This new telescope might show us the beginning of the universe | Wendy Freedman

120,241 views ใƒป 2015-09-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
When I was 14 years old, I was interested in science --
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืช 14, ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ืข --
00:17
fascinated by it, excited to learn about it.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืงืกืžืช ืžืžื ื•, ื ืจื’ืฉืช ืœื“ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:20
And I had a high school science teacher who would say to the class,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื™ืชื”,
00:24
"The girls don't have to listen to this."
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"ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื–ื”."
00:28
Encouraging, yes.
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ืžืขื•ื“ื“, ื›ืŸ.
00:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:31
I chose not to listen -- but to that statement alone.
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ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ -- ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:36
So let me take you to the Andes mountains in Chile,
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœื”ืจื™ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื”,
00:40
500 kilometers, 300 miles northeast of Santiago.
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500 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ, 300 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืกื ื˜ื™ืื’ื•.
00:45
It's very remote, it's very dry and it's very beautiful.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื•ื—ืง, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืคื”.
00:50
And there's not much there.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื”.
00:51
There are condors, there are tarantulas,
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ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจื ื˜ื•ืœื•ืช,
00:54
and at night, when the light dims,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืžืชืขืžืขื,
00:56
it reveals one of the darkest skies on Earth.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื›ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:00
It's kind of a magic place, the mountain.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืงืกื•ื, ื”ื”ืจ.
01:03
It's a wonderful combination of very remote mountaintop
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืงืกื•ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ืก ื”ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื•ื—ืง
01:07
with exquisitely sophisticated technology.
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ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช.
01:11
And our ancestors, for as long as there's been recorded history,
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ื•ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช,
01:15
have looked at the night sky and pondered the nature of our existence.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืชื”ื• ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:20
And we're no exception, our generation.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:23
The only difficulty is that the night sky now is blocked
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ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื—ืกื•ืžื™ื
01:26
by the glare of city lights.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ.
01:29
And so astronomers go to these very remote mountaintops
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ื•ื›ืš ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:32
to view and to study the cosmos.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก.
01:34
So telescopes are our window to the cosmos.
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ืื– ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืงื•ืกืžื•ืก.
01:40
It's no exaggeration to say that the Southern Hemisphere is going to be
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื’ื–ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
01:44
the future of astronomy for the 21st century.
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ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืœืžืื” ื” 21.
01:48
We have an array of existing telescopes already,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
01:51
in the Andes mountains in Chile,
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ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ืœื”,
01:53
and that's soon to be joined by a really sensational array of new capability.
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ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื”ื ืžืขืจืš ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
01:58
There will be two international groups that are going to be building
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื ื•
02:01
giant telescopes, sensitive to optical radiation, as our eyes are.
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ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื, ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:07
There will be a survey telescope
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืกืงืจ
02:09
that will be scanning the sky every few nights.
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ืฉื™ืกืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืœื™ืœื•ืช.
02:13
There will be radio telescopes,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ ืจื“ื™ื•,
02:14
sensitive to long-wavelength radio radiation.
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ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืงืจื™ื ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
02:18
And then there will be telescopes in space.
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ื•ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
02:21
There'll be a successor to the Hubble Space Telescope;
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ:
02:24
it's called the James Webb Telescope,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ื‘.
02:26
and it will be launched in 2018.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ื’ืจ ื‘ 2018.
02:29
There'll be a satellite called TESS
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื TESS
02:30
that will discover planets outside of our solar system.
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ืฉื™ื’ืœื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:36
For the last decade, I've been leading a group --
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” --
02:38
a consortium -- international group,
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ืงื•ื ืกื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ื -- ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
02:41
to build what will be, when it's finished,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ืชืกืชื™ื™ื,
02:44
the largest optical telescope in existence.
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ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื™ ืคืขื.
02:47
It's called the Giant Magellan Telescope, or GMT.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืžื’ืœืŸ ื”ืขื ืง, ืื• GMT.
02:51
This telescope is going to have mirrors that are 8.4 meters in diameter --
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ืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืจืื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ 8.4 ืžื˜ืจ --
02:56
each of the mirrors.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืจืื•ืช.
02:57
That's almost 27 feet.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 27 ืจื’ืœ.
02:59
So it dwarfs this stage -- maybe out to the fourth row in this audience.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืžื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ื–ื• -- ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ ืœืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
03:03
Each of the seven mirrors in this telescope
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉื‘ืข ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื–ื”
03:06
will be almost 27 feet in diameter.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 8.4 ืžื˜ืจ.
03:10
Together, the seven mirrors in this telescope will comprise
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ื™ื—ื“, ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื•ื•
03:14
80 feet in diameter.
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ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ 23 ืžื˜ืจ.
03:16
So, essentially the size of this entire auditorium.
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ืื–, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
03:20
The whole telescope will stand about 43 meters high,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 43 ืžื˜ืจ,
03:24
and again, being in Rio,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ื•,
03:26
some of you have been to see the statue of the giant Christ.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืกืœ ื”ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•.
03:30
The scale is comparable in height;
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ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”;
03:32
in fact, it's smaller than this telescope will be.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื™ื”ื™ื”.
03:36
It's comparable to the size of the Statue of Liberty.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœืคืกืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:39
And it's going to be housed in an enclosure that's 22 stories --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื˜ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 22 ืงื•ืžื•ืช --
03:43
60 meters high.
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 60 ืžื˜ืจ.
03:45
But it's an unusual building to protect this telescope.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื–ื”.
03:48
It will have open windows to the sky,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื,
03:50
be able to point and look at the sky,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื,
03:52
and it will actually rotate on a base --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก --
03:55
2,000 tons of rotating building.
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2,000 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
03:59
The Giant Magellan Telescope will have 10 times the resolution
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ืœื˜ืกืœืงื•ืค ืžื’ืœืŸ ื”ืขื ืง ืชื”ื™ื” ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืคื™ ืขืฉืจ
04:04
of the Hubble Space Telescope.
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ืžืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ.
04:06
It will be 20 million times more sensitive than the human eye.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื™ 20 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
04:11
And it may, for the first time ever, be capable of finding life on planets
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ื•ืื•ืœื™, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ ืคืขื, ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช
04:17
outside of our solar system.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:20
It's going to allow us to look back at the first light in the universe --
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื --
04:24
literally, the dawn of the cosmos.
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ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ืฉื—ืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
04:27
The cosmic dawn.
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ืฉื—ืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
04:29
It's a telescope that's going to allow us to peer back,
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ื–ื” ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื”,
04:33
witness galaxies as they were when they were actually assembling,
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ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•,
04:37
the first black holes in the universe, the first galaxies.
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ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื, ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:41
Now, for thousands of years, we have been studying the cosmos,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
04:46
we've been wondering about our place in the universe.
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ืชื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
04:49
The ancient Greeks told us
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœื ื•
04:50
that the Earth was the center of the universe.
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ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
04:53
Five hundred years ago, Copernicus displaced the Earth,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื”, ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก ื”ื–ื™ื— ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:56
and put the Sun at the heart of the cosmos.
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ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก.
05:00
And as we've learned over the centuries,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื•ืช,
05:02
since Galileo Galilei, the Italian scientist,
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ืžืื– ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื™, ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™,
05:05
first turned, in that time, a two-inch, very small telescope, to the sky,
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ื”ืคื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ, ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื,
05:10
every time we have built larger telescopes,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:13
we have learned something about the universe;
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืงื•ื;
05:16
we've made discoveries, without exception.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
05:20
We've learned in the 20th century that the universe is expanding
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื” 20 ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘
05:24
and that our own solar system is not at the center of that expansion.
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ื•ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
05:29
We know now that the universe is made of about 100 billion galaxies
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
05:35
that are visible to us,
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ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื•,
05:36
and each one of those galaxies has 100 billion stars within it.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ.
05:43
So we're looking now at the deepest image of the cosmos
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก
05:46
that's ever been taken.
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ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืฆื•ืœืžื”.
05:48
It was taken using the Hubble Space Telescope,
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ,
05:50
and by pointing the telescope at what was previously a blank region of sky,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืœืžื” ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืจื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
05:55
before the launch of Hubble.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ืœ.
05:57
And if you can imagine this tiny area,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
05:59
it's only one-fiftieth of the size of the full moon.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื™ืจื— ืžืœื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
06:03
So, if you can imagine the full moon.
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ืื–, ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืžืœื.
06:05
And there are now 10,000 galaxies visible within that image.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• 10,000 ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:09
And the faintness of those images and the tiny size is only a result
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ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื•ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืจืง ืชื•ืฆืื”
06:14
of the fact that those galaxies are so far away, the vast distances.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช, ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
06:18
And each of those galaxies may contain within it
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”
06:21
a few billion or even hundreds of billions of individual stars.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
06:27
Telescopes are like time machines.
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ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ,
06:29
So the farther back we look in space, the further back we see in time.
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ืื– ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
06:34
And they're like light buckets -- literally, they collect light.
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ื•ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืœื™ื™ ืื•ืจ -- ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื”ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืื•ืจ.
06:37
So larger the bucket, the larger the mirror we have,
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ืื– ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื“ืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืจืื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:40
the more light we can see, and the farther back we can view.
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจ, ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
06:45
So, we've learned in the last century
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ืื–, ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
06:47
that there are exotic objects in the universe -- black holes.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื -- ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
06:50
We've even learned that there's dark matter and dark energy
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”
06:53
that we can't see.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
06:55
So you're looking now at an actual image of dark matter.
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ืื– ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ.
06:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:59
You got it. Not all audiences get that.
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ืืชื ื”ื‘ื ืชื. ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
07:02
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:04
So the way we infer the presence of dark matter --
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ืื– ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ --
07:07
we can't see it -- but there's an unmistakable tug, due to gravity.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• -- ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
07:13
We now can look out, we see this sea of galaxies
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื™ื ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
07:16
in a universe that's expanding.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ื‘.
07:18
What I do myself is to measure the expansion of the universe,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
07:22
and one of the projects that I carried out in the 1990s
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90
07:25
used the Hubble Space Telescope to measure how fast the universe is expanding.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜.
07:31
We can now trace back to 14 billion years.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ื•ืจื” 14 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
07:35
We've learned over time that stars have individual histories;
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช;
07:40
that is, they have birth, they have middle ages
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืœื™ื“ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
07:43
and some of them even have dramatic deaths.
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ื•ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
07:45
So the embers from those stars actually then form the new stars that we see,
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ืื– ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ื ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
07:51
most of which turn out to have planets going around them.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
07:56
And one of the really surprising results in the last 20 years
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืืžืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
08:00
has been the discovery of other planets going around other stars.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:04
These are called exoplanets.
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ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืืงืกื•ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
08:06
And until 1995, we didn't even know the existence of any other planets,
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ื•ืขื“ 1995, ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
08:11
other than going around our own sun.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:14
But now, there are almost 2,000 other planets orbiting other stars
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ 2,000 ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
08:20
that we can now detect, measure masses for.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช, ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืืกื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
08:23
There are 500 of those that are multiple-planet systems.
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ื™ืฉ 500 ืžืืœื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช.
08:27
And there are 4,000 -- and still counting -- other candidates
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ื•ื™ืฉ 4,000 -- ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื -- ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
08:31
for planets orbiting other stars.
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ืœืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:33
They come in a bewildering variety of different kinds.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื.
08:37
There are Jupiter-like planets that are hot,
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ื™ืฉ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ืง ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืช,
08:40
there are other planets that are icy, there are water worlds
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ื™ืฉ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืงืคื•ืื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžื™ื
08:44
and there are rocky planets like the Earth, so-called "super-Earths,"
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืกืœืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ืกื•ืคืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืืจืฅ,"
08:48
and there have even been planets that have been speculated diamond worlds.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื™ื”ืœื•ื.
08:53
So we know there's at least one planet, our own Earth, in which there is life.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืื—ืช, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:58
We've even found planets that are orbiting two stars.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆืื ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื—ื’ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
09:02
That's no longer the province of science fiction.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™.
09:07
So around our own planet, we know there's life,
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ืื– ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:09
we've developed a complex life, we now can question our own origins.
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:15
And given all that we've discovered, the overwhelming numbers now suggest
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•, ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
09:19
that there may be millions, perhaps -- maybe even hundreds of millions --
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ -- ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื --
09:24
of other [planets] that are close enough --
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ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง --
09:26
just the right distance from their stars that they're orbiting --
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ืŸ ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช --
09:30
to have the existence of liquid water and maybe could potentially support life.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:36
So we marvel now at those odds, the overwhelming odds,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืคืขืœื™ื ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
09:40
and the amazing thing is that within the next decade,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
09:43
the GMT may be able to take spectra of the atmospheres of those planets,
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ื” GMT ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
09:48
and determine whether or not they have the potential for life.
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ื•ื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืื, ืื• ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
09:53
So, what is the GMT project?
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ืื–, ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื” GMT?
09:55
It's an international project.
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ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™.
09:57
It includes Australia, South Korea, and I'm happy to say, being here in Rio,
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืคื” ื‘ืจื™ื•,
10:03
that the newest partner in our telescope is Brazil.
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ืฉื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
10:06
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:11
It also includes a number of institutions across the United States,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
10:16
including Harvard University,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“,
10:19
the Smithsonian and the Carnegie Institutions,
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ื”ืกืžื™ืชืกื•ื ื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืงืจื ื’ื™,
10:22
and the Universities of Arizona, Chicago, Texas-Austin and Texas A&M University.
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ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”, ืฉื™ืงื’ื•, ื˜ืงืกืก-ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ืงืกืก A&M.
10:29
It also involves Chile.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืืช ืฆ'ื™ืœื”.
10:32
So, the making of the mirrors in this telescope is also fascinating
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ืื–, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืจืชืง
10:35
in its own right.
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ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•.
10:37
Take chunks of glass, melt them in a furnace that is itself rotating.
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ืงื—ื• ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ื”ืชื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
10:42
This happens underneath the football stadium
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ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ
10:44
at the University of Arizona.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”.
10:46
It's tucked away under 52,000 seats.
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ื–ื” ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœ 52,000 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
10:49
Nobody know it's happening.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
10:51
And there's essentially a rotating cauldron.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืงืœื—ืช ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช.
10:55
The mirrors are cast and they're cooled very slowly,
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ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืงื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืœืื˜,
10:58
and then they're polished to an exquisite precision.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืขื•ืœื”.
11:01
And so, if you think about the precision of these mirrors,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
11:04
the bumps on the mirror, over the entire 27 feet,
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ื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืื”, ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ 8.4 ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
11:09
amount to less than one-millionth of an inch.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœ-0.4 ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ.
11:13
So, can you visualize that?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”?
11:15
Ow!
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ืื•!
11:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:17
That's one five-thousandths of the width of one of my hairs,
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืœื™,
11:23
over this entire 27 feet.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ 8.4 ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
11:26
It's a spectacular achievement.
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ื–ื” ื”ืฉื’ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
11:27
It's what allows us to have the precision that we will have.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•.
11:32
So, what does that precision buy us?
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ืื–, ืžื” ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื•?
11:35
So the GMT, if you can imagine --
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ืื– ื” GMT, ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ --
11:38
if I were to hold up a coin, which I just happen to have,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™,
11:43
and I look at the face of that coin, I can see from here
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืคื”
11:48
the writing on the coin; I can see the face on that coin.
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ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข; ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื–ื”.
11:52
My guess that even in the front row, you can't see that.
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
11:55
But if we were to turn the Giant Magellan Telescope,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืžื’ืœืŸ ื”ืขื ืง,
11:58
all 80-feet diameter that we see in this auditorium,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ 24 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
12:01
and point it 200 miles away,
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ื•ืžืคื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืจื—ืง 320 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
12:05
if I were standing in Sรฃo Paulo, we could resolve the face of this coin.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืื•ืœื•, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
12:10
That's the extraordinary resolution and power of this telescope.
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ื–ื• ื”ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค.
12:15
And if we were --
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• --
12:18
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:22
If an astronaut went up to the Moon, a quarter of a million miles away,
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ืื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืก ืœื™ืจื—, ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืืœืฃ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
12:27
and lit a candle -- a single candle --
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ื•ื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ -- ื ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ --
12:29
then we would be able to detect it, using the GMT.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ GMT.
12:33
Quite extraordinary.
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ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
12:37
This is a simulated image of a cluster in a nearby galaxy.
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื”.
12:43
"Nearby" is astronomical, it's all relative.
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"ืงืจื•ื‘" ื–ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™, ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™.
12:45
It's tens of millions of light-years away.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
12:48
This is what this cluster would look like.
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ื›ืš ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื”.
12:50
So look at those four bright objects,
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ืื– ืชืจืื• ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
12:52
and now lets compare it with a camera on the Hubble Space Telescope.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืฆืœืžื” ืขืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ.
12:56
You can see faint detail that starts to come through.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืžื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
12:59
And now finally -- and look how dramatic this is -- this is what the GMT will see.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ -- ื•ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื–ื” -- ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื” GMT ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื”.
13:05
So, keep your eyes on those bright images again.
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ืื–, ืฉื™ืžื• ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉื•ื‘.
13:08
This is what we see on one of the most powerful existing telescopes on the Earth,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
13:12
and this, again, what the GMT will see.
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ื•ื–ื”, ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื” ืฉื” GMT ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื”
13:16
Extraordinary precision.
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ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
13:18
So, where are we?
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ืื–, ืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื•?
13:20
We have now leveled the top of the mountaintop in Chile.
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ื™ื™ืฉืจื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ืœื”.
13:23
We blasted that off.
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ืคื™ืฆืฆื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
13:25
We've tested and polished the first mirror.
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื•ืœื™ื˜ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
13:28
We've cast the second and the third mirrors.
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ื™ืฆืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช.
13:30
And we're about to cast the fourth mirror.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฆืงืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช.
13:32
We had a series of reviews this year,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”,
13:34
international panels that came in and reviewed us,
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ืคืื ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื ื•,
13:37
and said, "You're ready to go to construction."
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ื•ืืžืจื•, "ืืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื”."
13:39
And so we plan on building this telescope with the first four mirrors.
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื–ื” ืขื ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
13:43
We want to get on the air quickly, and be taking science data --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ืขื™ --
13:47
what we astronomers call "first light," in 2021.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• "ืื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ," ื‘ 2021.
13:53
And the full telescope will be finished in the middle of the next decade,
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ื•ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืžืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื,
13:56
with all seven mirrors.
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืžืจืื•ืช.
13:58
So we're now poised to look back at the distant universe,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง,
14:02
the cosmic dawn.
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ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™.
14:03
We'll be able to study other planets in exquisite detail.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื.
14:08
But for me, one of the most exciting things about building the GMT
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื” GMT
14:12
is the opportunity to actually discover something
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ื–ื• ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื•
14:15
that we don't know about -- that we can't even imagine at this point,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื• -- ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
14:18
something completely new.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
14:20
And my hope is that with the construction of this and other facilities,
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ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
14:24
that many young women and men will be inspired to reach for the stars.
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
14:30
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:31
Obrigado.
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ืื•ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•.
14:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:38
Bruno Giussani: Thank you, Wendy.
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’ื™ืื•ืกื™ืื ื™: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ื•ื•ื ื“ื™.
14:40
Stay with me, because I have a question for you.
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ืชื™ืฉืืจื™ ืื™ืชื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš.
14:42
You mentioned different facilities.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
14:45
So the Magellan Telescope is going up, but also ALMA and others in Chile
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ืื– ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืžื’ืœืŸ ืžื•ืงื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ALMA ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื”
14:49
and elsewhere, including in Hawaii.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ื•ืื™.
14:52
Is it about cooperation and complementarity, or about competition?
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ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ืื• ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช?
14:56
I know there's competition in terms of funding, but what about the science?
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ื”ืžื“ืข?
15:00
Wendy Freedman: In terms of the science, they're very complementary.
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ื•ื•ื ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ: ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข, ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื.
15:03
The telescopes that are in space, the telescopes on the ground,
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ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
15:06
telescopes with different wavelength capability,
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ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
15:09
telescopes even that are similar, but different instruments --
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ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” --
15:12
they will all look at different parts of the questions that we're asking.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื.
15:16
So when we discover other planets, we'll be able to test those observations,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
15:19
we'll be able to measure the atmospheres,
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ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื•ืช,
15:21
be able to look in space with very high resolution.
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
15:24
So, they're very complementary.
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ืื–, ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื.
15:26
You're right about the funding, we compete;
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ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ืจื™ื;
15:28
but scientifically, it's very complementary.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืœื™ื.
15:31
BG: Wendy, thank you very much for coming to TEDGlobal.
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ื‘.ื’: ื•ื•ื ื“ื™, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš ืฉื‘ืืช ืœ TEDGlobal.
15:33
WF: Thank you.
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ื•.ืค: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.
15:35
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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