Linda Hill: How to manage for collective creativity

373,441 views ใƒป 2015-03-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Niva Kaspi ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I have a confession to make.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•.
00:13
I'm a business professor
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ืื ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืขืกืงื™ื
00:15
whose ambition has been to help people learn to lead.
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ืขื ืืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’.
00:17
But recently, I've discovered
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ืืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™
00:19
that what many of us think of as great leadership
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”
00:22
does not work when it comes to leading innovation.
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ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื”.
00:25
I'm an ethnographer.
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ืื ื™ ืืชื ื•ื’ืจืฃ.
00:26
I use the methods of anthropology
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
00:28
to understand the questions in which I'm interested.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช.
00:31
So along with three co-conspirators,
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ืื– ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืžื–ื™ืžื”,
00:33
I spent nearly a decade observing up close and personal
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ื”ืฉืงืขืชื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืงืจื•ื‘
00:37
exceptional leaders of innovation.
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ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
00:39
We studied 16 men and women,
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ื—ืงืจื ื• 16 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื,
00:41
located in seven countries across the globe,
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ืฉื’ืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
00:44
working in 12 different industries.
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ื•ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘-12 ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
00:46
In total, we spent hundreds of hours on the ground,
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ื‘ืกื”''ื›, ื”ืฉืงืขื ื• ืžืื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
00:49
on-site, watching these leaders in action.
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ื‘ืืชืจ, ื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
00:53
We ended up with pages and pages and pages of field notes
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ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื ืฉืืจื ื• ืขื ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ ืฉื˜ื—
00:56
that we analyzed and looked for patterns in what our leaders did.
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ืื•ืชื ื ื™ืชื—ื ื• ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื.
00:59
The bottom line?
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ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”?
01:01
If we want to build organizations that can innovate time and again,
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ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื,
01:05
we must unlearn our conventional notions of leadership.
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ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช.
01:08
Leading innovation is not about creating a vision,
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ,
01:11
and inspiring others to execute it.
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ื•ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉืžื”.
01:14
But what do we mean by innovation?
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ืืš ืœืžื” ืื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช?
01:16
An innovation is anything that is both new and useful.
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ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
01:20
It can be a product or service.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
01:21
It can be a process or a way of organizing.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช.
01:24
It can be incremental, or it can be breakthrough.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืกืคืชื™, ืื• ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš.
01:27
We have a pretty inclusive definition.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ืช.
01:29
How many of you recognize this man?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”?
01:31
Put your hands up.
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ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื›ื.
01:34
Keep your hands up, if you know who this is.
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ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ืœืžืขืœื”, ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื–ื”.
01:42
How about these familiar faces?
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ืžื” ืขื ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
01:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:46
From your show of hands,
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ืžื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
01:47
it looks like many of you have seen a Pixar movie,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื ืจืื• ืกืจื˜ ืคื™ืงืกืืจ,
01:50
but very few of you recognized Ed Catmull,
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ืืš ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื›ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืื“ ืงื˜ืžื•ืœ,
01:53
the founder and CEO of Pixar --
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ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืคื™ืงืกืืจ--
01:55
one of the companies I had the privilege of studying.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
01:58
My first visit to Pixar was in 2005,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘-2005,
02:01
when they were working on "Ratatouille,"
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ "ืจื˜ื˜ื•ื™,"
02:03
that provocative movie about a rat becoming a master chef.
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ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื ื”ืคืš ืœืžืืกื˜ืจ ืฉืฃ.
02:06
Computer-generated movies are really mainstream today,
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ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:10
but it took Ed and his colleagues nearly 20 years
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ืืš ืœืงื— ืœืื“ ื•ืœืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ 20 ืฉื ื”
02:13
to create the first full-length C.G. movie.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”-C.G. ื”ืžืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
02:16
In the 20 years hence, they've produced 14 movies.
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ื‘ 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžืื– ื”ื ื”ืคื™ืงื• 14 ืกืจื˜ื™ื
02:20
I was recently at Pixar, and I'm here to tell you
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืืจ ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืœื›ื
02:23
that number 15 is sure to be a winner.
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ืฉืžืกืคืจ 15 ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
02:26
When many of us think about innovation, though,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช
02:28
we think about an Einstein having an 'Aha!' moment.
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืจื’ืข 'ืื”ื”!'
02:31
But we all know that's a myth.
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ืืš ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ืชื•ืก.
02:34
Innovation is not about solo genius,
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื,
02:37
it's about collective genius.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
02:40
Let's think for a minute about what it takes to make a Pixar movie:
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ืกืจื˜ ืคื™ืงืกืืจ:
02:44
No solo genius, no flash of inspiration produces one of those movies.
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ืœื ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื–ืง ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
02:49
On the contrary, it takes about 250 people four to five years,
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ืœื”ืคืš, ื‘ืขืจืš 250 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืื• ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
02:54
to make one of those movies.
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ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกืจื˜ ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”.
02:55
To help us understand the process,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”,
02:58
an individual in the studio drew a version of this picture.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”
03:01
He did so reluctantly,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื•ืก,
03:03
because it suggested that the process was a neat series of steps
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื
03:07
done by discrete groups.
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ืฉืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช.
03:10
Even with all those arrows, he thought it failed to really tell you
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฉืงืฃ
03:13
just how iterative, interrelated and, frankly, messy their process was.
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ื›ืžื” ืื™ื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืกื‘ื•ืš, ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื’ื ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
03:18
Throughout the making of a movie at Pixar, the story evolves.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืืจ, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชืคืชื—.
03:24
So think about it.
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ืื– ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš
03:26
Some shots go through quickly.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจ.
03:29
They don't all go through in order.
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช.
03:31
It depends on how vexing the challenges are
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื
03:34
that they come up with when they are working on a particular scene.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืกืฆื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
03:38
So if you think about that scene in "Up"
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ืื– ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื ื” ืžืชื•ืš "ืœืžืขืœื”" (UP)
03:40
where the boy hands the piece of chocolate to the bird,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืคื™ืกืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจ,
03:44
that 10 seconds took one animator almost six months to perfect.
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10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืงื—ื• ืœืื ื™ืžื˜ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื.
03:50
The other thing about a Pixar movie
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืกืจื˜ ืคื™ืงืกืืจ
03:52
is that no part of the movie is considered finished
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ื–ื” ืฉืืฃ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืจื˜ ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื’ืžื•ืจ
03:54
until the entire movie wraps.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช.
03:56
Partway through one production, an animator drew a character
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืคืงื”, ืื ื™ืžื˜ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื™ื™ืจ ื“ืžื•ืช
04:00
with an arched eyebrow that suggested a mischievous side.
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ื‘ืขืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ืช ืงืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ื‘.
04:04
When the director saw that drawing, he thought it was great.
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
04:07
It was beautiful, but he said,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
04:09
"You've got to lose it; it doesn't fit the character."
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"ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืช."
04:12
Two weeks later, the director came back and said,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ื•ืืžืจ,
04:14
"Let's put in those few seconds of film."
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"ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืกืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•".
04:16
Because that animator was allowed to share
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื ื™ืžื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืง
04:19
what we referred to as his slice of genius,
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
04:22
he was able to help that director reconceive the character
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืžืื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช
04:26
in a subtle but important way that really improved the story.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืฉื™ืคืจื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
04:30
What we know is, at the heart of innovation is a paradox.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื• ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก.
04:35
You have to unleash the talents and passions of many people
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
04:39
and you have to harness them into a work that is actually useful.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”.
04:43
Innovation is a journey.
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืกืข.
04:46
It's a type of collaborative problem solving,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™,
04:48
usually among people who have different expertise
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
04:51
and different points of view.
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ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:53
Innovations rarely get created full-blown.
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
04:56
As many of you know,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
04:58
they're the result, usually, of trial and error.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืฉืœื™ื.
05:01
Lots of false starts, missteps and mistakes.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:05
Innovative work can be very exhilarating,
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื”,
05:08
but it also can be really downright scary.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืื“.
05:13
So when we look at why it is that Pixar is able to do what it does,
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืœืžื” ืคื™ืงืกืืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”,
05:19
we have to ask ourselves, what's going on here?
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?
05:23
For sure, history and certainly Hollywood,
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ืœื‘ื˜ื—, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“,
05:26
is full of star-studded teams that have failed.
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ืžืœืื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื›ืฉืœื•.
05:29
Most of those failures are attributed
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื
05:31
to too many stars or too many cooks, if you will, in the kitchen.
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื—.
05:36
So why is it that Pixar, with all of its cooks,
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืคื™ืงืกืืจ, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื”,
05:40
is able to be so successful time and time again?
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื?
05:45
When we studied an Islamic Bank in Dubai,
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ื›ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื ืง ืื™ืกืœืžื™ ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ืื™,
05:48
or a luxury brand in Korea, or a social enterprise in Africa,
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ืื• ืžื•ืชื’ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ืื• ืขืกืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
05:53
we found that innovative organizations
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื
05:55
are communities that have three capabilities:
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ื”ื™ื ื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช:
05:57
creative abrasion, creative agility and creative resolution.
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ืฉืคืฉื•ืฃ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™, ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช.
06:02
Creative abrasion is about being able to create a marketplace of ideas
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ืฉืคืฉื•ืฃ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ืง ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
06:07
through debate and discourse.
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ื“ืจืš ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ื—.
06:10
In innovative organizations, they amplify differences,
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ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™,
06:13
they don't minimize them.
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ืœื ืžืžื–ืขืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
06:14
Creative abrasion is not about brainstorming,
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ืฉืคืฉื•ืฃ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืื™ื ื• ืกืขืจืช ืžื•ื—ื•ืช,
06:17
where people suspend their judgment.
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ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžืœืฉืคื•ื˜.
06:19
No, they know how to have very heated but constructive arguments
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ืœื, ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืกื•ืขืจื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื
06:23
to create a portfolio of alternatives.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
06:26
Individuals in innovative organizations
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื
06:28
learn how to inquire, they learn how to actively listen, but guess what?
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ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ, ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”?
06:33
They also learn how to advocate for their point of view.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื.
06:35
They understand that innovation rarely happens
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืฆื•ืžื—ืช
06:39
unless you have both diversity and conflict.
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ืœืœื ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื.
06:43
Creative agility is about being able to test and refine that portfolio of ideas
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ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
06:48
through quick pursuit, reflection and adjustment.
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืชืืžื”.
06:52
It's about discovery-driven learning
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™
06:53
where you act, as opposed to plan, your way to the future.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื, ืืช ื“ืจื›ื›ื ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
06:57
It's about design thinking where you have that interesting combination
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ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
07:00
of the scientific method and the artistic process.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™.
07:04
It's about running a series of experiments, and not a series of pilots.
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ื”ื™ื ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืกื“ืจืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืกื“ืจืช ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ื™ื.
07:08
Experiments are usually about learning.
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
07:10
When you get a negative outcome,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช,
07:12
you're still really learning something that you need to know.
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ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“.
07:15
Pilots are often about being right.
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ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
07:17
When they don't work, someone or something is to blame.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื, ืžืฉื”ื• ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืฉื.
07:22
The final capability is creative resolution.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช.
07:25
This is about doing decision making
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
07:26
in a way that you can actually combine even opposing ideas
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื
07:30
to reconfigure them in new combinations
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
07:33
to produce a solution that is new and useful.
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ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
07:36
When you look at innovative organizations, they never go along to get along.
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ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืชืขืฆืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื
07:40
They don't compromise.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืชืคืฉืจื™ื.
07:42
They don't let one group or one individual dominate,
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ื”ื ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜,
07:45
even if it's the boss, even if it's the expert.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืก, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื”.
07:50
Instead, they have developed
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื•
07:51
a rather patient and more inclusive decision making process
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืกื‘ืœื ื™ ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™
07:55
that allows for both/and solutions to arise
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ื”ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื’ื/ื•" ืœืฆืžื•ื—
07:59
and not simply either/or solutions.
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ืœื ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืื•/ืื•".
08:01
These three capabilities are why we see
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
08:05
that Pixar is able to do what it does.
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ืฉืคื™ืงืกืืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
08:10
Let me give you another example,
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ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื,
08:12
and that example is the infrastructure group of Google.
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ 'ื’ื•ื’ืœ'.
08:14
The infrastructure group of Google is the group
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
08:17
that has to keep the website up and running 24/7.
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ืฉืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืชืจ 24/7.
08:21
So when Google was about to introduce Gmail and YouTube,
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืขืžื“ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ืง ืืช ื’'ื™-ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื™ื• ื˜ื™ื•ื‘,
08:25
they knew that their data storage system wasn't adequate.
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ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื.
08:28
The head of the engineering group and the infrastructure group at that time
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ืจืืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื“ืื–
08:32
was a man named Bill Coughran.
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ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื™ืœ ืงื•ืจืืŸ.
08:35
Bill and his leadership team, who he referred to as his brain trust,
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ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœื•, ืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
08:39
had to figure out what to do about this situation.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื‘.
08:43
They thought about it for a while.
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”.
08:44
Instead of creating a group to tackle this task,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”,
08:48
they decided to allow groups to emerge spontaneously
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืชืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช
08:52
around different alternatives.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืžื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
08:54
Two groups coalesced.
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ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•.
08:57
One became known as Big Table,
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ืื—ืช ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื›-'ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ',
09:00
the other became known as Build It From Scratch.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื›-'ืชื‘ื ื” ื–ืืช ืžื›ืœื•ื'.
09:03
Big Table proposed that they build on the current system.
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'ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ' ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
09:06
Build It From Scratch proposed that it was time for a whole new system.
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'ืชื‘ื ื” ื–ืืช ืžื›ืœื•ื' ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
09:10
Separately, these two teams were allowed to work full-time
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ืœื—ื•ื“, ืื•ืฉืจ ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”
09:14
on their particular approach.
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ืขืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
09:16
In engineering reviews, Bill described his role as,
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ื‘ืกืงื™ืจืช ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ื‘ื™ืœ ืชืืจ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉ-
09:19
"Injecting honesty into the process by driving debate."
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"ืžื–ืจื™ืง ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ."
09:24
Early on, the teams were encouraged to build prototypes so that they could
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœื•
09:28
"bump them up against reality and discover for themselves
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"ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช
09:32
the strengths and weaknesses of their particular approach."
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ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ื”ืชื•ืจืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ."
09:35
When Build It From Scratch shared their prototype with the group
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ื›ืืฉืจ 'ืชื‘ื ื” ื–ืืช ืžื›ืœื•ื' ื—ืœืงื” ืืช ืื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
09:38
whose beepers would have to go off in the middle of the night
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ืฉืื•ืชื” ื™ื–ืขื™ืงื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”
09:41
if something went wrong with the website,
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ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
09:43
they heard loud and clear about the limitations of their particular design.
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ื”ื ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
09:48
As the need for a solution became more urgent
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ
09:51
and as the data, or the evidence, began to come in,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข,
09:54
it became pretty clear that the Big Table solution
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ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 'ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ'
09:57
was the right one for the moment.
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ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข.
10:00
So they selected that one.
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ืื– ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”.
10:02
But to make sure that they did not lose the learning
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื•
10:04
of the Build it From Scratch team,
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ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช 'ืชื‘ื ื” ื–ืืช ืžื›ืœื•ื',
10:06
Bill asked two members of that team to join a new team that was emerging
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ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื”
10:10
to work on the next-generation system.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
10:13
This whole process took nearly two years,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืืจืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
10:17
but I was told that they were all working at breakneck speed.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง.
10:21
Early in that process, one of the engineers had gone to Bill and said,
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืคื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืืžืจ,
10:24
"We're all too busy for this inefficient system
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"ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื”
10:27
of running parallel experiments."
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืช ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื."
10:30
But as the process unfolded, he began to understand
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ืืš ื›ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:33
the wisdom of allowing talented people to play out their passions.
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ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ืœืชืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืชื™ื”ื.
10:37
He admitted, "If you had forced us to all be on one team,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื”, "ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช,
10:41
we might have focused on proving who was right, and winning,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืžื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง, ื•ื‘ืœื ืฆื—,
10:44
and not on learning and discovering what was the best answer for Google."
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ."
10:50
Why is it that Pixar and Google are able to innovate time and again?
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ืœืžื” ืคื™ืงืกืืจ ื•ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘?
10:53
It's because they've mastered the capabilities required for that.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืžื—ื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
10:57
They know how to do collaborative problem solving,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™,
10:59
they know how to do discovery-driven learning
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™
11:01
and they know how to do integrated decision making.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช.
11:04
Some of you may be sitting there and saying to yourselves right now,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคื” ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื
11:07
"We don't know how to do those things in my organization.
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"ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
11:10
So why do they know how to do those things at Pixar,
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืืจ?
11:13
and why do they know how to do those things at Google?"
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ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ?"
11:16
When many of the people that worked for Bill told us,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืœ ืืžืจื• ืœื ื•,
11:19
in their opinion, that Bill was one of the finest leaders in Silicon Valley,
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื, ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
11:25
we completely agreed; the man is a genius.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืกื›ืžื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื’ืื•ืŸ.
11:29
Leadership is the secret sauce.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื“ื™.
11:32
But it's a different kind of leadership,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ,
11:34
not the kind many of us think about when we think about great leadership.
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ืœื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืชื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”.
11:40
One of the leaders I met with early on said to me,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชื”ื—ืœื” ืืžืจ ืœื™
11:42
"Linda, I don't read books on leadership.
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"ืœื™ื ื“ื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืจื ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช.
11:46
All they do is make me feel bad." (Laughter)
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ืืœื• ืจืง ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจืข." (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:49
"In the first chapter they say I'm supposed to create a vision.
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"ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ.
11:52
But if I'm trying to do something that's truly new, I have no answers.
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ืืš ืื ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
11:56
I don't know what direction we're going in
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื™ื
11:58
and I'm not even sure I know how to figure out how to get there."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืื™ืš ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื."
12:01
For sure, there are times when visionary leadership
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ืœื‘ื˜ื—, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ
12:04
is exactly what is needed.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ.
12:06
But if we want to build organizations that can innovate time and again,
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ืืš ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
12:09
we must recast our understanding of what leadership is about.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช.
12:14
Leading innovation is about creating the space
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืจื—ื‘
12:17
where people are willing and able to do the hard work
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ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืงืฉื”
12:20
of innovative problem solving.
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ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช.
12:23
At this point, some of you may be wondering,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื,
12:27
"What does that leadership really look like?"
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"ืื™ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื–ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช?"
12:29
At Pixar, they understand that innovation takes a village.
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ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืืจ, ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
12:34
The leaders focus on building a sense of community
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื”
12:37
and building those three capabilities.
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ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืŸ.
12:40
How do they define leadership?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช?
12:42
They say leadership is about creating a world
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื•ืœื
12:44
to which people want to belong.
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ืืœื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš.
12:46
What kind of world do people want to belong in at Pixar?
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ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืื ืฉื™ ืคื™ืงืกืืจ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš?
12:49
A world where you're living at the frontier.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ.
12:51
What do they focus their time on?
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ื‘ืžื” ื”ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื”ื?
12:53
Not on creating a vision.
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ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ.
12:55
Instead they spend their time thinking about,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ,
12:57
"How do we design a studio that has the sensibility of a public square
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"ืื™ืš ื ืขืฆื‘ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
13:02
so that people will interact?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืงืฉืจ?
13:04
Let's put in a policy that anyone, no matter what their level or role,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื›ื ื™ืก ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื’ ืื• ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“,
13:08
is allowed to give notes to the director
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ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœ
13:09
about how they feel about a particular film.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกืจื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
13:12
What can we do to make sure
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ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื
13:14
that all the disruptors, all the minority voices in this organization,
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืขื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ,
13:18
speak up and are heard?
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ื™ืฉืžื™ืขื• ืงื•ืœื ื•ื™ืฉืžืขื•?
13:20
And, finally, let's bestow credit in a very generous way."
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื“."
13:24
I don't know if you've ever looked at the credits of a Pixar movie,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื ื‘ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงืกืืจ
13:27
but the babies born during a production are listed there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคืงื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื.
13:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:31
How did Bill think about what his role was?
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ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื•?
13:34
Bill said, "I lead a volunteer organization.
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ื‘ื™ืœ ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™.
13:38
Talented people don't want to follow me anywhere.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
13:42
They want to cocreate with me the future.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื™.
13:45
My job is to nurture the bottom-up
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืœืžืขืœื”
13:48
and not let it degenerate into chaos."
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ื•ืœื ืœืชืช ืœื–ื” ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ ืœื›ืื•ืก."
13:51
How did he see his role?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•?
13:52
"I'm a role model, I'm a human glue,
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"ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืœ, ืื ื™ ื“ื‘ืง ืื ื•ืฉื™,
13:55
I'm a connector, I'm an aggregator of viewpoints.
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ืื ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืกื“ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜.
13:58
I'm never a dictator of viewpoints."
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ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜."
14:00
Advice about how you exercise the role?
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ืขืฆื” ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“?
14:02
Hire people who argue with you.
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ืฉื›ืจื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื• ืืชื›ื.
14:05
And, guess what?
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”?
14:06
Sometimes it's best to be deliberately fuzzy and vague.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
14:11
Some of you may be wondering now,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
14:12
what are these people thinking?
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ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื?
14:14
They're thinking,
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
14:15
"I'm not the visionary, I'm the social architect.
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ืื™ืฉ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
14:18
I'm creating the space where people are willing and able
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
14:22
to share and combine their talents and passions."
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ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื•ืœืžื–ื’ ืืช ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืชื™ื”ื."
14:25
If some of you are worrying now that you don't work at a Pixar,
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ืื ื—ืœืงื›ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืืจ
14:28
or you don't work at a Google,
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ืื• ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ,
14:30
I want to tell you there's still hope.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
14:33
We've studied many organizations
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
14:35
that were really not organizations you'd think of
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืืœื• ืฉื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื•
14:37
as ones where a lot of innovation happens.
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ื›ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
14:40
We studied a general counsel in a pharmaceutical company
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
14:43
who had to figure out how to get the outside lawyers,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
14:46
19 competitors, to collaborate and innovate.
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19 ืžืชื—ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื™ื—ื“ืฉื•.
14:48
We studied the head of marketing at a German automaker
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืืช ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช
14:52
where, fundamentally, they believed that it was the design engineers,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืืœื• ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
14:55
not the marketeers, who were allowed to be innovative.
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ืœื ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื.
14:59
We also studied Vineet Nayar at HCL Technologies,
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ื•ื’ื ืœืžื“ื ื• ืืช ื•ื™ื ื™ืช ื ืื™ื™ืืจ ื‘ HCL ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
15:03
an Indian outsourcing company.
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืื•ื˜ืกื•ืจืกื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.
15:05
When we met Vineet,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืืช ื•ื™ื ื™ืช,
15:06
his company was about, in his words, to become irrelevant.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืขืžื“ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
15:10
We watched as he turned that company into a global dynamo of I.T. innovation.
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ืฆืคื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื“ื™ื ืžื• ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ ื˜ืง.
15:16
At HCL technologies, like at many companies,
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ื‘-HCL ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
15:19
the leaders had learned to see their role as setting direction
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื›ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
15:23
and making sure that no one deviated from it.
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ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื™ืกื˜ื” ืžืžื ื•.
15:27
What he did is tell them it was time for them
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืœืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ
15:31
to think about rethinking what they were supposed to do.
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
15:34
Because what was happening is that everybody was looking up
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืœืžืขืœื”
15:37
and you weren't seeing the kind of bottom-up innovation
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ื•ืœื ืจืื™ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืžื—ืช ืžืœืžื˜ื”
15:40
we saw at Pixar or Google.
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ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืืจ ื•ื’ื•ื’ืœ.
15:43
So they began to work on that.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
15:44
They stopped giving answers, they stopped trying to provide solutions.
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ื”ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืกืคืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืกืคืง ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
15:48
Instead, what they did is they began to see
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ื” ืœืจืื•ืช
15:51
the people at the bottom of the pyramid, the young sparks,
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ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”, ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื,
15:55
the people who were closest to the customers,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช,
15:58
as the source of innovation.
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ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
16:00
They began to transfer the organization's growth
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช
16:03
to that level.
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ืœื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
16:07
In Vineet's language, this was about inverting the pyramid
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ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”
16:10
so that you could unleash the power of the many
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื
16:13
by loosening the stranglehold of the few,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื™ื™ืช ืžืื—ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื,
16:16
and increase the quality and the speed of innovation
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ื•ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช
16:19
that was happening every day.
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ืฉืงืจืชื” ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื.
16:23
For sure, Vineet and all the other leaders that we studied
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ืœื‘ื˜ื—, ื•ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•
16:27
were in fact visionaries.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ.
16:30
For sure, they understood that that was not their role.
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ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื.
16:35
So I don't think it is accidental that many of you did not recognize Ed.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืงืจื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืœื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืื“.
16:40
Because Ed, like Vineet, understands that our role as leaders
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื“, ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ื ื™ืช, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื• ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื
16:44
is to set the stage, not perform on it.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื”, ืœื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”.
16:49
If we want to invent a better future,
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
16:51
and I suspect that's why many of us are here,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื“ืช ืฉื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืชื ื• ื›ืืŸ,
16:55
then we need to reimagine our task.
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ืื– ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉื™ืžืชื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
16:59
Our task is to create the space
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ืžืฉื™ืžืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืจื—ื‘
17:01
where everybody's slices of genius
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ื‘ื• ื—ืœืงืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“
17:04
can be unleashed and harnessed,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ืจืชื,
17:08
and turned into works of collective genius.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
17:11
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:13
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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