ืขืžืœื”.
06:58
The global average cost of sending
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœืฉืœื™ื—ืช
07:00
money is eight percent.
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ื›ืกืคื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
07:03
That means you send 100 dollars,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื 100 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
07:04
the family on the other side receives only
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืจืง
07:06
92 dollars.
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92 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
07:08
To send money to Africa,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืกืฃ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”
07:10
the cost is even higher:
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”:
07:11
12 percent.
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12 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
07:12
To send money within Africa,
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ืœืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
07:14
the cost is even higher:
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”:
07:16
over 20 percent.
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ืžืขืœ 20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
07:17
For example, sending money from Benin to Nigeria.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืกืฃ ืžื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
07:21
And then there is the case of Venezuela, where,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื”, ืฉื,
07:25
because of exchange controls,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ,
07:27
you send 100 dollars and you
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ืืชื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื 100 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื•ืืชื
07:29
are lucky if the family on the other side
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื–ืœ ืื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™
07:31
receives even 10 dollars.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• 10 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
07:34
Of course, nobody sends money to Venezuela
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฉื•ืœื— ื›ืกืฃ ืœื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื”
07:37
through the official channel.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืฉืžื™.
07:39
It all goes in suitcases.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช.
07:41
Whereever costs are high,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
07:43
money goes underground.
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ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืžื—ืชืจืช.
07:45
And what is worse,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข,
07:47
many developing countries actually
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ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
07:50
have a blanket ban on sending money
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื
07:52
out of the country.
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ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”.
07:54
Many rich nations also have a
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ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื
07:56
blanket ban on sending money to specific countries.
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ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
08:01
So, is it that there are no options,
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื ื–ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
08:03
no better options, cheaper options, to send money?
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ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœื•ืช, ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืกืฃ?
08:06
There are.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ.
08:07
M-Pesa in Kenya enables people to send money
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ืž-ืคืกื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืกืฃ
08:10
and receive money at a fixed cost of only
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืจืง
08:13
60 cents per transaction.
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60 ืกื ื˜ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจื”.
08:16
U.S. Fed started a program with Mexico
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ื™ื• ืืก ืคื“ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขื ืžืงืกื™ืงื•
08:19
to enable money service businesses
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืกืงื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื›ืกืคื™ื
08:21
to send money to Mexico
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžืงืกื™ืงื•
08:22
for a fixed cost of only 67 cents per transaction.
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ 67 ืกื ื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”.
08:27
And yet, these faster, cheaper, better options
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืœืœื•
08:30
can't be applied internationally
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
08:33
because of the fear of money laundering,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื,
08:36
even though there is little data
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืขื˜
08:39
to support any connection, any significant
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ, ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ
08:42
connection between money laundering
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื
08:43
and these small remittance transactions.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
08:49
Many international banks now
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ื›ืขืช ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
08:50
are wary of hosting bank accounts
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ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœืืจื— ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ืง
08:53
of money service businesses, especially
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ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื›ืกืคื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“
08:56
those serving Somalia.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืกื•ืžืืœื™ื”.
08:59
Somalia, a country where the
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ืกื•ืžืืœื™ื”, ืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ื”
09:02
per capita income is only 250 dollars per year.
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ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื”ื™ื 250 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
09:09
Monthly remittances, on average, to Somalia
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ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืœืกื•ืžืืœื™ื”
09:11
is larger than that amount.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
09:14
Remittances are the lifeblood of Somalia.
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ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืžืืœื™ื”.
09:16
And yet, this is an example of
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื
09:20
the right hand giving a lot of aid,
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ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืกื™ื•ืข,
09:22
while the left hand is cutting the lifeblood
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื—ื•ืชื›ืช ืืช ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื
09:26
to that economy, through regulations.
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ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ื“ืจืš ืชืงื ื•ืช.
09:32
Then there is the case of poor people from villages, like me.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื›ืคืจื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื ื™.
09:36
In the villages, the only place where you can
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ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื, ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจ
09:38
get money is through the post office.
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื“ื•ืืจ.
09:41
Most of the governments in the world
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
09:43
have allowed their post offices to have
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง
09:46
exclusive partnerships with money transfer companies.
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ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืคื™ื.
09:49
So, if I have to send money to my
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ืื ื›ืš, ืื ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืกืฃ
09:52
father in the village, I must send money
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ืœืื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืคืจ, ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืกืฃ
09:55
through that particular money transfer company,
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
09:57
even if the cost is high.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
09:59
I cannot go to a cheaper option.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื–ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:03
This has to go.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืคืกืง.
10:05
So, what can international organizations and
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ืื–, ืžื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
10:07
social entrepreneurs do to reduce the cost
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ื•ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ ืืช
10:09
of sending money home?
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”?
10:11
First, relax regulations on small remittances under 1,000 dollars.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœ1000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
10:17
Governments should recognize that
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš
10:19
small remittances are not money laundering.
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ืฉืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื.
10:24
Second, governments should abolish exclusive partnerships
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช
10:28
between their post office and the money transfer company.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื.
10:31
For that matter, between the post office
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ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื“ื•ืืจ
10:33
and any national banking system that
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
10:35
has a large network that serves the poor.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืจืฉืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื.
10:38
In fact, they should promote competition,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืชื—ืจื•ืช,
10:41
open up the partnership so that
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืš
10:44
we will bring down costs like we did,
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•,
10:47
like they did, in the telecommunications industry.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•, ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
10:51
You have seen what has happened there.
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ืจืื™ืชื ืžื” ืงืจื” ืฉื.
10:54
Third, large nonprofit philanthropic organizations
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—
10:59
should create a remittance platform
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”
11:01
on a nonprofit basis.
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืจื•ื•ื—.
11:02
They should create a nonprofit
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
11:03
remittance platform to serve the money transfer
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ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืœืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืžืขื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
11:06
companies so that they can send money at a low cost,
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ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
11:09
while complying with all the complex
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช
11:12
regulations all over the world.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
11:16
The development community should
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ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฆืจื™ื›ื”
11:18
set a goal of reducing remittance costs
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ืขื“ ืœื”ืงื˜ื ืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”
11:20
to one percent from the current eight percent.
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ืขื“ ืœืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
11:23
If we reduce costs to one percent,
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ืื ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“,
11:25
that would release a saving of 30 billion dollars per year.
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ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
11:30
Thirty billion dollars, that's larger than the entire
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื–ื”ื• ืกื›ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:34
bilateral aid budget going to Africa per year.
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ืžืกื›ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
11:37
That is larger than, or almost similar to,
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื›ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ื“ื•ืžื”,
11:40
the total aid budget of the United States government,
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ืžื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
11:43
the largest donor on the planet.
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ื”ืชื•ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
11:46
Actually, the savings would be larger
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
11:48
than that 30 billion because remittance channels
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ืžื” 30 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืœืœื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจื•ืฆื™ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”
11:50
are also used for aid, trade and investment purposes.
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ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื’ื ืœืกื™ื•ืข, ืœืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื”.
11:55
Another major impediment to the
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ืžื—ืกื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ
11:58
flow of remittances reaching the family
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ืœื–ืจื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”
12:00
is the large and exorbitant
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
12:03
and illegal cost of recruitment,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื•ืก,
12:06
fees that migrants pay, migrant workers
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ืขืžืœื•ืช ืฉืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื
12:09
pay to laborers who found them the job.
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ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื• ืœื”ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
12:12
I was in Dubai a few years ago.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ืื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
12:16
I visited a camp for workers.
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ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ืžื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
12:18
It was 8 in the evening, dark, hot, humid.
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ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘, ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืš, ื—ื, ืœื—.
12:23
Workers were coming back from
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ื–ืจื•
12:25
their grueling day of work,
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ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืคืจืš ืฉืœื”ื,
12:27
and I struck a conversation
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฉื•ื—ื—
12:29
with a Bangladeshi construction worker.
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ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉื™.
12:32
He was preoccupied that he is sending
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื—
12:35
money home, he has been
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ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”
12:36
sending money home for a few months now,
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ืฉื•ืœื— ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
12:39
and the money is mostly going
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ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืœืš
12:41
to the recruitment agent, to the labor agent
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ืœืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก, ืœืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
12:44
who found him that job.
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ืฉืžืฆื ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
12:45
And in my mind, I could picture
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ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™
12:49
the wife waiting for
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ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžื—ื›ื”
12:50
the monthly remittance.
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ืœืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™.
12:52
The remittance arrives.
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ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžื’ื™ืข.
12:54
She takes the money and hands
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ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ื”
12:55
it over to the recruitment agent,
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ืื•ืชื• ืœืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก,
12:59
while the children are looking on.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
13:02
This has to stop.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืคืกืง.
13:05
It is not only construction workers from Bangladesh,
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ,
13:10
it is all the workers. There are millions of migrant
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
13:12
workers who suffer from this problem.
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ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
13:15
A construction worker from Bangladesh,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ,
13:16
on an average, pays about 4,000 dollars in recruitment fees
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืžืฉืœื ื›4000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืขืžืœืช ื’ื™ื•ืก
13:20
for a job that gives him only 2,000 dollars per year in income.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื• ืจืง 2000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
13:26
That means that for the two years or three years
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ
13:28
of his life, he is basically sending money
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ืžื—ื™ื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ื›ืกืฃ
13:32
to pay for the recruitment fees.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ืขืžืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก.
13:33
The family doesn't get to see any of it.
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื”.
13:37
It is not only Dubai, it is the dark
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ืื™, ื–ื•ื”ื™
13:40
underbelly of every major city in the world.
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ื”ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
13:43
It is not only Bangladeshi construction workers,
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ,
13:45
it is workers from all over the world.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
13:48
It is not only men.
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ืœื ืจืง ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:49
Women are especially vulnerable to
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ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ
13:51
recruitment malpractices.
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ืœืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก.
13:55
One of the most exciting and newest
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื
14:00
thing happening in the area of remittances
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ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”
14:02
is how to mobilize, through innovation,
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ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื ื™ืข, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื”,
14:05
diaspora saving and diaspora giving.
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ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ื•ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื ื•ืชื ืช.
14:08
Migrants send money home,
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ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
14:10
but they also save a large amount of
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ืืš ื”ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ
14:12
money where they live.
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ื›ืกืฃ ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
14:14
Annually, migrant savings are estimated
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ืฉื ืชื™ืช, ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื
14:17
to be 500 billion dollars.
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ื‘ื›- 500 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
14:21
Most of that money is parked in
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ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ื ื”
14:23
bank deposits that give you zero percent interest rate.
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ื‘ื”ืคืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืืคืก ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช.
14:27
If a country were to come and offer a three percent
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ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
14:30
or four percent interest rate, and then say
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ืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื
14:32
that the money would be used for building schools,
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ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ,
14:35
roads, airports, train systems
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ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื ืžืœื™ ืชืขื•ืคื”, ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช
14:38
in the country of origin, a lot
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ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืฆื, ื”ืจื‘ื”
14:40
of migrants would be interested in
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ืžืŸ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
14:42
parting with their money because
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ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžื›ืกืคื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
14:44
it's not only financial gains that
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื›ืกืคื™
14:46
give them an opportunity
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ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
14:48
to stay engaged with their country's development.
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ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืชื.
14:53
Remittance channels can be used
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ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
14:55
to sell these bonds to migrants
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ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืœืžื”ื’ืจื™ื
15:00
because when they come
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื
15:01
on a monthly basis to send remittances,
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”,
15:02
that's when you can actually sell it to them.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
15:05
You can also do the same
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื•
15:06
for mobilizing diaspora giving.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืชืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื™ืชืŸ.
15:09
I would love to invest in a
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ืื ื™ ืืฉืžื— ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข
15:12
bullet train system in India
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
15:14
and I would love to contribute to efforts
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืฉืžื— ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืžืืžืฆื™ื
15:17
to fight malaria in my village.
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ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืืœืจื™ื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื™.
15:21
Remittances are a great way of
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ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืจืš ื ื”ื“ืจืช
15:25
sharing prosperity between places
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ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
15:29
in a targeted way that benefits
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ืฉืชื•ืขื™ืœ
15:31
those who need them most.
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ืืœื• ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:34
Remittances empower people.
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ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืขืฆื™ืžื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื.
15:37
We must do all we can to make remittances
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ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”
15:40
and recruitment
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ื•ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก
15:41
safer and cheaper.
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ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:43
And it can be done.
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ื•ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
15:46
As for myself, I have been
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ื•ืื ื™, ืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื
15:48
away from India for two decades now.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื”.
15:52
My wife is a Venezuelan.
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ืื™ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื”.
15:55
My children are Americans.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
15:58
Increasingly, I feel like a global citizen.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืื–ืจื— ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
16:02
And yet, I am growing nostalgic
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:05
about my country of birth.
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื™.
16:08
I want to be in India and in the U.S. at the same time.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
16:13
My parents are not there anymore.
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ื”ื•ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉื.
16:15
My brothers and sisters have moved on.
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ืื—ื™ ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื”ืœืื”.
16:19
There is no real urgency for me to send money home.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
16:21
And yet, from time to time,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื,
16:24
I send money home to friends,
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื— ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
16:27
to relatives, to the village,
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ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ืœื›ืคืจ,
16:29
to be there, to stay engaged โ€”
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื, ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ -
16:32
that's part of my identity.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
16:34
And, I'm still striving to be a poet
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืจืจ
16:37
for the hardworking migrants
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ืœืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื”
16:39
and their struggle to break free
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ื•ืžืื‘ืงื ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™
16:41
of the cycle of poverty.
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ืžืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
16:42
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:44
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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