How to spark your curiosity, scientifically | Nadya Mason

134,156 views ใƒป 2020-05-07

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Transcriber: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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็ฟป่จณ: Yasushi Aoki ๆ กๆญฃ: Misaki Sato
00:13
A friend called me a few weeks ago
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ไฝ•้€ฑ้–“ใ‹ๅ‰ใซๅ‹ไบบใ‹ใ‚‰้›ป่ฉฑใง ๆ‚ชใ„็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚’่žใใพใ—ใŸ
00:15
with bad news.
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ไฝ•้€ฑ้–“ใ‹ๅ‰ใซๅ‹ไบบใ‹ใ‚‰้›ป่ฉฑใง ๆ‚ชใ„็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚’่žใใพใ—ใŸ
00:17
She dropped her cell phone into the toilet.
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ๆบๅธฏใ‚’ใƒˆใ‚คใƒฌใซ ่ฝใจใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ‚“ใ ใจใ‹
00:21
Anyone here done that before?
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ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบใ„ใพใ™๏ผŸ
00:22
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
00:24
So it was a bad situation.
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ใพใšใ„็Šถๆณใงใ™
00:26
You know, without getting into the details of exactly how that happened
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ
ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆๆ‹พใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใŸใฎใ‹ใฏ ็œใใพใ™ใŒ
00:29
or how she got it out,
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00:31
let's just say it was a bad situation.
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ใพใ‚ ใพใšใ„็Šถๆณใงใ™
ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒ‘ใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ ่ตทใ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
00:34
And she panicked because, like for many of us,
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00:36
her phone is one of the most used and essential tools in her life.
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ๅคšใใฎไบบๅŒๆง˜ใซ ๆบๅธฏใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎ็”Ÿๆดปใง ๆœ€ใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ† ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅฟ…่ฆใชใ‚‚ใฎใ ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
00:41
But, on the other hand, she had no idea how to fix it,
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ใงใ‚‚ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ็›ดใ›ใฐใ„ใ„ใ‹ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
00:44
because it's a completely mysterious black box.
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ใพใฃใŸใ่ฌŽใฎ ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ ใฃใŸใ‚“ใงใ™
00:48
So think about it: what would you do?
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่€ƒใˆใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใชใ‚‰ใฉใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:51
What do you really understand about how your phone works?
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ๆบๅธฏใฎไป•็ต„ใฟใ‚’ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:54
What are you willing to test or fix?
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใง ใฉใ‚“ใชใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚„ไฟฎ็†ใ‚’ ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:58
For most people, the answer is, nothing.
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไบบใฏ ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:02
In fact, one survey found
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ใ‚ใ‚‹่ชฟๆŸปใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจ
01:03
that almost 80 percent of smartphone users in this country
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใฎใ‚นใƒžใƒ›ๅˆฉ็”จ่€…ใฎ 80%ใฏ
01:07
have never even replaced their phone batteries,
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ๆบๅธฏใฎใƒใƒƒใƒ†ใƒชใƒผไบคๆ›ใ‚’ ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ
01:09
and 25 percent didn't even know this was possible.
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25%ใฏใใ‚ŒใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใ ใจใ™ใ‚‰ ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
01:14
Now, I'm an experimental physicist,
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็งใฏๅฎŸ้จ“็‰ฉ็†ๅญฆ่€…ใง
01:16
hence the toys.
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ใ‚ใกใ‚‰ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ๅฎŸ้จ“้“ๅ…ทใงใ™
01:19
I specialize in making new types of nanoscale electronic devices
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒŠใƒŽใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒผใƒซใฎ ้›ปๅญ่ฃ…็ฝฎใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฐ‚้–€ใง
01:24
to study their fundamental quantum mechanical properties.
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ใใฎๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช้‡ๅญๅŠ›ๅญฆ็š„ๆ€ง่ณชใ‚’ ็ ”็ฉถใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:28
But even I wouldn't know where to start in terms of testing elements on my phone
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ใใฎ็งใงใ•ใˆ ๆบๅธฏใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅฃŠใ‚ŒใŸๆ™‚
ใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰่ชฟในๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใฎใ‹ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
01:33
if it broke.
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01:35
And phones are just one example of the many devices that we depend upon
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ๆบๅธฏใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ ็ง้”ใŒไพๅญ˜ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใŒใ‚‰
01:39
but can't test, take apart, or even fully understand.
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ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚„ๅˆ†่งฃใŒใงใใš ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจ ็†่งฃใ•ใˆใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎไธ€ไพ‹ใงใ™
01:43
Cars, electronics, even toys are now so complicated and advanced
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่ปŠใ‚„ ้›ปๅญๆฉŸๅ™จใ‚„ ใŠใ‚‚ใกใ‚ƒใงใ•ใˆ ๅ…ˆ้€ฒ็š„ใง่ค‡้›‘ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใฆ
01:48
that we're scared to open and fix them.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใงๅˆ†่งฃไฟฎ็†ใชใฉ ๆ€–ใใฆใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
01:52
So here's the problem:
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ๅ•้กŒใฏ ็ง้”ใจ ใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒŽใƒญใ‚ธใƒผใฎ้–“ใซ
01:54
there's a disconnect between us and the technology that we use.
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ๆ–ญ็ตถใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
02:00
We're completely alienated from the devices that we most depend upon,
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚ไพๅญ˜ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹่ฃ…็ฝฎใ‹ใ‚‰ ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็–Žๅค–ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ
02:04
which can make us feel helpless and empty.
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็„กๅŠ›ใงใ‚€ใชใ—ใๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
02:08
In fact, it's not surprising then that one study found
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ใฟใ‚“ใชใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒŽใƒญใ‚ธใƒผใฎใ“ใจใ‚’
ๆญปใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๆใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ† ่ชฟๆŸป็ตๆžœใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚‚้ ทใ‘ใพใ™
02:11
that we are now more afraid of technology
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02:14
than we are of death.
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ๆญปใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๆใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ† ่ชฟๆŸป็ตๆžœใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚‚้ ทใ‘ใพใ™
02:17
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
02:21
But I think that we can reconnect to our devices,
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ใงใ‚‚่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ‰‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸ ๅฎŸ้จ“ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง
ใใ†ใ„ใ†ๆฉŸๅ™จใจ ๅ†ใณ็น‹ใŒใ‚Šใ‚’ๆŒใก
02:26
rehumanize them in a sense,
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02:28
by doing more hands-on experiments.
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ไบบ้–“็š„ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ใชใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
02:32
Why? Well, because an experiment is a procedure to test a hypothesis,
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ใชใœใ‹
ๅฎŸ้จ“ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏไปฎ่ชฌใ‚’ๆคœ่จผใ— ไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‚’ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆ‰‹้ †ใงใ™
02:37
demonstrate a fact.
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02:39
It's the way that we use our senses,
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใจๆ‰‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„
02:42
our hands,
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใจๆ‰‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„
02:43
to connect the world
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ไธ–็•Œใจ็น‹ใŒใฃใฆ
02:45
and figure out how it works.
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็‰ฉไบ‹ใฎไป•็ต„ใฟใ‚’ ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™
02:47
And that's the connection that we're missing.
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ใใ†ใ„ใ†็น‹ใŒใ‚Šใ‚’ ็ง้”ใฏๅคฑใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
02:50
So let me give you an example.
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ไพ‹ใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:53
Here's an experiment that I did recently
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ฟใƒƒใƒใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒณใฎ ไป•็ต„ใฟใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ
02:55
to think about how a touchscreen works.
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ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ‚„ใฃใŸๅฎŸ้จ“ใงใ™
02:57
It's just two metal plates,
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๏ผ’ๆžšใฎ้‡‘ๅฑžๆฟใŒใ‚ใฃใฆ
02:59
and I can put charge on one of the plates from a battery.
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๏ผ‘ๆžšใซ้›ปๆฑ ใ‚’็น‹ใŽใพใ™
03:07
OK.
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ใ“ใฎ้›ปๅœง่จˆใง๏ผ’ๆžšใฎ ้›ปไฝๅทฎใ‚’่จˆๆธฌใงใใพใ™
03:09
And I can measure the charge separation with this voltmeter here.
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ใ“ใฎ้›ปๅœง่จˆใง๏ผ’ๆžšใฎ ้›ปไฝๅทฎใ‚’่จˆๆธฌใงใใพใ™
03:12
Now -- let's make sure it's working.
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ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจๅ‹•ใ„ใฆใ‚‹ใ‹ใช
03:14
So when I wave my hand near the plates,
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้‡‘ๅฑžๆฟใฎ่ฟ‘ใใงๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๅ‹•ใ‹ใ™ใจ
03:16
you can see that the voltage changes
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้›ปๅœงใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
03:18
just like the touchscreen responds to my hand.
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ใ‚ฟใƒƒใƒใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒณใŒ ๆŒ‡ใซๅๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซโ€•
03:21
But what is it about my hand? Now I need to do more experiments.
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ๆ‰‹ใฎไฝ•ใŒใใ†ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ ๅฎŸ้จ“ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™
03:25
So I can, say, take a piece of wood
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ๆœจ่ฃฝใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใง ้‡‘ๅฑžๆฟใซ่งฆใ‚Œใฆใฟใฆใ‚‚
03:27
and touch one of the plates and see that not much happens,
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ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
03:31
but if I take a piece of metal and touch the plate,
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ใงใ‚‚้‡‘ๅฑžใฎๆฃ’ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจ
้›ปๅœงใŒๅคงใใๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
03:34
then the voltage changes dramatically.
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03:36
So now I can do further experiments to see what the difference is
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ๆœจใจ้‡‘ๅฑžใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใชใฎใ‹ ่ชฟในใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๅฎŸ้จ“ใ‚’ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่กŒใˆใฐ
03:40
between the wood and the metal,
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ๆœจใจ้‡‘ๅฑžใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใชใฎใ‹ ่ชฟในใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๅฎŸ้จ“ใ‚’ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่กŒใˆใฐ
03:41
and I should find out that the wood is not conducting
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ๆœจใฏ้›ปๆฐ—ใ‚’้€šใ•ใชใ„ใ‘ใฉ
้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚„ๆ‰‹ใฏ้›ปๆฐ—ใ‚’้€šใ™ใฎใŒ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:44
but the metal is conducting like my hand.
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03:46
And, you see, I build up my understanding.
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ใใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
03:49
Like, now I can see why I can't use a touchscreen with gloves,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐๆ‰‹่ข‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ ใ‚ฟใƒƒใƒใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒณใŒไฝฟใˆใชใ„ใฎใฏ
03:52
because gloves aren't conducting.
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ๆ‰‹่ข‹ใŒ้›ปๆฐ—ใ‚’้€šใ•ใชใ„ใ›ใ„ใ  ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
03:55
But I've also broken down some of the mystery behind the technology
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ใใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒŽใƒญใ‚ธใƒผใฎ่ฃใซใ‚ใ‚‹ ่ฌŽใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—่งฃๆ˜Žใ—
04:00
and built up my agency,
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅŠนๅŠ›ใ‚’้ซ˜ใ‚
04:02
my personal input and interactions with the basis of my devices.
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ๆฉŸๅ™จใฎๅŸบ็คŽใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใจใฎใ‚„ใ‚Šๅ–ใ‚Šใ‚„ ๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใชๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ‚’็ฉใฟไธŠใ’ใฆใ„ใใฎใงใ™
04:08
But experimenting is a step beyond just taking things apart.
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ๅฎŸ้จ“ใฏๅˆ†่งฃใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ ไธ€ๆญฉ้€ฒใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใง
04:12
It's testing and doing hands-on critical thinking.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่ฉฆใ— ๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ๆ€่€ƒใ‚’ๅฎŸ่ทตใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
04:16
And it doesn't really matter whether I'm testing how a touchscreen works
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ใ‚ฟใƒƒใƒใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒณใฎไป•็ต„ใฟใ‚’ ่ชฟในใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚‚
04:19
or if I'm measuring how conducting different types of materials are,
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ๆง˜ใ€…ใช็‰ฉ่ณชใฎๅฐŽ้›ปๆ€งใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’ ่จˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚‚
04:23
or even if I'm just using my hands to see how hard it is to break
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ๅŽšใฟใฎ้•ใ„ใงๅผทๅบฆใŒใฉใ†ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ‰‹ใง็ขบใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚‚
04:26
different thicknesses of materials.
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้•ใ„ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
04:29
In all cases, I'm gaining control and understanding
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ใ„ใšใ‚Œใฎๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹็‰ฉใธใฎ
04:32
of the basis of the things that I use.
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช็†่งฃใจๅˆถๅพกใ‚’ ๆ‰‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
04:35
And there's research behind this.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹็ ”็ฉถใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:37
For one, I'm using my hands,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐๆ‰‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ๆดปๅ‹•ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ
04:39
which seem to promote well-being.
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ๅฅๅบทใŒๅข—้€ฒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ‹
04:42
I'm also engaging in hands-on learning,
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ‰‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ๅญฆ็ฟ’ใฏ
04:44
which has been shown to improve understanding and retention,
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็†่งฃใจ่จ˜ๆ†ถใ‚’้ซ˜ใ‚
่„ณใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ ๆดปๆ€งๅŒ–ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚็คบใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:48
and even activate more parts of your brain.
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04:52
So hands-on thinking through experiments
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ๅฎŸ้จ“ใ‚’้€šใ—ใŸๅฎŸ่ทต็š„ๆ€่€ƒใฏ
04:55
connects our understanding,
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็ง้”ใฎ็†่งฃใ‚„ๆดปๅŠ›ใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใ‚’
04:57
even our sense of vitality,
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ๅ‘จใ‚Šใฎไธ–็•Œใ‚„ ็ง้”ใŒไฝฟใ†็‰ฉใจ ็ตใณๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
04:59
to the physical world and the things that we use.
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ๅ‘จใ‚Šใฎไธ–็•Œใ‚„ ็ง้”ใŒไฝฟใ†็‰ฉใจ ็ตใณๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
05:03
Looking things up on the internet
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ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใง่ชฟในใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใฏ
05:05
does not have the same effect.
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ๅŒใ˜ๅŠนๆžœใฏๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
05:09
Now, for me this focus on experiments
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็งใฎๅฎŸ้จ“ใธใฎใ“ใ ใ‚ใ‚Šใฏ
05:12
is also personal.
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ๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
05:14
I didn't grow up doing experiments.
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ๅฎŸ้จ“ใ—ใฆ่‚ฒใฃใŸใ‚ใ‘ใงใ‚‚
็‰ฉ็†ๅญฆ่€…ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ‚ใ‘ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:16
I didn't know what a physicist did.
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05:17
I remember my sister had a chemistry set that I always wanted to use
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ๅง‰ใฏๅŒ–ๅญฆๅฎŸ้จ“ใ‚ปใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใฆ ไฝฟใฃใฆใฟใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใ‘ใฉ
05:21
but she never let me touch.
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่งฆใ‚‰ใ›ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
05:23
I felt mentally disconnected from the world
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ใชใœใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‘ใ‚Œใฉ
็งใฏไธ–็•Œใ‹ใ‚‰ๅˆ‡ใ‚Š้›ขใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
05:26
and didn't know why.
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05:28
In fact, when I was nine years old,
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๏ผ™ๆญณใฎใจใ็ฅ–ๆฏใซๅ”ฏๆˆ‘่ซ–่€…ใ ใจ ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใŒ
05:30
my grandmother called me a solipsist,
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๏ผ™ๆญณใฎใจใ็ฅ–ๆฏใซๅ”ฏๆˆ‘่ซ–่€…ใ ใจ ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใŒ
05:32
which is something I had to look up.
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่ชฟในใชใ„ใจๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
05:34
It means that you think that yourself is all that exists.
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่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใŒๅ”ฏไธ€ๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจ ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
05:39
And at the time I was pretty offended,
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ใใฎๆ™‚ใฏ่…นใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
05:41
because whose grandmother calls them that?
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ใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจ่จ€ใ†็ฅ–ๆฏใชใ‚“ใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:43
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
05:46
But I think that it was true.
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ใงใ‚‚ๅฝ“ใŸใฃใฆใ„ใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
05:50
And it wasn't until years later,
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ใšใฃใจๅพŒใซใชใฃใฆ
05:52
when I was in college and studying basic physics,
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ๅคงๅญฆใง็‰ฉ็†ใฎๅŸบ็คŽใ‚’ ๅญฆใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซ
05:55
that I had a revelation
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ใƒใƒƒใจๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใŸใ‚“ใงใ™
05:57
that the world,
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ไธ–็•Œใฏโ€•ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚็‰ฉ็†ใฎไธ–็•Œใฏ
05:58
at least the physical world,
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ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใฆ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใจ
06:00
could be tested and understood,
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ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใฆ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใจ
06:02
that I started to gain a completely different sense
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ไธ–็•ŒใŒใฉใ†ๅ‹•ใ„ใฆใ„ใฆ
ใใฎไธญใฎ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไฝ็ฝฎใŒ ใฉใ“ใชใฎใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ
06:05
of how the world worked
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06:06
and what my place was in it.
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ใพใฃใŸใ้•ใฃใŸๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใ‚’ ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
06:08
And then later, when I was able my own testing
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ๅพŒใซ็ ”็ฉถใ‚’้€šใ—ใฆ
็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚„็†่งฃใŒ ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Š
06:11
and understanding through research,
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06:13
a big part of my connection to the world was complete.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไธ–็•Œใจใฎ็น‹ใŒใ‚Šใฏ ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
06:17
Now, I know that not everyone is an experimental physicist by profession,
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่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒๅฎŸ้จ“็‰ฉ็†ๅญฆ่€…ใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใฏ ๅˆ†ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
06:22
but I think that everyone could be doing more hands-on experiments.
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ใฟใ‚“ใชใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ‰‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸๅฎŸ้จ“ใ‚’ ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
06:26
And actually I think we sort of --
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ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:28
I'll give you another example.
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ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:32
I was recently working with some middle school students,
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ๆœ€่ฟ‘ ไธญๅญฆ็”Ÿ็›ธๆ‰‹ใซ ็ฃๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
06:35
helping them learn about magnetism,
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ๆœ€่ฟ‘ ไธญๅญฆ็”Ÿ็›ธๆ‰‹ใซ ็ฃๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
06:37
and I gave them a Magna Doodle to take apart.
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ใŠ็ตตใ‹ใใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’ ๅˆ†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆธกใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
06:41
Remember one of these things?
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ใ“ใ†ใ„ใ†ใ‚„ใคใ‚’ ่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:46
So at first, none of them wanted to touch it.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฏ่ชฐใ‚‚ๆ‰‹ใ‚’ ่งฆใ‚Œใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
06:50
They'd been told for so long not to break things
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ใšใฃใจ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅฃŠใ•ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใใฆ
06:53
that they're accustomed to just passive using.
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ๅ—ใ‘่บซใงไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใซ ๆ…ฃใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
06:56
But then I started asking them questions.
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ใใ‚Œใง่ณชๅ•ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
06:58
You know, how does it work? What parts are magnetic?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใฉใ‚“ใชไป•็ต„ใฟใชใฎใ‹๏ผŸ ใฉใ“ใซ็ฃ็ŸณใŒไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
07:01
Can you make a hypothesis and test it?
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ไปฎ่ชฌใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆๆคœ่จผใงใใ‚‹ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:03
But they still didn't want to break it open.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ๅˆ†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
07:05
They wanted to take it home with them, really.
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ใŠๅฎถใซๆŒใกๅธฐใ‚ŠใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™
07:08
Until, one kid finally sliced it through and found really cool stuff inside.
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ใงใ‚‚ ใ‚„ใŒใฆไธ€ไบบใŒๅˆ‡ใฃใฆ้–‹ใ‘ใฆ ไธญใซใ™ใ”ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใŸใ‚“ใงใ™
07:13
And so this is something we can do here together.
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ใ“ใ“ใงไธ€็ท’ใซใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:15
They're pretty easy to take apart.
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็ฐกๅ˜ใซๅˆ†่งฃใงใใพใ™
07:20
See, there's a magnet inside, and I can just cut this open.
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ไธญใซ็ฃ็ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ๅˆ‡ใฃใฆ้–‹ใ‘ใฆใฟใพใ™
07:29
Cut it open again, you can split it.
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ๅ‰ฒใฃใฆใฟใ‚‹ใจ
07:31
OK, so when I do that -- I don't know if you can see this,
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่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
07:35
but there is sort of -- there it is, this oozy white stuff in here.
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ใฉใ‚ใฉใ‚ใฎ็™ฝใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
07:39
Now you can see it on my finger.
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ๆŒ‡ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‹ใฎใŒ ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:40
And when I drag the pen on it,
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ใƒšใƒณใ‚’ๆป‘ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใจ
07:47
you can see that these filaments are attached to it.
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็นŠ็ถญใฟใŸใ„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒ ใใฃใคใใพใ™
07:51
So the kids saw this,
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ๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ
07:53
and at this point they're like, this is really cool.
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ใ™ใ”ใ„ใจ่ˆˆๅฅฎใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
07:55
They got excited.
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ใ™ใ”ใ„ใจ่ˆˆๅฅฎใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
07:56
They all started ripping them open and taking them apart
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ใฟใ‚“ใชๅˆ‡ใฃใฆ้–‹ใ‘ใฆ ๅˆ†่งฃใ—
07:59
and yelling out the things that they discovered,
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็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใซ ๅฃฐใ‚’ไธŠใ’ใพใ—ใŸ
08:02
how these magnetic filaments connected to the magnetic pen
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็ฃๆ€ง็นŠ็ถญใŒ็ฃ็Ÿณใฎใƒšใƒณใซ ใใฃใคใใ“ใจใงๆ›ธใ‘
08:06
and that's how it wrote.
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็ฃๆ€ง็นŠ็ถญใŒ็ฃ็Ÿณใฎใƒšใƒณใซ ใใฃใคใใ“ใจใงๆ›ธใ‘
08:07
Or, how the oozy white stuff kept things dispersed so it could write.
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ใฉใ‚ใฉใ‚ใฎ็™ฝใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ๆ•ฃใ‚‰ใฐใฃใŸ็Šถๆ…‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใ ใจ
08:12
And as they were leaving the room,
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ๆ•™ๅฎคใ‚’ๅ‡บใฆใ„ใใจใ
08:13
two of them turned to me and said,
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๏ผ’ไบบใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒๆŒฏใ‚Šๅ‘ใ„ใฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
08:15
"We loved that.
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ใ€Œใ™ใ”ใๆฅฝใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™
08:17
Me and her are going home this weekend to do more experiments."
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้€ฑๆœซใซๅฎถใงใ‚‚ใฃใจ ๅฎŸ้จ“ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€
08:21
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
08:26
Yeah, I know, the parents in there are worried about it,
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่ฆชๅพกใ•ใ‚“ใฏไธๅฎ‰ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
08:29
but it's a good thing!
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ„ใ„ใ“ใจใชใ‚“ใงใ™
08:31
Experimenting is good, and actually I found it extremely gratifying,
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ๅฎŸ้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ็ด ๆ•ตใง ๆบ€่ถณใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™
08:35
and I think hopefully it was very life-enriching for them.
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ใใ‚Œใงๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฎไบบ็”Ÿใ‚‚ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ฑŠใ‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
08:40
Because, even a basic magnet
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็ฃ็ŸณใฟใŸใ„ใชๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ ๅฎถใงๅฎŸ้จ“ใŒใงใใพใ™
08:43
is something that we can experiment with at home.
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็ฃ็ŸณใฟใŸใ„ใชๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ ๅฎถใงๅฎŸ้จ“ใŒใงใใพใ™
08:45
They're both simple and complex at the same time.
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ใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใงๅŒๆ™‚ใซ ่ค‡้›‘ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
08:49
For example, you can ask yourself,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ ๅผ•ใๅฏ„ใ› ๅŒๆ™‚ใซๅ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใจใ‹
08:51
how can the same material both attract and repel?
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ใŸใจใˆใฐๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ ๅผ•ใๅฏ„ใ› ๅŒๆ™‚ใซๅ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใจใ‹
08:54
If I take a magnet, is it useful if I can get one of them
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็ฃ็Ÿณใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ–ใฃใฆ ใใ‚Œใงไป–ใฎ็ฃ็Ÿณใ‚’ๅ›žใ—ใŸใ‚Šใงใใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
08:58
to rotate the other, for example?
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ไพฟๅˆฉใงใฏใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
09:01
Or, you can take this dollar bill over here,
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๏ผ‘ใƒ‰ใƒซ็ด™ๅนฃใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
09:04
and I can take a set of magnets,
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็ฃ็Ÿณใ‚’่ฟ‘ใฅใ‘ใ‚‹ใจ
09:06
and you can see that the dollar bill gets lifted by the magnets.
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็ด™ๅนฃใŒๆŒใกไธŠใŒใ‚Šใพใ™
ๅฝ้€ ้˜ฒๆญขใฎใŸใ‚ ็ฃๆ€งใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฏใŒไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
09:11
There's magnetic ink hidden in here that prevents counterfeiting.
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09:15
Or, here I have some crushed-up bran cereal. OK?
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็ •ใ„ใŸใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใฎ ใ‚ทใƒชใ‚ขใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
09:18
And that's also magnetic. Right?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚็ฃ็Ÿณใซใใฃใคใใพใ™
09:21
That has iron in it.
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้‰„ๅˆ†ใŒๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
09:24
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
09:25
And that can be good for you, right?
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ไฝ“ใซใ„ใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
09:27
OK, here's something else.
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ใพใŸๅˆฅใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใŒ
09:29
This thing over here is not magnetic.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ฃ็Ÿณใซใใฃใคใใพใ›ใ‚“
09:31
I can't lift it up with the magnet.
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ๆŒใกไธŠใŒใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
09:34
But now I'm going to make it cold.
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ใงใ‚‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ†ทใ‚„ใ—ใฆใ‚„ใ‚‹ใจ ใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
09:36
The same thing in here, cold,
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ใ“ใฎไธญใซๅ†ทใ‚„ใ—ใŸ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
09:38
and when I make it cold,
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ใ“ใฎไธญใซๅ†ทใ‚„ใ—ใŸ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
09:45
and put it on top of the magnet,
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็ฃ็ŸณใฎไธŠใซ็ฝฎใใจโ€•
09:49
so --
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ใปใ‚‰
09:50
(Applause)
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(ๆ‹ๆ‰‹)
09:52
It's amazing.
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้ข็™ฝใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
09:57
That's not magnetic,
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็ฃๆ€งใฏใชใ„ใ‘ใฉ
09:59
but somehow it's interacting with a magnet.
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็ฃ็Ÿณใจๅๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
10:02
So clearly understanding this is going to take many more experiments.
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ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฏ ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎๅฎŸ้จ“ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
10:06
In fact, this is something that I've spent much of my career studying.
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็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใšใฃใจ ็ ”็ฉถใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
่ถ…ไผๅฐŽไฝ“ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™
10:10
It's called a superconductor.
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10:12
Now, superconductors can be complex,
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่ถ…ไผๅฐŽไฝ“ใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
10:15
but even simple experiments can connect us better to the world.
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็ฐกๅ˜ใชๅฎŸ้จ“ใงใ‚‚ ไธ–็•Œใจใฎ็น‹ใŒใ‚Šใ‚’ๆทฑใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
10:20
So now if I tell you that flash memory works by rotating small magnets,
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ไปŠใชใ‚‰ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใƒกใƒขใƒชใฏ ็ฃ็Ÿณใฎๅ่ปขใง ่จ˜้Œฒใ™ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐๆƒณๅƒใŒใงใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
10:25
then you can imagine it. You've seen it.
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่ฆ‹ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
10:27
Or, if I say that MRI machines
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MRI ่ฃ…็ฝฎใฏ็ฃๅŠ›ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ
10:29
use magnetism to rotate magnetic particles in your body,
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็ฃๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ไฝ“ๅ†…ใฎ็ฒ’ๅญใ‚’ ๅ›ž่ปขใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐ
10:34
you've seen it done.
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ใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‹ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
10:36
You've interacted with the technology and understood the basis of these devices.
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ใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒŽใƒญใ‚ธใƒผใจใฎใ‚„ใ‚Šๅ–ใ‚Šใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆ ใใ†ใ„ใ†่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบ็คŽใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใŸใฎใงใ™
10:45
Now, I know that it's hard to add more things to our lives,
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็”Ÿๆดปใฎไธญใซใ“ใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠ ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่ฉฐใ‚่พผใ‚€ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ
10:51
especially experiments.
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ๅฎŸ้จ“ใชใฉใฏ ๆฎŠใซใใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒ
10:54
But I think that the challenge is worth it.
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ใใฎไพกๅ€คใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
10:57
Think about how something works, then take it apart to test it.
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็‰ฉใฎไป•็ต„ใฟใ‚’่€ƒใˆ ๅˆ†่งฃใ—ๅฎŸ้จ“ใ—ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
11:01
Manipulate something and prove some physical principle to yourself.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ“ไฝœใ— ็‰ฉ็†็š„ๅŽŸ็†ใ‚’ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใง่จผๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
11:06
Put the human back in the technology.
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ใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒŽใƒญใ‚ธใƒผใ‚’ ไบบ้–“็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
11:10
You'll be surprised at the connections that you make.
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ไฝœใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใŸ็น‹ใŒใ‚Šใซ ใใฃใจ้ฉšใใพใ™
11:13
Thank you.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
(ๆ‹ๆ‰‹)
11:15
(Applause)
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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