Miguel Nicolelis: A monkey that controls a robot with its thoughts. No, really.

247,765 views ใƒป 2013-02-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
The kind of neuroscience that I do and my colleagues do
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ืกื•ื’ ืžื“ืข ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื•
00:18
is almost like the weatherman.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื—ื–ืื•ืช.
00:20
We are always chasing storms.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจ ืกื•ืคื•ืช.
00:24
We want to see and measure storms -- brainstorms, that is.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืกืขืจื•ืช - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,ืกืขืจื•ืช ืžื•ื—.
00:29
And we all talk about brainstorms in our daily lives,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกืขืจื•ืช-ืžื•ื— ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:31
but we rarely see or listen to one.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื•ืื™ื ืื• ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื—ืช.
00:35
So I always like to start these talks
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืืœื”
00:36
by actually introducing you to one of them.
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ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉ.
00:39
Actually, the first time we recorded more than one neuron --
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืงืœื˜ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ -
00:43
a hundred brain cells simultaneously --
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ืžืื” ืชืื™ ืžื•ื— ืชืื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช-
00:45
we could measure the electrical sparks
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
00:48
of a hundred cells in the same animal,
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ืฉืœ ืžืื” ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:50
this is the first image we got,
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ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•,
00:52
the first 10 seconds of this recording.
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10 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื–ื•.
00:54
So we got a little snippet of a thought,
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ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ืคื™ืกืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื”,
00:58
and we could see it in front of us.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
01:01
I always tell the students
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื
01:02
that we could also call neuroscientists some sort of astronomer,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื’ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืžื“ืขืŸ ืžื•ื— ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื,
01:06
because we are dealing with a system
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช
01:07
that is only comparable in terms of number of cells
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ื
01:10
to the number of galaxies that we have in the universe.
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ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
01:13
And here we are, out of billions of neurons,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื•, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื,
01:16
just recording, 10 years ago, a hundred.
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ืžืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืจืง , ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืื”.
01:19
We are doing a thousand now.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืœืฃ.
01:21
And we hope to understand something fundamental about our human nature.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:26
Because, if you don't know yet,
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ืฉื›ืŸ, ืื ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
01:28
everything that we use to define what human nature is comes from these storms,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื”ื• ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืกืขืจื•ืช ืืœื•,
01:33
comes from these storms that roll over the hills and valleys of our brains
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืกืขืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืžืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•
01:38
and define our memories, our beliefs,
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ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
01:42
our feelings, our plans for the future.
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ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขืชื™ื“.
01:44
Everything that we ever do,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ ืคืขื,
01:47
everything that every human has ever done, do or will do,
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืฉื”, ืขื•ืฉื” ืื• ื™ืขืฉื”,
01:52
requires the toil of populations of neurons producing these kinds of storms.
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ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืขืžืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืกืขืจื•ืช.
01:57
And the sound of a brainstorm, if you've never heard one,
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืขืจืช ืžื•ื—, ืื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื ืื—ืช,
02:00
is somewhat like this.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
02:03
You can put it louder if you can.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ.
02:06
My son calls this "making popcorn while listening to a badly-tuned A.M. station."
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ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืžื›ื ื” ื–ืืช "ืงืœื™ื™ืช ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ ืชื•ืš ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœืชื—ื ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช".
02:13
This is a brain.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื—.
02:14
This is what happens when you route these electrical storms to a loudspeaker
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉืกืขืจื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ืœืจืžืงื•ืœ
02:18
and you listen to a hundred brain cells firing,
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ื•ืืชื” ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื” ืชืื™ ืžื•ื—,
02:20
your brain will sound like this -- my brain, any brain.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœืš ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืš - ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™, ื›ืœ ืžื•ื—.
02:25
And what we want to do as neuroscientists in this time
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื— ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”
02:29
is to actually listen to these symphonies, these brain symphonies,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
02:34
and try to extract from them the messages they carry.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช..
02:38
In particular, about 12 years ago
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืœืคื ื™ ื›- 12 ืฉื ื™ื
02:40
we created a preparation that we named brain-machine interfaces.
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืงืจืื ื• ืœื• ืžืžืฉืง ืžื›ื•ื ืช-ืžื•ื—.
02:44
And you have a scheme here that describes how it works.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืชืจืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:46
The idea is, let's have some sensors that listen to these storms, this electrical firing,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืกืขืจื•ืช ืืœื•, ืœื™ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื–ื”,
02:52
and see if you can, in the same time that it takes
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืื ืืคืฉืจ, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื—
02:55
for this storm to leave the brain and reach the legs or the arms of an animal --
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ืœืกืขืจื” ื–ื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื-
03:00
about half a second --
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื”-
03:03
let's see if we can read these signals,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืจืื” ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ืืœื”,
03:05
extract the motor messages that are embedded in it,
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ืœื—ืœืฅ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”,
03:08
translate it into digital commands
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ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช
03:11
and send it to an artificial device
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™
03:13
that will reproduce the voluntary motor wheel of that brain in real time.
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ืฉื™ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช.
03:19
And see if we can measure how well we can translate that message
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื”
03:22
when we compare to the way the body does that.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช.
03:26
And if we can actually provide feedback,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืžืฉื•ื‘
03:29
sensory signals that go back from this robotic, mechanical, computational actuator
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ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืžืžืคืขื™ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืžื›ื ื™, ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ื–ื”.
03:34
that is now under the control of the brain,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ื›ืขืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
03:37
back to the brain,
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
03:38
how the brain deals with that,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”
03:40
of receiving messages from an artificial piece of machinery.
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ืขื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืคื™ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
03:45
And that's exactly what we did 10 years ago.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
03:47
We started with a superstar monkey called Aurora
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื ืงื•ืคื” ืกื•ืคืจืกื˜ืืจ ื‘ืฉื ืื•ืจื•ืจื”
03:50
that became one of the superstars of this field.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื—ืช ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”.
03:53
And Aurora liked to play video games.
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ืื•ืจื•ืจื” ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
03:55
As you can see here,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
03:56
she likes to use a joystick, like any one of us, any of our kids, to play this game.
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’'ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื”.
04:01
And as a good primate, she even tries to cheat before she gets the right answer.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื ืกื” ืœืจืžื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
04:06
So even before a target appears that she's supposed to cross
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื”
04:10
with the cursor that she's controlling with this joystick,
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ืขื ื”ืกืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื”, ืขื ื’'ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื–ื”,
04:13
Aurora is trying to find the target, no matter where it is.
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ืื•ืจื•ืจื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื.
04:17
And if she's doing that,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื
04:19
because every time she crosses that target with the little cursor,
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ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืขื ื”ืกืžืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ,
04:22
she gets a drop of Brazilian orange juice.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฅ ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™.
04:25
And I can tell you, any monkey will do anything for you
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืงื•ืฃ ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื
04:28
if you get a little drop of Brazilian orange juice.
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ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฅ ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ .
04:31
Actually any primate will do that.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื”ืขืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
04:34
Think about that.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:35
Well, while Aurora was playing this game, as you saw,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื•ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ืชื,
04:38
and doing a thousand trials a day
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ื•ืขืฉืชื” ืืœืฃ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื
04:41
and getting 97 percent correct and 350 milliliters of orange juice,
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื” 97 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•- ื•- 350 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืžื™ืฅ ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื,
04:45
we are recording the brainstorms that are produced in her head
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืกืขืจื•ืช-ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื”
04:48
and sending them to a robotic arm
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ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืืœ ื–ืจื•ืข ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช
04:50
that was learning to reproduce the movements that Aurora was making.
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ืฉืœืžื“ื” ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืื•ืจื•ืจื” ืขืฉืชื”.
04:54
Because the idea was to actually turn on this brain-machine interface
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ื›ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžืžืฉืง ืžื›ื•ื ืช-ืžื•ื— ื–ื•.
04:57
and have Aurora play the game just by thinking,
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื•ืจื•ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”,
05:02
without interference of her body.
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ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”.
05:05
Her brainstorms would control an arm
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ืกืขืจืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข
05:08
that would move the cursor and cross the target.
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ืฉืชื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืกืžืŸ ื•ืชื—ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.
05:10
And to our shock, that's exactly what Aurora did.
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ื•ืœืชื“ื”ืžืชื ื•, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื•ืจื•ืจื” ืขืฉืชื”.
05:14
She played the game without moving her body.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื’ื•ืคื”.
05:18
So every trajectory that you see of the cursor now,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืขืช,
05:20
this is the exact first moment she got that.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
05:23
That's the exact first moment
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
05:25
a brain intention was liberated from the physical domains of a body of a primate
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ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื” ืžื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜
05:32
and could act outside, in that outside world,
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ื•ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
05:35
just by controlling an artificial device.
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ืจืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
05:38
And Aurora kept playing the game, kept finding the little target
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ื•ืื•ืจื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื—ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”
05:43
and getting the orange juice that she wanted to get, that she craved for.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื™ืฅ ื”ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืฆืชื” ืœืงื‘ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื” ืœื•.
05:47
Well, she did that because she, at that time, had acquired a new arm.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ื›ื™, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื, ื”ื™ื ืจื›ืฉื” ื–ืจื•ืข ื—ื“ืฉื”.
05:54
The robotic arm that you see moving here 30 days later,
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ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ, 30 ื™ื•ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:57
after the first video that I showed to you,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื,
06:00
is under the control of Aurora's brain
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ื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืจื”
06:02
and is moving the cursor to get to the target.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.
06:05
And Aurora now knows that she can play the game with this robotic arm,
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ืื•ืจื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื—ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ื–ืจื•ืข ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื–ื•,
06:09
but she has not lost the ability to use her biological arms to do what she pleases.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื”.
06:15
She can scratch her back, she can scratch one of us, she can play another game.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื“ ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ื’ื‘, ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืืชื ื•, ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื—ืง ืื—ืจ.
06:19
By all purposes and means,
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื,
06:21
Aurora's brain has incorporated that artificial device
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™
06:25
as an extension of her body.
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ื›ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื”.
06:28
The model of the self that Aurora had in her mind
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ื”ื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื™ื ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืจื”
06:31
has been expanded to get one more arm.
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ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื–ืจื•ืข ืื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช.
06:35
Well, we did that 10 years ago.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
06:38
Just fast forward 10 years.
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ื•ืจืง ื”ืจืฆื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
06:40
Just last year we realized that you don't even need to have a robotic device.
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.
06:45
You can just build a computational body, an avatar, a monkey avatar.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘, ืื•ื•ืื˜ืืจ, ืงื•ืฃ ืื•ื•ืื˜ืืจ.
06:51
And you can actually use it for our monkeys to either interact with them,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื,
06:55
or you can train them to assume in a virtual world
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ืื• ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื›ื ืœืืžืŸ ืื•ืชื ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™
07:00
the first-person perspective of that avatar
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ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื - ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื˜ืืจ ื–ื”
07:03
and use her brain activity to control the movements of the avatar's arms or legs.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื˜ืืจ.
07:08
And what we did basically was to train the animals
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ื•ืžื” ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื” ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
07:11
to learn how to control these avatars
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ืื˜ืืจื™ื ืืœื”
07:14
and explore objects that appear in the virtual world.
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ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™.
07:18
And these objects are visually identical,
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ื•ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช,
07:20
but when the avatar crosses the surface of these objects,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ื•ืื˜ืืจ ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืืœื”,
07:24
they send an electrical message that is proportional to the microtactile texture of the object
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืœืžืจืงื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜
07:31
that goes back directly to the monkey's brain,
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ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืฃ,
07:35
informing the brain what it is the avatar is touching.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ื’ืข ื”ืื•ื•ืื˜ืืจ.
07:40
And in just four weeks, the brain learns to process this new sensation
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•
07:44
and acquires a new sensory pathway -- like a new sense.
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ื•ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื—ื•ืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉ โ€“ ื›ืžื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
07:51
And you truly liberate the brain now
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ื•ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
07:53
because you are allowing the brain to send motor commands to move this avatar.
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ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ื— ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ืื˜ืืจ ื”ื–ื”.
07:58
And the feedback that comes from the avatar is being processed directly by the brain
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืื•ื•ืื˜ืืจ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—
08:03
without the interference of the skin.
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ืœืœื ื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
08:05
So what you see here is this is the design of the task.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
08:08
You're going to see an animal basically touching these three targets.
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ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
08:12
And he has to select one because only one carries the reward,
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ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืง ืื—ืช ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ,
08:16
the orange juice that they want to get.
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ืืช ืžื™ืฅ ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ.
08:18
And he has to select it by touch using a virtual arm, an arm that doesn't exist.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื’ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช, ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
08:24
And that's exactly what they do.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
08:26
This is a complete liberation of the brain
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
08:29
from the physical constraints of the body and the motor in a perceptual task.
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ืžื”ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื•ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ืช.
08:33
The animal is controlling the avatar to touch the targets.
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ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื˜ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช.
08:38
And he's sensing the texture by receiving an electrical message directly in the brain.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืจืงื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ืžืกืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—.
08:43
And the brain is deciding what is the texture associated with the reward.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื”ื• ื”ืžืจืงื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื’ืžื•ืœ.
08:47
The legends that you see in the movie don't appear for the monkey.
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ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืฃ.
08:51
And by the way, they don't read English anyway,
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ื•ืื’ื‘, ื”ื ืœื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”,
08:53
so they are here just for you to know that the correct target is shifting position.
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ืื– ื”ื ื›ืืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืชื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ื” ืžื™ืงื•ื.
08:59
And yet, they can find them by tactile discrimination,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื˜ืงื˜ืœื™ืช,
09:03
and they can press it and select it.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
09:06
So when we look at the brains of these animals,
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื”,
09:08
on the top panel you see the alignment of 125 cells
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ื‘ืคืื ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ 125 ืชืื™ื
09:12
showing what happens with the brain activity, the electrical storms,
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ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช.
09:16
of this sample of neurons in the brain
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ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
09:18
when the animal is using a joystick.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’'ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง.
09:21
And that's a picture that every neurophysiologist knows.
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ื•ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžื›ื™ืจ .
09:23
The basic alignment shows that these cells are coding for all possible directions.
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ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžืจืื” ืฉืชืื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
09:28
The bottom picture is what happens when the body stops moving
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ
09:34
and the animal starts controlling either a robotic device or a computational avatar.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜, ืื• ื‘ื”ืชืงืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืื• ื‘ืื•ื•ืื˜ืืจ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘.
09:40
As fast as we can reset our computers,
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ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืคืก ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
09:43
the brain activity shifts to start representing this new tool,
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ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื–ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื›ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื”,
09:49
as if this too was a part of that primate's body.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคืจื™ืžืื˜.
09:54
The brain is assimilating that too, as fast as we can measure.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื˜ืžื™ืข ื–ืืช ื’ื, ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื“ื•ื“.
09:59
So that suggests to us that our sense of self
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื ื•
10:03
does not end at the last layer of the epithelium of our bodies,
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ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืืคื™ืชืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื•,
10:07
but it ends at the last layer of electrons of the tools that we're commanding with our brains.
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ืืœื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื• ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
10:12
Our violins, our cars, our bicycles, our soccer balls, our clothing --
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ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•-
10:17
they all become assimilated by this voracious, amazing, dynamic system called the brain.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ื‘ืœืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื”ื•ื˜ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”, ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
10:24
How far can we take it?
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ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
10:26
Well, in an experiment that we ran a few years ago, we took this to the limit.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื”ืจืฆื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื“ ื”ืงืฆื”.
10:30
We had an animal running on a treadmill
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืจืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ
10:32
at Duke University on the East Coast of the United States,
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
10:35
producing the brainstorms necessary to move.
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ืฉื”ืคื™ืง ืกืขืจืช ืžื•ื— ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ืข.
10:37
And we had a robotic device, a humanoid robot,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืื“ื,
10:42
in Kyoto, Japan at ATR Laboratories
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ื‘ืงื™ื•ื˜ื•, ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ATR
10:44
that was dreaming its entire life to be controlled by a brain,
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ืฉื—ืœื ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื—,
10:50
a human brain, or a primate brain.
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ืžื•ื— ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืื• ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืžื˜.
10:53
What happens here is that the brain activity that generated the movements in the monkey
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืฃ
10:58
was transmitted to Japan and made this robot walk
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ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ืœื™ืคืŸ ื•ื’ืจืžื” ืœืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื–ื” ืœืœื›ืช
11:01
while footage of this walking was sent back to Duke,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ื• ื ืฉืœื— ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœ"ื“ื™ื•ืง",
11:05
so that the monkey could see the legs of this robot walking in front of her.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื•ืคื” ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื”.
11:11
So she could be rewarded, not by what her body was doing
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืชื’ืžืœ ืื•ืชื”, ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืคื” ืขืฉื”
11:15
but for every correct step of the robot on the other side of the planet
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
11:20
controlled by her brain activity.
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ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”.
11:22
Funny thing, that round trip around the globe took 20 milliseconds less
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžืกืข ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœืงื— 20 ืืœืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช
11:29
than it takes for that brainstorm to leave its head, the head of the monkey,
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ืžืžื” ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืœืกืขืจืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ, ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืฃ,
11:34
and reach its own muscle.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•.
11:37
The monkey was moving a robot that was six times bigger, across the planet.
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ื”ืงื•ืฃ ื”ื ื™ืข ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืฉ, ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
11:43
This is one of the experiments in which that robot was able to walk autonomously.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™.
11:50
This is CB1 fulfilling its dream in Japan
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ื–ื”ื• CB1 ืžื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื• ื‘ื™ืคืŸ
11:55
under the control of the brain activity of a primate.
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ืชื—ืช ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืžืื˜.
11:59
So where are we taking all this?
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ืื– ืœืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”?
12:01
What are we going to do with all this research,
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
12:03
besides studying the properties of this dynamic universe that we have between our ears?
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?
12:09
Well the idea is to take all this knowledge and technology
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
12:14
and try to restore one of the most severe neurological problems that we have in the world.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:19
Millions of people have lost the ability to translate these brainstorms
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืืœื•
12:24
into action, into movement.
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ืœืคืขื•ืœื”, ืœืชื ื•ืขื”.
12:26
Although their brains continue to produce those storms and code for movements,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื•ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช,
12:31
they cannot cross a barrier that was created by a lesion on the spinal cord.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืžื—ืกื•ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”.
12:36
So our idea is to create a bypass,
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืงืฃ,
12:39
is to use these brain-machine interfaces to read these signals,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืžืฉืงื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช-ืžื•ื— ืืœื” ืœืฉื ืงืจื™ืืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ืืœื”,
12:43
larger-scale brainstorms that contain the desire to move again,
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ืกืขืจื•ืช ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืข ืฉื•ื‘,
12:47
bypass the lesion using computational microengineering
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ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช
12:51
and send it to a new body, a whole body called an exoskeleton,
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื“-ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
12:58
a whole robotic suit that will become the new body of these patients.
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ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืชื™ื”ืคืš ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื”.
13:03
And you can see an image produced by this consortium.
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ื•ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื›ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ื–ื”.
13:08
This is a nonprofit consortium called the Walk Again Project
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื•ื ืกื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ืฉื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ "ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืœื›ืช."
13:12
that is putting together scientists from Europe,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืื—ื“ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
13:14
from here in the United States, and in Brazil
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ืžื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ
13:16
together to work to actually get this new body built --
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ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื” ืฉื ื‘ื ื”- -
13:21
a body that we believe, through the same plastic mechanisms
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ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
13:24
that allow Aurora and other monkeys to use these tools through a brain-machine interface
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืžืฉืง ืžื•ื—-ืžื—ืฉื‘
13:30
and that allows us to incorporate the tools that we produce and use in our daily life.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:36
This same mechanism, we hope, will allow these patients,
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ืื•ืชื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•, ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื, ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื”,
13:39
not only to imagine again the movements that they want to make
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:43
and translate them into movements of this new body,
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ื•ืœืชืจื’ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื”,
13:46
but for this body to be assimilated as the new body that the brain controls.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืžืข ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ืœื˜.
13:53
So I was told about 10 years ago
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ืื– ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื
13:57
that this would never happen, that this was close to impossible.
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ืฉื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืงืจื”, ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
14:02
And I can only tell you that as a scientist,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื›ืžื“ืขืŸ,
14:04
I grew up in southern Brazil in the mid-'60s
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ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื
14:07
watching a few crazy guys telling [us] that they would go to the Moon.
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ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื [ืœื ื•] ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ืจื—.
14:12
And I was five years old,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ,
14:14
and I never understood why NASA didn't hire Captain Kirk and Spock to do the job;
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืืกื ืœื ืฉื›ืจื” ืืช ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืงื™ืจืง ื•ืกืคื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”;
14:18
after all, they were very proficient --
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื-
14:20
but just seeing that as a kid
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ื™ืœื“
14:24
made me believe, as my grandmother used to tell me,
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ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™ ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™,
14:27
that "impossible is just the possible
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ืฉื” "ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืืคืฉืจื™
14:29
that someone has not put in enough effort to make it come true."
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ืฉื."
14:33
So they told me that it's impossible to make someone walk.
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ืื– ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืœื›ืช.
14:36
I think I'm going to follow my grandmother's advice.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืืœืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™.
14:40
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
14:41
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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