Robert Neuwirth: The power of the informal economy

104,899 views ใƒป 2012-09-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
In System D, this
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ื‘ System D, ื–ื•
00:18
is a store,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื ื•ืช,
00:20
and what I mean by that is that this is a photograph
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื”
00:22
I took in Makoko, shantytown in Lagos, Nigeria.
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ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืงื•, ืฉื ื˜ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืื’ื•ืก, ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
00:27
It's built over the lagoon, and there are no streets
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ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืœื’ื•ื ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
00:30
where there can be stores to shop,
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ืฉื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื ื™ื”,
00:32
and so the store comes to you.
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ืื– ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ืš.
00:33
And in the same community,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
00:35
this is business synergy.
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ื–ื• ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื™ืกืงื™ืช,
00:37
This is the boat that that lady was paddling around in,
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื—ืชืจื” ื‘ื”,
00:41
and this artisan makes the boat and the paddles
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ื•ื”ืืจื˜ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
00:44
and sells directly
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ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
00:45
to the people who need the boat and the paddles.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
00:47
And this is a global business.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืกืง ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
00:50
Ogandiro smokes fish in Makoko in Lagos,
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ืื•ื’ื ื“ืจื™ื• ืžืขืฉื ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืงื• ื‘ืœืื’ื•ืก,
00:54
and I asked her, "Where does the fish come from?"
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื”, "ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื?"
00:57
And I thought she'd say, "Oh, you know,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื’ื™ื“, "ืื•, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข,
00:59
up the lagoon somewhere, or maybe across Africa,"
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ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืœื’ื•ื ื”, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,"
01:02
but you'll be happy to know she said
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืฉืžื—ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”
01:04
it came from here, it comes from the North Sea.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื›ืืŸ, ืžื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
01:06
It's caught here, frozen, shipped down to Lagos,
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ื”ื ื ืชืคืกื• ืคื”, ื”ื•ืงืคืื•, ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืœืื’ื•ืก,
01:08
smoked, and sold for a tiny increment of profit
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ืขื•ืฉื ื•, ื•ื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ืจื•ื•ื— ืžื–ืขืจื™
01:11
on the streets of Lagos.
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ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื’ื•ืก.
01:13
And this is a business incubator.
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ื•ื–ื• ื—ืžืžื” ืขืกืงื™ืช.
01:14
This is Olusosun dump, the largest garbage dump in Lagos,
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ื–ื• ืžื–ื‘ืœืช ืื•ืœื•ืกื•ืกื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœืื’ื•ืก,
01:18
and 2,000 people work here, and I found this out
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ื•ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื”, ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”
01:21
from this fellow, Andrew Saboru.
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ืžื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื“ืจื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื•,
01:24
Andrew spent 16 years scavenging materials on the dump,
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ืื ื“ืจื• ื‘ื™ืœื” 16 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื‘ืœื”,
01:28
earned enough money to turn himself into a contract scaler,
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืงื‘ืœืŸ ืฉืงื™ืœื”,
01:31
which meant he carried a scale and went around and
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืื™ืชื• ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘
01:34
weighed all the materials that people had scavenged
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ื•ืฉื•ืงืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืืกืคื•
01:36
from the dump. Now he's a scrap dealer.
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ืžื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื—ืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ.
01:39
That's his little depot behind him,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื—ืกืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•,
01:41
and he earns twice the Nigerian minimum wage.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื”ื ื™ื’ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช.
01:46
This is a shopping mall.
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ื–ื” ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™.
01:48
This is Oshodi Market in Lagos.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ืง ืื•ืฉื“ื™ ื‘ืœืื’ื•ืก.
01:50
Jorge Luis Borges had a story called "The Aleph,"
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ืœื—ื•ืจื—ื” ืœื•ืื™ ื‘ื•ืจื’'ืก ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื "ื”ืืœืฃ,"
01:53
and the Aleph is a point in the world
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ื•ื”ืืœืฃ ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:54
where absolutely everything exists,
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ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ื›ืœ ืงื™ื™ื,
01:57
and for me, this image is a point in the world
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:59
where absolutely everything exists.
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ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ื›ืœ ืงื™ื™ื.
02:02
So, what am I talking about when I talk about System D?
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ืื–, ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ system D?
02:04
It's traditionally called the informal economy,
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช,
02:07
the underground economy, the black market.
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ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช, ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
02:10
I don't conceive of it that way.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”.
02:13
I think it's really important to understand that something like
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•
02:15
this is totally open. It's right there for you to find.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืชื•ื— ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
02:20
All of this is happening openly, and aboveboard.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™, ื•ืžืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
02:23
There's nothing underground about it.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืชืจืชื™ ื‘ื–ื”.
02:25
It's our prejudgment that it's underground.
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ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืชืจืชื™.
02:28
I've pirated the term System D from the former French colonies.
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ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ System D ืžืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
02:33
There's a word in French that is dรฉbrouillardise,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื dรฉbrouillardise,
02:36
that means to be self-reliant,
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ืฉืคืจื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™,
02:38
and the former French colonies have turned that into
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื–ื”
02:42
System D for the economy of self-reliance,
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ืœSystem D ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
02:44
or the DIY economy.
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ืื• ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš.
02:47
But governments hate the DIY economy,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš,
02:51
and that's why -- I took this picture in 2007,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” -- ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ 2007,
02:54
and this is the same market in 2009 --
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ืง ื‘ 2009 --
02:58
and I think, when the organizers of this conference
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื›ืฉืžืืจื’ื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืก
03:01
were talking about radical openness,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช,
03:02
they didn't mean that the streets should be open
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืฉื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื
03:05
and the people should be gone.
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื.
03:06
I think what we have is a pickle problem.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ื.
03:10
I had a friend who worked at a pickle factory,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ื,
03:13
and the cucumbers would come flying down
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ื•ื”ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื”
03:15
this conveyer belt, and his job was to pick off the ones
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ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืžืกื•ืข ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืืœื”
03:19
that didn't look so good and throw them in the bin
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ืฉืœื ื ืจืื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืœืคื—
03:21
labeled "relish" where they'd be crushed and mixed
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ืฉื ืงืจื "ืจืกืง" ืฉื ื”ื ื™ืจื•ืกืงื• ื•ื™ืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•
03:23
with vinegar and used for other kinds of profit.
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ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื•ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื—.
03:27
This is the pickle economy.
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ื–ื• ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ื.
03:29
We're all focusing on โ€” this is a statistic from
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื -- ื–ื• ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”
03:32
earlier this month in the Financial Times โ€”
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ืžืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื ื ืฉื™ืืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก --
03:34
we're all focusing on the luxury economy.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช.
03:38
It's worth 1.5 trillion dollars every year, and that's
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” 1.5 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื–ื”
03:40
a vast amount of money, right?
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:42
That's three times the Gross Domestic Product of Switzerland.
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ื–ื” ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ.
03:45
So it's vast. But it should come with an asterisk,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืขืฆื•ื. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ื ืขื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืช,
03:50
and the asterisk is that it excludes two thirds of the workers
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
03:54
of the world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:55
1.8 billion people around the world work
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1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
03:59
in the economy that is unregulated and informal.
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ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื ืจืฉื•ืžื” ื•ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช.
04:04
That's a huge number, and what does that mean?
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื, ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ?
04:08
Well, it means if it were united in a single political system,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื—ืช,
04:12
one country, call it
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ืืจืฅ ืื—ืช, ืชืงืจืื• ืœื”
04:17
"The United Street Sellers Republic," the U.S.S.R.,
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"ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืช ืžื•ื›ืจื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช," ื” U.S.S.R.,
04:20
or "Bazaaristan,"
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ืื• "ื‘ื–ืืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ,"
04:21
it would be worth 10 trillion dollars every year,
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ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” 10 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
04:26
and that would make it the second largest economy
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
04:28
in the world, after the United States.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืื—ืจื™ ืืจื”"ื‘.
04:30
And given that projections are that the bulk
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ื•ื‘ืชื”ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ
04:33
of economic growth over the next 15 years will come
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ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืชื‘ื•ื
04:37
from emerging economies in the developing world,
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ืžื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—,
04:40
it could easily overtake the United States
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘
04:42
and become the largest economy in the world.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:46
So the implications of that are vast, because it means
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ืื– ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
04:49
that this is where employment is โ€” 1.8 billion people โ€”
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” -- 1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื --
04:53
and this is where we can create a more egalitarian world,
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ื•ืคื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™,
04:57
because people are actually able to earn money and live
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
05:01
and thrive, as Andrew Saboru did.
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ื•ืœืฉื’ืฉื’, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื“ืจื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื• ืขืฉื”.
05:04
Big businesses have recognized this,
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ืขืกืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื–ื”,
05:06
and what's fascinating about this slide,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืจืชืง ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
05:08
it's not that the guys can carry boxes on their heads
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื—ื•ื‘ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ื”ื
05:11
and run around without dropping them off.
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ื•ืœืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ.
05:13
it's that the Gala sausage roll is a product that's made
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ื–ื” ืฉื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ
05:16
by a global company called UAC foods
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช UAC foods
05:19
that's active throughout Africa and the Middle East,
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ืฉืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
05:22
but the Gala sausage roll is not sold in stores.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืืœื” ืœื ื ืžื›ืจืช ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:25
UAC foods has recognized that it won't sell if it's in stores.
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UAC foods ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:29
It's only sold by a phalanx of street hawkers
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ื”ืŸ ื ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืขื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘
05:33
who run around the streets of Lagos at bus stations
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืื’ื•ืก ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก,
05:36
and in traffic jams and sell it as a snack,
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ื•ื‘ืคืงืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ,
05:40
and it's been sold that way for 40 years.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืžื›ืจื• ื›ื›ื” ื›ื‘ืจ 40 ืฉื ื”.
05:43
It's a business plan for a corporation.
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ื–ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช ืœืชืื’ื™ื“.
05:45
And it's not just in Africa.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
05:48
Here's Mr. Clean looking amorously at all the other
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ื”ื ื” ืžืจ ืงืœื™ืŸ ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ
05:51
Procter & Gamble products,
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ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื ื“ ื’ืžื‘ืœ,
05:53
and Procter & Gamble, you know,
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ื•ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื ื“ ื’ืžื‘ืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
05:55
the statistic always cited is that Wal-Mart
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ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืจืื• ืฉื•ื•ืœ ืžืืจื˜
05:58
is their largest customer, and it's true, as one store,
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ื”ื ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื—ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”,
06:03
Wal-Mart buys 15 percent, thus 15 percent
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ื•ื•ืœ ืžืืจื˜ ืงื•ื ื” 15 ืื—ื•ื–, ื›ืš ืฉ15 ืื—ื•ื–
06:06
of Procter & Gamble's business is with Wal-Mart,
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ืžื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื ื“ ื’ืžื‘ืœ ื‘ืื™ื ืžื•ื•ืœ ืžืืจื˜,
06:09
but their largest market segment is something that they call
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืชื— ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื•
06:12
"high frequency stores," which is all these tiny kiosks
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"ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”," ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:15
and the lady in the canoe and all these other businesses
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ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืงืื ื• ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:19
that exist in System D, the informal economy,
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ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘System D, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช,
06:24
and Procter & Gamble makes 20 percent of its money
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ื•ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื ื“ ื’ืžื‘ืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ
06:27
from that market segment,
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ืžื ืชื— ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ื,
06:29
and it's the only market segment that's growing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื’ื“ืœ.
06:33
So Procter & Gamble says, "We don't care whether a store
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ืื– ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื ื“ ื’ืžื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืื ื—ื ื•ืช
06:36
is incorporated or registered or anything like that.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืื• ืจืฉื•ืžื” ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
06:39
We want our products in that store."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช."
06:43
And then there's mobile phones.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื.
06:45
This is an ad for MTN,
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ื–ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืœ MTN,
06:47
which is a South African multinational
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ืฉื–ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
06:49
active in about 25 countries,
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ืฉืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘25 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
06:52
and when they came into Nigeria โ€”
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” --
06:54
Nigeria is the big dog in Africa.
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ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
06:56
One in seven Africans is a Nigerian,
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ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื‘ืขื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืจื™,
06:58
and so everyone wants in to the mobile phone market
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ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื
07:01
in Nigeria. And when MTN came in, they wanted
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”. ื•ื›ืฉMTN ื”ื’ื™ืขื•, ื”ื ืจืฆื•
07:03
to sell the mobile service like I get in the United States
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ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
07:06
or like people get here in the U.K. or in Europe --
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” --
07:09
expensive monthly plans, you get a phone,
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช, ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ,
07:13
you pay overages,
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ื•ืืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ,
07:15
you're killed with fees --
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ืืชื ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื ืžื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื --
07:17
and their plan crashed and burned.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชืจืกืงื”.
07:19
And they went back to the drawing board, and they retooled,
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
07:21
and they came up with another plan:
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช:
07:23
We don't sell you the phone,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ,
07:25
we don't sell you the monthly plan.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช.
07:27
We only sell you airtime.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื›ื ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ.
07:30
And where's the airtime sold?
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ื•ืื™ืคื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืžื›ืจ?
07:32
It's sold at umbrella stands all over the streets,
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ื–ื” ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ื›ื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
07:36
where people are unregistered, unlicensed,
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ืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื, ืœื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื,
07:40
but MTN makes most of its profits,
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ืื‘ืœ MTN ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
07:42
perhaps 90 percent of its profits,
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ืื•ืœื™ 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
07:45
from selling through System D, the informal economy.
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ืžืžื›ื™ืจื” ื“ืจืš System D, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช.
07:50
And where do the phones come from?
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ื•ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื?
07:52
Well, they come from here. This is in Guangzhou, China,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ. ื–ื• ื’ื•ืื ื’ื–ื•, ืกื™ืŸ,
07:54
and if you go upstairs in this rather sleepy looking
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”
07:58
electronics mall, you find the Guangzhou Dashatou
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ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืื ื’ื–ื• ื“ืฉื˜ื•
08:03
second-hand trade center,
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ืžืจื›ื– ืกื—ืจ ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื”,
08:05
and if you go in there, you follow the guys with the muscles
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื, ืืชื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื
08:09
who are carrying the boxes, and where are they going?
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ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช, ื•ืœืืŸ ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื?
08:11
They're going to Eddy in Lagos.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืื“ื™ ื‘ืœืื’ื•ืก.
08:14
Now, most of the phones there are not second-hand at all.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
08:17
The name is a misnomer.
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ื”ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืขื”.
08:18
Most of them are pirated. They have the name brand
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžื•ืชื’
08:21
on them, but they're not manufactured by the name brand.
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ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืชื’.
08:24
Now, are there downsides to that?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช?
08:27
Well, I guess. You know, China has no โ€”
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—. ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืกื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ --
08:30
(Laughter) โ€” no intellectual property, right?
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) -- ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:33
Versace without the vowels.
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ื•ืจืกืฆ'ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•"ื™.
08:35
Zhuomani instead of Armani.
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ื–ื•ืืžื ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืจืžื ื™.
08:37
S. Guuuci, and -- (Laughter) (Applause)
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ืก. ื’ื•ื•ื•ื•ืฆ'ื™, ื• -- (ืฆื—ื•ืง)(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:42
All around the world this is how products
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื›ื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื
08:45
are being distributed, so, for instance,
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ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื, ืื–, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
08:48
in one street market on Rua 25 de Marรงo
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ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืจื• 25 ื“ื” ืžืจืงื•
08:51
in Sรฃo Paulo, Brazil,
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ื‘ืกืื• ืคืื•ืœื•, ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ,
08:53
you can buy fake designer glasses.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืคื™ื.
08:56
You can buy cloned cologne.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฉื ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืฃ.
08:58
You can buy pirated DVDs, of course.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช DVD ืคื™ืจื˜ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
09:01
You can buy New York Yankees caps
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื™ืื ืงื™ื–
09:04
in all sorts of unauthorized patterns.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจื•ืช.
09:07
You can buy cuecas baratas, designer underwear
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืงื•ืงื” ื‘ืจืื˜ืก, ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื
09:10
that isn't really manufactured by a designer,
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ืฉืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื,
09:13
and even pirated evangelical mixtapes. (Laughter)
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ืงืกื™ื ืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื.(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:17
Now, businesses tend to complain about this,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขืกืงื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
09:20
and their, they, I don't want to take away from their
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืžื”ื
09:23
entire validity of complaining about it,
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ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
09:25
but I did ask a major sneaker manufacturer earlier this year
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืฉืืœืชื™ ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื ืขืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื”
09:30
what they thought about piracy,
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ืžื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช,
09:33
and they told me, "Well, you can't quote me on this,
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
09:34
because if you quote me on this, I have to kill you,"
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืชืฆื˜ื˜ ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชืš,"
09:36
but they use piracy as market research.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื•ืง.
09:42
The sneaker manufacturer told me that if
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ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื”ื ืขืœื™ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉืื
09:45
they find that Pumas are being pirated, or Adidas
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ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืžืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืคื•ืžื”, ืื• ืื“ื™ื“ืก
09:49
are being pirated and their sneakers aren't being pirated,
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ืžื•ืขืชืงื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืžื•ืขืชืงื•ืช,
09:52
they know they've done something wrong. (Laughter)
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:55
So it's very important to them to track piracy
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
09:58
exactly because of this, and the people who are buying,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื•ื ื™ื
10:00
the pirates, are not their customers anyway,
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืœื ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”,
10:02
because their customers want the real deal.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
10:05
Now, there's another problem.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
10:07
This is a real street sign in Lagos, Nigeria.
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ื–ื” ืฉืœื˜ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืœืื’ื•ืก, ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
10:10
All of System D really doesn't pay taxes, right?
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ื›ืœ System D ืœื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:13
And when I think about that, first of all I think that
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
10:15
government is a social contract between the people and
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ืฉืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
10:19
the government, and if the government isn't transparent,
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœ, ื•ืื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืงื•ืฃ,
10:21
then the people aren't going to be transparent either,
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ืื– ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ,
10:23
but also that we're blaming the little guy
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืฉื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ
10:26
who doesn't pay his taxes, and we're not recognizing
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ืฉืœื ืžืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
10:28
that everyone's fudging things all over the world,
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ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืจืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
10:31
including some extremely respected businesses,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืกืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
10:35
and I'll give you one example.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช.
10:36
There was one company that paid 4,000 bribes
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืฉื™ื—ื“ื” 4,000 ืคืขืžื™ื
10:40
in the first decade of this millennium, and
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
10:43
a million dollars in bribes every business day, right?
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขืกืงื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:48
All over the world. And that company
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
10:50
was the big German electronics giant Siemens.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื ืง ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืกื™ืžื ืก.
10:53
So this goes on in the formal economy
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ืื– ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช
10:57
as well as the informal economy,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช,
10:59
so it's wrong of us to blame โ€” and I'm not singling out
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืืฉื™ื -- ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื™ื™ื—ื“
11:01
Siemens, I'm saying everyone does it. Okay?
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ืืช ืกื™ืžื ืก, ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”. ืื•ืงื™ื™?
11:05
I just want to end by saying that if Adam Smith
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช'
11:08
had framed out a theory of the flea market
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื’ื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื
11:11
instead of the free market, what would be some
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง
11:14
of the principles?
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ืžื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช?
11:16
First, it would be to understand that it could be
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘
11:20
considered a cooperative, and this is a thought
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ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘, ื•ื–ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”
11:22
from the Brazilian legal scholar Roberto Mangabeira Unger.
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ืžื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ื• ืžื ื’ื‘ื™ืืจื” ืื•ื ื’ืจ.
11:27
Cooperative development is a way forward.
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ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
11:30
Secondly, from the [Austrian] anarchist philosopher Paul Feyerabend,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžื”ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ [ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™] ืคื•ืœ ืคื™ื™ืจื‘ื ื“,
11:34
facts are relative, and what is a massive right
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”
11:39
of self-reliance to a Nigerian businessperson
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื ื™ื’ืจื™
11:42
is considered unauthorized and horrible to other people,
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ื ื•ืจืื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
11:46
and we have to recognize that there are differences
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
11:48
in how people define things and what their facts are.
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ื‘ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
11:50
And third is, and I'm taking this from
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื–ื”
11:53
the great American beat poet Allen Ginsberg,
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ืžื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืืœืŸ ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ืจื’,
11:56
that alternate economies barter and
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ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืกื—ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ
11:59
different kinds of currency, alternate currencies
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ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ, ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื—ืœื™ืคื™
12:02
are also very important, and he talked about
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ื”ื ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
12:05
buying what he needed just with his good looks.
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ืงื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืขื ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•.
12:08
And so I just want to leave you there, and say that
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืฉื, ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
12:11
this economy is a tremendous force for global development
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ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืขืฆื•ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
12:16
and we need to think about it that way.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš.
12:18
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:21
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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