Steve Ramirez and Xu Liu: A mouse. A laser beam. A manipulated memory.

138,302 views ใƒป 2013-08-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Steve Ramirez: My first year of grad school,
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืจืžื™ืจื–: ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™,
ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™
00:14
I found myself in my bedroom
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00:15
eating lots of Ben & Jerry's
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ื–ื•ืœืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” "ื‘ืŸ ืื ื“ ื’'ืจื™'
00:18
watching some trashy TV
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ืฆื•ืคื” ืงืฆืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
00:19
and maybe, maybe listening to Taylor Swift.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜.
00:23
I had just gone through a breakup.
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ื”.
00:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:26
So for the longest time, all I would do
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ืื– ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื”
00:28
is recall the memory of this person over and over again,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
00:32
wishing that I could get rid of that gut-wrenching,
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ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“
00:34
visceral "blah" feeling.
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ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”-ื‘ืœื”.
00:37
Now, as it turns out, I'm a neuroscientist,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’,
00:39
so I knew that the memory of that person
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ืื– ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”
00:42
and the awful, emotional undertones that color in that memory,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืžื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืฆื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
00:45
are largely mediated by separate brain systems.
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื— ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช.
00:47
And so I thought, what if we could go into the brain
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ื—
00:50
and edit out that nauseating feeling
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ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ื—ื™ืœื”
00:52
but while keeping the memory of that person intact?
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•?
00:55
Then I realized, maybe that's a little bit lofty for now.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื ืชื™, ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืžืจื ื™ ืžื“ื™ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
00:57
So what if we could start off by going into the brain
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—
01:00
and just finding a single memory to begin with?
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ื•ืจืง ืœืžืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืชื•?
01:03
Could we jump-start that memory back to life,
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
01:05
maybe even play with the contents of that memory?
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”?
01:09
All that said, there is one person in the entire world right now
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืจื’ืข
01:11
that I really hope is not watching this talk.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
01:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:17
So there is a catch. There is a catch.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืžื™ืœื›ื•ื“. ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืžื™ืœื›ื•ื“.
01:20
These ideas probably remind you of "Total Recall,"
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืืช "ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืœื™".
01:23
"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind,"
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"ืฉืžืฉ ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฆืœื•ืœ"
01:25
or of "Inception."
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ืื• "ื”ืชื—ืœื”".
01:27
But the movie stars that we work with
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืชื
01:28
are the celebrities of the lab.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
01:30
Xu Liu: Test mice.
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ืฉื• ืœื™ื•: ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
01:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:33
As neuroscientists, we work in the lab with mice
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ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื—, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื
01:36
trying to understand how memory works.
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ .
01:40
And today, we hope to convince you that now
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื›ื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื•
01:42
we are actually able to activate a memory in the brain
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื—
01:45
at the speed of light.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
01:48
To do this, there's only two simple steps to follow.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื .
01:51
First, you find and label a memory in the brain,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื—,
01:54
and then you activate it with a switch.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื›ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืžืชื’.
01:58
As simple as that.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜.
01:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:01
SR: Are you convinced?
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ืก.ืจ.: ืืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—?
02:03
So, turns out finding a memory in the brain isn't all that easy.
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ืื–, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฆื™ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืื™ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืœื”.
02:07
XL: Indeed. This is way more difficult than, let's say,
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ืฉ.ืœ: ืื›ืŸ. ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืžืืฉืจ, ื ื ื™ื—.
02:09
finding a needle in a haystack,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื—ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ืžืช ืฉื—ืช,
02:12
because at least, you know, the needle is still something
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ื›ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•
ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ืš.
02:15
you can physically put your fingers on.
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02:17
But memory is not.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
02:19
And also, there's way more cells in your brain
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื
02:22
than the number of straws in a typical haystack.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืื ื™ืฆื™ ื”ืงืฉ ื‘ืขืจื™ืžืช ืฉื—ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช.
02:27
So yeah, this task does seem to be daunting.
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ืื– ื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ืžืจืชื™ืขื”.
02:30
But luckily, we got help from the brain itself.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื–ืจื” ืžื”ืžื•ื— ืขืฆืžื•.
02:34
It turned out that all we need to do is basically
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื
02:36
to let the brain form a memory,
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ืœืชืช ืœืžื•ื— ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
02:38
and then the brain will tell us which cells are involved
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืื™ืœื• ืชืื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
02:42
in that particular memory.
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ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
02:44
SR: So what was going on in my brain
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ืก.ืจ: ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™
02:46
while I was recalling the memory of an ex?
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืขืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ืืช ื–ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืงืกื™ืช?
02:48
If you were to just completely ignore human ethics for a second
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืจื’ืข
02:51
and slice up my brain right now,
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ื•ืœืคืจื•ืก ืœืคืจื•ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
02:52
you would see that there was an amazing number
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
02:54
of brain regions that were active while recalling that memory.
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ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
02:57
Now one brain region that would be robustly active
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืžืจืฅ
03:00
in particular is called the hippocampus,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื ืงืจื ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก,
03:02
which for decades has been implicated in processing
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“
03:05
the kinds of memories that we hold near and dear,
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ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ืงื™ืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘,
03:07
which also makes it an ideal target to go into
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก
03:10
and to try and find and maybe reactivate a memory.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
03:13
XL: When you zoom in into the hippocampus,
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ืง.ืœ: ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก,
03:15
of course you will see lots of cells,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืื™ื,
03:17
but we are able to find which cells are involved
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ืืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ืœื• ืชืื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
03:20
in a particular memory,
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ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
03:22
because whenever a cell is active,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืชื ืคืขื™ืœ,
03:24
like when it's forming a memory,
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.ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
03:26
it will also leave a footprint that will later allow us to know
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ืฉืื™ืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืจื’ืœ ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:30
these cells are recently active.
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ืฉืชืื™ื ืืœื” ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
03:32
SR: So the same way that building lights at night
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ืก.ืจ.: ืื– ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
ืžื™ื™ื“ืขื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ,
03:35
let you know that somebody's probably working there at any given moment,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
03:38
in a very real sense, there are biological sensors
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03:41
within a cell that are turned on
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื ืฉื ื“ืœืงื™ื
03:43
only when that cell was just working.
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ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื–ื” ืขืชื”.
03:45
They're sort of biological windows that light up
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ื”ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื“ืœืงื™ื
03:47
to let us know that that cell was just active.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื–ื” ืขืชื”.
03:49
XL: So we clipped part of this sensor,
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ืง.ืœ: ืื– ืงื™ืฆืฆื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื”,
03:51
and attached that to a switch to control the cells,
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ื•ื”ืฆืžื“ื ื• ื–ืืช ืœืžืชื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืชืื™ื,
03:55
and we packed this switch into an engineered virus
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืžืชื’ ื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก
03:59
and injected that into the brain of the mice.
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ื•ื”ื–ืจืงื ื• ื–ืืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:01
So whenever a memory is being formed,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
04:04
any active cells for that memory
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”
04:06
will also have this switch installed.
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ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืžืชื’ ื–ื”.
04:09
SR: So here is what the hippocampus looks like
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ืก.ืจ.: ืื– ื”ื ื” ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก ื ืจืื”
ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคื—ื“, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
04:11
after forming a fear memory, for example.
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04:13
The sea of blue that you see here
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
04:15
are densely packed brain cells,
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ืืœื” ืชืื™ ืžื•ื— ืืจื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช,
04:17
but the green brain cells,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื,
04:19
the green brain cells are the ones that are holding on
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ืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื ืื—ื–ื™ื
ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
04:22
to a specific fear memory.
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04:23
So you are looking at the crystallization
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ืื– ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช
04:25
of the fleeting formation of fear.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืคืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“.
04:27
You're actually looking at the cross-section of a memory right now.
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ืืชื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืชืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:31
XL: Now, for the switch we have been talking about,
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ืง.ืœ: ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื’ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•,
04:33
ideally, the switch has to act really fast.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™, ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื’ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
04:36
It shouldn't take minutes or hours to work.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืงื—ืช ื“ืงื•ืช ืื• ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
04:39
It should act at the speed of the brain, in milliseconds.
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื‘ืืœืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”.
04:43
SR: So what do you think, Xu?
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ืก.ืจ: ืื– ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉื•?
04:44
Could we use, let's say, pharmacological drugs
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ื™ื
04:47
to activate or inactivate brain cells?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื• ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืชืื™ ืžื•ื—?
04:49
XL: Nah. Drugs are pretty messy. They spread everywhere.
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ืฉ.ืœ.: ืœื. ืกืžื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ืœื’ืŸ. ื”ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:53
And also it takes them forever to act on cells.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื•ืงื— ืœื”ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืชืื™ื.
04:56
So it will not allow us to control a memory in real time.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช.
05:00
So Steve, how about let's zap the brain with electricity?
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ืื–, ืกื˜ื™ื‘, ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื ื—ืฉืžืœ?
05:04
SR: So electricity is pretty fast,
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ืก.ืจ: ืื– ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
05:06
but we probably wouldn't be able to target it
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืืช
05:08
to just the specific cells that hold onto a memory,
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ืจืง ืœืชืื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื ืฉืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
05:10
and we'd probably fry the brain.
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
05:12
XL: Oh. That's true. So it looks like, hmm,
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ืฉ.ืœ.: ื”ื•. . ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ . ืื– ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื•, ืืžืž,
05:15
indeed we need to find a better way
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ืื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:18
to impact the brain at the speed of light.
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
05:21
SR: So it just so happens that light travels at the speed of light.
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ืก.ืจ.: ืื– ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื•ืจ ื ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
05:26
So maybe we could activate or inactive memories
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื• ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช
05:30
by just using light --
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ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ --
05:31
XL: That's pretty fast.
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ืฉ.ืœ.: ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ.
05:33
SR: -- and because normally brain cells
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ืก.ืจ.: -- ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืชืื™ ืžื•ื—
05:35
don't respond to pulses of light,
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ืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื•ืœืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ,
05:36
so those that would respond to pulses of light
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ืื– ืืœื” ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื•ืœืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
05:38
are those that contain a light-sensitive switch.
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ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžืชื’ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืจ.
05:41
Now to do that, first we need to trick brain cells
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืงื•ื“ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื—
05:43
to respond to laser beams.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืงืจื ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ.
05:44
XL: Yep. You heard it right.
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ืฉ.ืœ.: ื›ืŸ. ืฉืžืขืช ืืช ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:45
We are trying to shoot lasers into the brain.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
05:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:49
SR: And the technique that lets us do that is optogenetics.
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ืก.ืจ.: ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”.
05:52
Optogenetics gave us this light switch that we can use
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ืื•ืคื˜ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ืžืชื’ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•
05:56
to turn brain cells on or off,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื• ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
05:57
and the name of that switch is channelrhodopsin,
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ื•ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื’ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ืœ-ืจื•ื“ื•ืกืคื™ืŸ (ืชืขืœื•ืช ืจื•ื“ื•ืกืคื™ืŸ),
06:00
seen here as these green dots attached to this brain cell.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชื ืžื•ื— ื–ื”.
06:02
You can think of channelrhodopsin as a sort of light-sensitive switch
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฆื™ืื ืœ-ืจื•ื“ื•ืกืคื™ืŸ ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืชื’ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืจ
06:05
that can be artificially installed in brain cells
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืื™ ืžื•ื—
06:08
so that now we can use that switch
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืชื’ ื”ื–ื”
06:10
to activate or inactivate the brain cell simply by clicking it,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื• ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืืช ืชื ื”ืžื•ื— ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื•,
06:13
and in this case we click it on with pulses of light.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื™ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคื•ืœืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
06:15
XL: So we attach this light-sensitive switch of channelrhodopsin
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ืฉ.ืœ.: ืื– ืื ื• ืžืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืชื’ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆ'ืื ืœ-ืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ
06:19
to the sensor we've been talking about
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ืœื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื•
06:21
and inject this into the brain.
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ื•ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
06:24
So whenever a memory is being formed,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
06:27
any active cell for that particular memory
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื ืฉืคืขื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”
06:29
will also have this light-sensitive switch installed in it
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ื’ื ืžืชื’ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืจ ื–ื”
06:33
so that we can control these cells
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืชืื™ื ืืœื”
06:35
by the flipping of a laser just like this one you see.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื.
06:39
SR: So let's put all of this to the test now.
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ืก.ืจ.: ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
06:42
What we can do is we can take our mice
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ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
06:44
and then we can put them in a box that looks exactly like this box here,
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ื•ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ื›ืืŸ.
06:47
and then we can give them a very mild foot shock
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื”ืœื ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื’ืœ
06:50
so that they form a fear memory of this box.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•.
06:52
They learn that something bad happened here.
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ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข ืงืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
06:54
Now with our system, the cells that are active
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืคืขื™ืœื™ื
06:56
in the hippocampus in the making of this memory,
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ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
06:59
only those cells will now contain channelrhodopsin.
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ืจืง ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฆื™ืื ืœืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ.
07:02
XL: When you are as small as a mouse,
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ืฉ.ืœ.: ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืขื›ื‘ืจ,
07:05
it feels as if the whole world is trying to get you.
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ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชืš.
07:08
So your best response of defense
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ืื– ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœืš
07:10
is trying to be undetected.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื ืœื”ื—ืฉืฃ.
07:13
Whenever a mouse is in fear,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืขื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ืคื—ื“
07:15
it will show this very typical behavior
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื•
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”,
07:17
by staying at one corner of the box,
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07:18
trying to not move any part of its body,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืฉื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื•ืคื•,
07:21
and this posture is called freezing.
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ื•ืชื ื•ื—ื” ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ืงึฐืคึดื™ืึธื”.
07:24
So if a mouse remembers that something bad happened in this box,
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ืื– ืื ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข ืงืจื” ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•.
07:29
and when we put them back into the same box,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืื•ืชื” ืชื™ื‘ื”,
07:31
it will basically show freezing
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืงึฐืคึดื™ืึธื”
07:33
because it doesn't want to be detected
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžื•
07:35
by any potential threats in this box.
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ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•.
07:38
SR: So you can think of freezing as,
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ืก.ืจ.: ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืงืคื™ืื”,
07:40
you're walking down the street minding your own business,
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ื›ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืš,
07:42
and then out of nowhere you almost run into
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ื•ืื– ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืชืงืœ
ื‘ืืงืกื™ืช, ืื• ื‘ืืงืก ืฉืœืš,
07:44
an ex-girlfriend or ex-boyfriend,
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07:46
and now those terrifying two seconds
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืืœื•
07:48
where you start thinking, "What do I do? Do I say hi?
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ื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, "ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”? ื”ืื ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื™?
07:50
Do I shake their hand? Do I turn around and run away?
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื? ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ื‘ื•ืจื—?
07:51
Do I sit here and pretend like I don't exist?"
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ืงื™ื™ื?"
07:53
Those kinds of fleeting thoughts that physically incapacitate you,
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช ืฉืžื ื˜ืจืœื•ืช ืื•ืชืš ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
07:56
that temporarily give you that deer-in-headlights look.
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ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ืช ืœืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉืžืื™ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื ืงื“ืžื™ื™ื.
07:59
XL: However, if you put the mouse in a completely different
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ืฉ.ืœ.: ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ืืชื” ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืœืชื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
08:02
new box, like the next one,
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ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ืื”,
08:05
it will not be afraid of this box
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืคื—ื“ ืžืชื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•
08:08
because there's no reason that it will be afraid of this new environment.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืคื—ื“ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื–ื•.
08:12
But what if we put the mouse in this new box
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื–ื•
08:15
but at the same time, we activate the fear memory
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื—ื“
08:19
using lasers just like we did before?
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ?
08:22
Are we going to bring back the fear memory
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื—ื“
08:25
for the first box into this completely new environment?
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืชื•ืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื–ื•?
08:29
SR: All right, and here's the million-dollar experiment.
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ืก.ืจ.: ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ.
08:31
Now to bring back to life the memory of that day,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื,
08:34
I remember that the Red Sox had just won,
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื›ื™ ื”"ืจื“ ืกื•ืงืก" ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•,
08:36
it was a green spring day,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืง,
08:38
perfect for going up and down the river
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ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ
08:40
and then maybe going to the North End
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ื•ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™
08:43
to get some cannolis, #justsaying.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงืฆืช ืงื ื•ืœื™, (ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ)
08:45
Now Xu and I, on the other hand,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื• ื•ืื ื™, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื”,
08:48
were in a completely windowless black room
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืจ ืืคืœ ื•ื—ืกืจ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช
08:51
not making any ocular movement that even remotely resembles an eye blink
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ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ืชื ื•ืขืช ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืงืฆืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฆืžื•ืฅ
08:54
because our eyes were fixed onto a computer screen.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
08:57
We were looking at this mouse here trying to activate a memory
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•.
09:00
for the first time using our technique.
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ืฉ.ืœ.: ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื•.
09:02
XL: And this is what we saw.
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09:04
When we first put the mouse into this box,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืชื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•,
09:06
it's exploring, sniffing around, walking around,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืจ, ืจื™ื—ืจื—, ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘,
09:09
minding its own business,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•.
09:11
because actually by nature,
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ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื,
09:13
mice are pretty curious animals.
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ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ ืกืงืจื ื™ื.
09:15
They want to know, what's going on in this new box?
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื–ื•?
09:17
It's interesting.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:19
But the moment we turned on the laser, like you see now,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืคืขืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื.
09:22
all of a sudden the mouse entered this freezing mode.
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงืคื™ืื”.
09:25
It stayed here and tried not to move any part of its body.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื” ื›ืืŸ, ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืฉื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื•ืคื•.
09:30
Clearly it's freezing.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืคื•ื.
09:31
So indeed, it looks like we are able to bring back
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ืื– ืื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ
09:34
the fear memory for the first box
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ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
09:36
in this completely new environment.
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ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื–ื•.
09:39
While watching this, Steve and I
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ืื ื™
09:41
are as shocked as the mouse itself.
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ืฉืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
09:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:45
So after the experiment, the two of us just left the room
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ืื– ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ืฉื ื™ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื–ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ
09:48
without saying anything.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ.
09:50
After a kind of long, awkward period of time,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš, ื•ืžื‘ื™ืš
09:53
Steve broke the silence.
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ืงื”.
09:55
SR: "Did that just work?"
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ืก.ืจ.: "ื”ืื ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื‘ื“?"
09:58
XL: "Yes," I said. "Indeed it worked!"
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ืฉ.ืœ.: "ื›ืŸ", ืืžืจืชื™. "ืื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“!"
10:01
We're really excited about this.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš.
10:03
And then we published our findings
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ื•ืื– ืคื™ืจืกืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
10:05
in the journal Nature.
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ื ื™ื™ืฆ'ืจ".
10:07
Ever since the publication of our work,
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ืžืื– ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
10:10
we've been receiving numerous comments
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
10:12
from all over the Internet.
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ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
10:14
Maybe we can take a look at some of those.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืืœื”.
10:18
["OMGGGGG FINALLY... so much more to come, virtual reality, neural manipulation, visual dream emulation... neural coding, 'writing and re-writing of memories', mental illnesses. Ahhh the future is awesome"]
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["OMG ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ. ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข, ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื”, ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™. ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฆื‘ื™ , 'ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช', ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ. ืื”ื”ื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื"]
10:20
SR: So the first thing that you'll notice is that people
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ืก.ืจ.: ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื• ื–ื” ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื
10:22
have really strong opinions about this kind of work.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
10:25
Now I happen to completely agree with the optimism
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
10:28
of this first quote,
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ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
10:29
because on a scale of zero to Morgan Freeman's voice,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืืคืก ืœืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืŸ,
10:31
it happens to be one of the most evocative accolades
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื
10:34
that I've heard come our way.
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ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื•.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:36
(Laughter)
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10:37
But as you'll see, it's not the only opinion that's out there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจืื•, ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื.
10:39
["This scares the hell out of me... What if they could do that easily in humans in a couple of years?! OH MY GOD WE'RE DOOMED"]
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[". ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™ ืขื“ ืžื•ื•ืช.. ? ืžื” ืื ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื?! ืื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื"]
10:41
XL: Indeed, if we take a look at the second one,
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ืฉ.ืœ.: ืื›ืŸ, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
10:43
I think we can all agree that it's, meh,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืกื›ื™ื ืฉื–ื” , ืื”,
10:45
probably not as positive.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
10:47
But this also reminds us that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื•,
10:49
although we are still working with mice,
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื,
10:52
it's probably a good idea to start thinking and discussing
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื“ื•ืŸ
10:55
about the possible ethical ramifications
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช
10:58
of memory control.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
11:00
SR: Now, in the spirit of the third quote,
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ืก.ืจ.: ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
11:02
we want to tell you about a recent project that we've been
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
11:04
working on in lab that we've called Project Inception.
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ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืงืจืื ื• ืœื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืชึผึฐื—ื•ึผืœึธื”.
11:07
["They should make a movie about this. Where they plant ideas into peoples minds, so they can control them for their own personal gain. We'll call it: Inception."]
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["ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ . ืื™ืš ื”ื ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื™ื ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื•ื•ื— ืื™ืฉื™ ืžืฉืœื”ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื”: ืชื—ื•ืœื”. "]
11:10
So we reasoned that now that we can reactivate a memory,
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ืื– ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
11:14
what if we do so but then begin to tinker with that memory?
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ืžื” ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืขื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”?
11:17
Could we possibly even turn it into a false memory?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืงืจื™?
11:20
XL: So all memory is sophisticated and dynamic,
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ืฉ.ืœ.: ืื– ื›ืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™,
11:24
but if just for simplicity, let's imagine memory
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
11:27
as a movie clip.
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ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.
11:28
So far what we've told you is basically we can control
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ืขื“ ื›ื” ืžื” ืฉืกื™ืคืจื ื• ืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜
11:31
this "play" button of the clip
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ื‘ืœื—ืฆืŸ "ื”ืชื—ืœ" ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ
11:33
so that we can play this video clip any time, anywhere.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
11:37
But is there a possibility that we can actually get
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”
11:40
inside the brain and edit this movie clip
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ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื•ื— ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
11:43
so that we can make it different from the original?
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ?
11:46
Yes we can.
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ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
11:48
Turned out that all we need to do is basically
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื
11:50
reactivate a memory using lasers just like we did before,
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ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื,
11:54
but at the same time, if we present new information
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ
11:58
and allow this new information to incorporate into this old memory,
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ืœืชื•ืš ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื”,
12:02
this will change the memory.
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ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
12:04
It's sort of like making a remix tape.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืœื˜ืช ืจืžื™ืงืก.
12:08
SR: So how do we do this?
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ืก.ืจ.: ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
12:11
Rather than finding a fear memory in the brain,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคื—ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื—,
12:13
we can start by taking our animals,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
12:14
and let's say we put them in a blue box like this blue box here
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื›ืืŸ
12:17
and we find the brain cells that represent that blue box
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื”ื™ื
12:20
and we trick them to respond to pulses of light
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืคื•ืœืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
12:22
exactly like we had said before.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืงื•ื“ื.
12:24
Now the next day, we can take our animals and place them
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ื›ืขืช, ืœืžื—ืจืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื
12:26
in a red box that they've never experienced before.
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ืœืชื™ื‘ื” ืื“ื•ืžื”. ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื•ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
12:29
We can shoot light into the brain to reactivate
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
12:31
the memory of the blue box.
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ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”.
12:33
So what would happen here if, while the animal
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืืŸ ืื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื”
12:35
is recalling the memory of the blue box,
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ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”,
12:36
we gave it a couple of mild foot shocks?
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ื ืชื ื• ืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœ?
12:39
So here we're trying to artificially make an association
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ืื– ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉื™ื•ืš
12:42
between the memory of the blue box
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”
12:44
and the foot shocks themselves.
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ืœืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ.
12:45
We're just trying to connect the two.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
12:47
So to test if we had done so,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช,
12:49
we can take our animals once again
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื•ื‘
12:50
and place them back in the blue box.
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”.
12:52
Again, we had just reactivated the memory of the blue box
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืคืขืœื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”
12:55
while the animal got a couple of mild foot shocks,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœ,
12:57
and now the animal suddenly freezes.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื” ืคืชืื•ื ืงื•ืคืืช.
12:59
It's as though it's recalling being mildly shocked in this environment
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื–ื›ืจื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืœื ืžืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•.
13:02
even though that never actually happened.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ืžืขื•ืœื.
13:05
So it formed a false memory,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื–ื‘,
13:07
because it's falsely fearing an environment
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื•ื–ื‘ ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
13:09
where, technically speaking,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช,
ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืงืจื” ืœื”.
13:11
nothing bad actually happened to it.
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13:13
XL: So, so far we are only talking about
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ืฉ.ืœ.: ืื–, ืขื“ ื›ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ
13:15
this light-controlled "on" switch.
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ืžืชื’ "ื”ืคืขืœ" ื–ื” ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจ
13:18
In fact, we also have a light-controlled "off" switch,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืžืชื’ "ื›ื‘ื”" ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจ,
13:21
and it's very easy to imagine that
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ื•ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
13:23
by installing this light-controlled "off" switch,
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ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžืชื’ "ื›ื‘ื”" ืฉืžืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจ,
13:25
we can also turn off a memory, any time, anywhere.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
13:31
So everything we've been talking about today
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
13:33
is based on this philosophically charged principle of neuroscience
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื—
13:38
that the mind, with its seemingly mysterious properties,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“, ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื”,
13:42
is actually made of physical stuff that we can tinker with.
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืืชื•.
13:46
SR: And for me personally,
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ืก.ืจ.: ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™,
13:47
I see a world where we can reactivate
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
13:49
any kind of memory that we'd like.
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ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ืจืฆื”.
13:51
I also see a world where we can erase unwanted memories.
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ืจื•ืื” ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื—ื•ืง ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื.
13:54
Now, I even see a world where editing memories
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื•ืื” ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช
13:56
is something of a reality,
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ื”ื™ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
13:58
because we're living in a time where it's possible
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™
13:59
to pluck questions from the tree of science fiction
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ืœืงื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™
14:02
and to ground them in experimental reality.
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ื•ืœืงืจืงืข ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
14:04
XL: Nowadays, people in the lab
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ืฉ.ืœ.: ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
14:06
and people in other groups all over the world
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
14:08
are using similar methods to activate or edit memories,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
14:12
whether that's old or new, positive or negative,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืื• ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื.
14:16
all sorts of memories so that we can understand
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
14:19
how memory works.
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ืื™ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
14:20
SR: For example, one group in our lab
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ืก.ืจ.: ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•
14:22
was able to find the brain cells that make up a fear memory
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื—ื“
14:25
and converted them into a pleasurable memory, just like that.
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื’, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื›ื”.
14:28
That's exactly what I mean about editing these kinds of processes.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื.
14:31
Now one dude in lab was even able to reactivate
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
14:33
memories of female mice in male mice,
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื,
14:35
which rumor has it is a pleasurable experience.
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ืฉื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืขื ื’ืช.
14:38
XL: Indeed, we are living in a very exciting moment
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ืฉ.ืœ.: ืื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžืจื’ืฉ ืžืื•ื“
14:42
where science doesn't have any arbitrary speed limits
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ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช
14:46
but is only bound by our own imagination.
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ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื ืžื“ื“ ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
14:49
SR: And finally, what do we make of all this?
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ืก.ืจ.: ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื”?
14:51
How do we push this technology forward?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•?
14:53
These are the questions that should not remain
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ
14:55
just inside the lab,
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ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
14:57
and so one goal of today's talk was to bring everybody
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ื•ื›ืš ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื
14:59
up to speed with the kind of stuff that's possible
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ืœื”ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
15:02
in modern neuroscience,
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ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
15:03
but now, just as importantly,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
15:05
to actively engage everybody in this conversation.
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ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื–ื•.
15:08
So let's think together as a team about what this all means
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”
ื•ืœืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืžื›ืืŸ,
15:11
and where we can and should go from here,
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15:13
because Xu and I think we all have
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ื›ื™ ืฉื• ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื”
15:15
some really big decisions ahead of us.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
15:17
Thank you. XL: Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”. ืฉ.ืœ.: ืชื•ื“ื”.
15:18
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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