How to spark your curiosity, scientifically | Nadya Mason

134,156 views ใƒป 2020-05-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Stephen Chun ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Nurit Noy
00:13
A friend called me a few weeks ago
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืงืฉืจื” ืืœื™ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
00:15
with bad news.
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ืขื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช.
00:17
She dropped her cell phone into the toilet.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืืกืœื”.
00:21
Anyone here done that before?
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืคืขื?
00:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:24
So it was a bad situation.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืจืข.
ื‘ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื
00:26
You know, without getting into the details of exactly how that happened
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ืื• ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืื•ืชื•,
00:29
or how she got it out,
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00:31
let's just say it was a bad situation.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืจืง ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืจืข.
00:34
And she panicked because, like for many of us,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื”ืœื” ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
00:36
her phone is one of the most used and essential tools in her life.
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”.
00:41
But, on the other hand, she had no idea how to fix it,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื•,
00:44
because it's a completely mysterious black box.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืคืกื ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:48
So think about it: what would you do?
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ืื– ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”: ืžื” ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
00:51
What do you really understand about how your phone works?
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ืžื” ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ื‘ื“?
00:54
What are you willing to test or fix?
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ืžื” ืืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื• ืœืชืงืŸ?
00:58
For most people, the answer is, nothing.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ื.
01:02
In fact, one survey found
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื,
01:03
that almost 80 percent of smartphone users in this country
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ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ 80% ืžืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื,
01:07
have never even replaced their phone batteries,
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
01:09
and 25 percent didn't even know this was possible.
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ื• - 25% ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
01:14
Now, I'm an experimental physicist,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
01:16
hence the toys.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื.
01:19
I specialize in making new types of nanoscale electronic devices
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื ื•-ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื,
01:24
to study their fundamental quantum mechanical properties.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:28
But even I wouldn't know where to start in terms of testing elements on my phone
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืœืืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
01:33
if it broke.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื‘ืจ.
01:35
And phones are just one example of the many devices that we depend upon
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ื•ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื
01:39
but can't test, take apart, or even fully understand.
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ืืš ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง, ืœืคืจืง, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:43
Cars, electronics, even toys are now so complicated and advanced
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ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”, ื’ื ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
01:48
that we're scared to open and fix them.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื.
01:52
So here's the problem:
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”:
01:54
there's a disconnect between us and the technology that we use.
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ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
02:00
We're completely alienated from the devices that we most depend upon,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื,
02:04
which can make us feel helpless and empty.
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ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื.
02:08
In fact, it's not surprising then that one study found
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื
02:11
that we are now more afraid of technology
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:14
than we are of death.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืžื•ื•ืช.
02:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:21
But I think that we can reconnect to our devices,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:26
rehumanize them in a sense,
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ืœื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
02:28
by doing more hands-on experiments.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื.
02:32
Why? Well, because an experiment is a procedure to test a hypothesis,
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ืœืžื”? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขืจื”,
02:37
demonstrate a fact.
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ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”.
02:39
It's the way that we use our senses,
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:42
our hands,
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:43
to connect the world
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ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:45
and figure out how it works.
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ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:47
And that's the connection that we're missing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื ื•.
02:50
So let me give you an example.
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ืื– ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช.
02:53
Here's an experiment that I did recently
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ื”ื ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
02:55
to think about how a touchscreen works.
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ืžืกืš ืžื’ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:57
It's just two metal plates,
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืชื™ ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื›ืชื™ื•ืช,
02:59
and I can put charge on one of the plates from a battery.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื™ื ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืœืœื•ืช.
03:07
OK.
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ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:09
And I can measure the charge separation with this voltmeter here.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืขื ืžื“ ืžืชื— ืคื”.
03:12
Now -- let's make sure it's working.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• -- ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
03:14
So when I wave my hand near the plates,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืคื ืคืช ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืœื™ื“ ืœืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช,
03:16
you can see that the voltage changes
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืชื— ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžืฉืชื ื”
03:18
just like the touchscreen responds to my hand.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืกืš ืžื’ืข ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœื™ื“ ืฉืœื™.
03:21
But what is it about my hand? Now I need to do more experiments.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™? ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
03:25
So I can, say, take a piece of wood
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืขืฅ
03:27
and touch one of the plates and see that not much happens,
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ื•ืœื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ,
03:31
but if I take a piece of metal and touch the plate,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืžืชื›ืช ื•ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื™ืช,
03:34
then the voltage changes dramatically.
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ืื– ื”ืžืชื— ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
03:36
So now I can do further experiments to see what the difference is
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
03:40
between the wood and the metal,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื›ืช,
03:41
and I should find out that the wood is not conducting
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืขืฅ ืœื ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื—ืฉืžืœ
03:44
but the metal is conducting like my hand.
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ืืš ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื” ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ืžื• ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™.
03:46
And, you see, I build up my understanding.
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ื•ื›ื›ื”, ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื™.
03:49
Like, now I can see why I can't use a touchscreen with gloves,
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืžืกืš ืžื’ืข ืขื ื›ืคืคื•ืช,
03:52
because gloves aren't conducting.
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ื›ื™ ื›ืคืคื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ.
03:55
But I've also broken down some of the mystery behind the technology
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ืคื™ืขื ื—ืชื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ืœื•ื ื•ื’ื™ื”
04:00
and built up my agency,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœื™,
04:02
my personal input and interactions with the basis of my devices.
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ื”ืงืœื˜ ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœื™.
04:08
But experimenting is a step beyond just taking things apart.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฆืขื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืจืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:12
It's testing and doing hands-on critical thinking.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช.
04:16
And it doesn't really matter whether I'm testing how a touchscreen works
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืื™ืš ืžืกืš ืžื’ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“
04:19
or if I'm measuring how conducting different types of materials are,
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ืื• ืื ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
04:23
or even if I'm just using my hands to see how hard it is to break
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ
04:26
different thicknesses of materials.
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:29
In all cases, I'm gaining control and understanding
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžืฉื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ื”
04:32
of the basis of the things that I use.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช.
04:35
And there's research behind this.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื–ื”.
04:37
For one, I'm using my hands,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™
04:39
which seem to promote well-being.
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ืืฉืจ ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืงื“ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
04:42
I'm also engaging in hands-on learning,
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืขืฉื™,
04:44
which has been shown to improve understanding and retention,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื›ื— ืœืฉืคืจ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื”,
04:48
and even activate more parts of your brain.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื.
04:52
So hands-on thinking through experiments
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ืื– ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
04:55
connects our understanding,
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ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:57
even our sense of vitality,
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ื’ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
04:59
to the physical world and the things that we use.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
05:03
Looking things up on the internet
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
05:05
does not have the same effect.
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ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
05:09
Now, for me this focus on experiments
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืงื•ืก ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
05:12
is also personal.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื™ืฉื™.
05:14
I didn't grow up doing experiments.
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ืœื ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ืขื ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
05:16
I didn't know what a physicist did.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
05:17
I remember my sister had a chemistry set that I always wanted to use
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืื—ื•ืชื™ ืขืจื›ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
05:21
but she never let me touch.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืชื ื” ืœื™ ืœื’ืขืช.
05:23
I felt mentally disconnected from the world
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื
05:26
and didn't know why.
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ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืœืžื”.
05:28
In fact, when I was nine years old,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืช 9,
05:30
my grandmother called me a solipsist,
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ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™ ืงืจืื” ืœื™ "ืกื•ืœื™ืคืกื™ืช",
05:32
which is something I had to look up.
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ.
05:34
It means that you think that yourself is all that exists.
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฆืžื›ื ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื.
05:39
And at the time I was pretty offended,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืคื’ืขืชื™,
05:41
because whose grandmother calls them that?
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ื›ื™ ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืชืงืจื ืœื”ื ื›ื›ื”?
05:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:46
But I think that it was true.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:50
And it wasn't until years later,
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ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
05:52
when I was in college and studying basic physics,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœื’' ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช,
05:55
that I had a revelation
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช
05:57
that the world,
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื,
05:58
at least the physical world,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™,
06:00
could be tested and understood,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืง ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
06:02
that I started to gain a completely different sense
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ื ื”
ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“
06:05
of how the world worked
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื•.
06:06
and what my place was in it.
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06:08
And then later, when I was able my own testing
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ื•ืื– ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื‘ืฆืข
ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืฉืœื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ,
06:11
and understanding through research,
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06:13
a big part of my connection to the world was complete.
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ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœื.
06:17
Now, I know that not everyone is an experimental physicist by profession,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•,
06:22
but I think that everyone could be doing more hands-on experiments.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื.
06:26
And actually I think we sort of --
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•--
06:28
I'll give you another example.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช.
06:32
I was recently working with some middle school students,
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ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช-ื‘ื ื™ื™ื,
06:35
helping them learn about magnetism,
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ืขื–ืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
06:37
and I gave them a Magna Doodle to take apart.
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ื•ื ืชื ืชื™ ืœื”ื ืœื•ื—-ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžื—ื™ืง ืœืคืจืง.
06:41
Remember one of these things?
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ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”?
06:46
So at first, none of them wanted to touch it.
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ืื– ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื•.
06:50
They'd been told for so long not to break things
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ื ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
06:53
that they're accustomed to just passive using.
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ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืœ.
06:56
But then I started asking them questions.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ืฉืืœื•ืช.
06:58
You know, how does it work? What parts are magnetic?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“? ืื™ืœื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื?
07:01
Can you make a hypothesis and test it?
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื”?
07:03
But they still didn't want to break it open.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
07:05
They wanted to take it home with them, really.
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ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื™ืชื, ื‘ืืžืช.
07:08
Until, one kid finally sliced it through and found really cool stuff inside.
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ื—ืชืš ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืฆื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
07:13
And so this is something we can do here together.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืคื”.
07:15
They're pretty easy to take apart.
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ื”ื ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื ืœืคืจืง.
07:20
See, there's a magnet inside, and I can just cut this open.
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ืชืจืื•, ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื ื˜ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื–ื”.
07:29
Cut it open again, you can split it.
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ืชื—ืชื›ื• ืฉื•ื‘, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคืฆืœ ืื•ืชื•.
07:31
OK, so when I do that -- I don't know if you can see this,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”-- ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
07:35
but there is sort of -- there it is, this oozy white stuff in here.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ -- ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืคื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
07:39
Now you can see it on my finger.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื™.
07:40
And when I drag the pen on it,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืืช ื”ืขื˜ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
07:47
you can see that these filaments are attached to it.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื•.
07:51
So the kids saw this,
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ืื– ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”,
07:53
and at this point they're like, this is really cool.
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื: "ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื’ื ื™ื‘"
07:55
They got excited.
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ื”ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื,
07:56
They all started ripping them open and taking them apart
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ื•ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช
07:59
and yelling out the things that they discovered,
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ื•ืœืฆืขื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•,
08:02
how these magnetic filaments connected to the magnetic pen
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ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื˜ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™
08:06
and that's how it wrote.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘.
08:07
Or, how the oozy white stuff kept things dispersed so it could write.
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ืื•, ืื™ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืฉืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘.
08:12
And as they were leaving the room,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ,
08:13
two of them turned to me and said,
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื™ ื•ืืžืจื•,
08:15
"We loved that.
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"ืื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
08:17
Me and her are going home this weekend to do more experiments."
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ืื ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื"
08:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:26
Yeah, I know, the parents in there are worried about it,
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ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
08:29
but it's a good thing!
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘!
08:31
Experimenting is good, and actually I found it extremely gratifying,
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ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืกืคืงืช.
08:35
and I think hopefully it was very life-enriching for them.
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ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื.
08:40
Because, even a basic magnet
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ื›ื™, ื’ื ืžื’ื ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
08:43
is something that we can experiment with at home.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืื™ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
08:45
They're both simple and complex at the same time.
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
08:49
For example, you can ask yourself,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
08:51
how can the same material both attract and repel?
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ืื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื•ื’ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช?
08:54
If I take a magnet, is it useful if I can get one of them
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ืื ืืงื— ืžื’ื ื˜ ืื—ื“, ื”ืื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
08:58
to rotate the other, for example?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื‘ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื?
09:01
Or, you can take this dollar bill over here,
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ืื• ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ,
09:04
and I can take a set of magnets,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ืขืจื›ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื,
09:06
and you can see that the dollar bill gets lifted by the magnets.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืžื•ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื.
09:11
There's magnetic ink hidden in here that prevents counterfeiting.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื• ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžื•ืกืชืจ ืคื” ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื•ืฃ.
09:15
Or, here I have some crushed-up bran cereal. OK?
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ื•ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ืงื•ืจื ืคืœืงืก ื›ืชื•ืฉ. ื›ืŸ?
09:18
And that's also magnetic. Right?
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื’ื ื˜. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
09:21
That has iron in it.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
09:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:25
And that can be good for you, right?
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
09:27
OK, here's something else.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืคื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
09:29
This thing over here is not magnetic.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™,
09:31
I can't lift it up with the magnet.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜.
09:34
But now I'm going to make it cold.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืงืจืจ ืื•ืชื•.
09:36
The same thing in here, cold,
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื”, ืงืจ,
09:38
and when I make it cold,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงืจืจืช ืื•ืชื•,
09:45
and put it on top of the magnet,
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ื•ืฉืžื” ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜,
09:49
so --
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ืื–--
09:50
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:52
It's amazing.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
09:57
That's not magnetic,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™,
09:59
but somehow it's interacting with a magnet.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžื’ื ื˜.
10:02
So clearly understanding this is going to take many more experiments.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ , ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
10:06
In fact, this is something that I've spent much of my career studying.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
10:10
It's called a superconductor.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ืขืœ.
10:12
Now, superconductors can be complex,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
10:15
but even simple experiments can connect us better to the world.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืœื,
10:20
So now if I tell you that flash memory works by rotating small magnets,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคืœืืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื,
10:25
then you can imagine it. You've seen it.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”. ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื”.
10:27
Or, if I say that MRI machines
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ืื•, ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช MRI
10:29
use magnetism to rotate magnetic particles in your body,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
10:34
you've seen it done.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ืชื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
10:36
You've interacted with the technology and understood the basis of these devices.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืชื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
10:45
Now, I know that it's hard to add more things to our lives,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
10:51
especially experiments.
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
10:54
But I think that the challenge is worth it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
10:57
Think about how something works, then take it apart to test it.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“, ืื– ืชืคืจืงื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช.
11:01
Manipulate something and prove some physical principle to yourself.
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ืชืคืขื™ืœื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ืชื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื.
11:06
Put the human back in the technology.
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ืชื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื›ืœื•ื ื•ื’ื™ื”.
11:10
You'll be surprised at the connections that you make.
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ืชื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
11:13
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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