Miguel Nicolelis: A monkey that controls a robot with its thoughts. No, really.

247,203 views ・ 2013-02-18

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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λ²ˆμ—­: Surie Lee κ²€ν† : 민석 졜
00:15
The kind of neuroscience that I do and my colleagues do
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저와 제 λ™λ£Œλ“€μ΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‹ κ²½ κ³Όν•™ λΆ„μ•ΌλŠ”
00:18
is almost like the weatherman.
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일기 μ˜ˆλ³΄κ΄€κ³Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
We are always chasing storms.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 항상 폭풍을 μ«“μ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
We want to see and measure storms -- brainstorms, that is.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 폭풍, 즉 λ‘λ‡Œμ˜ 폭풍(영감)을 λ³΄κ±°λ‚˜ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
And we all talk about brainstorms in our daily lives,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 맀일 λ‘λ‡Œμ˜ 폭풍(λΈŒλ ˆμΈμŠ€ν†°:영감) 에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
00:31
but we rarely see or listen to one.
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κΉŠμ€ 관심은 거의 κΈ°μšΈμ΄μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
So I always like to start these talks
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ”κ°•μ—°μ„ 항상
00:36
by actually introducing you to one of them.
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이런 λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ†Œκ°œν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
Actually, the first time we recorded more than one neuron --
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사싀, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜ μ΄μƒμ˜ λ‰΄λŸ°
00:43
a hundred brain cells simultaneously --
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즉, λ™μ‹œμ— λ°± μ—¬κ°œμ˜ λ‡Œ 세포λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
00:45
we could measure the electrical sparks
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ™μΌν•œ 동물 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ°± μ—¬κ°œμ˜ 세포가
00:48
of a hundred cells in the same animal,
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μ „κΈ° 슀파크λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
this is the first image we got,
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이것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 찍은 기둝의 첫 10초 λ™μ•ˆμ˜
00:52
the first 10 seconds of this recording.
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μ΄λ―Έμ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
So we got a little snippet of a thought,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒκ°μ˜ ν•œ λ‹¨νŽΈμ„ μž‘μ•„
00:58
and we could see it in front of us.
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그것을 눈으둜 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
I always tell the students
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μ €λŠ” 항상 ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
01:02
that we could also call neuroscientists some sort of astronomer,
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μ‹ κ²½ κ³Όν•™μžλ₯Ό μ²œλ¬Έν•™μžλ‘œλ„ λΆ€λ₯Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
because we are dealing with a system
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 닀루고 μžˆλŠ” κΈ°κ΄€ λ‚΄μ˜
01:07
that is only comparable in terms of number of cells
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μ„Έν¬μ˜ μˆ˜κ°€
01:10
to the number of galaxies that we have in the universe.
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μš°μ£Όμ— μžˆλŠ” μ€ν•˜μˆ˜μ˜ μˆ˜μ™€ λΉ„κ²¬ν• λ§Œ ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:13
And here we are, out of billions of neurons,
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλ“―, μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ 개의 λ‰΄λŸ° 쀑
01:16
just recording, 10 years ago, a hundred.
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10λ…„ μ „μ—λŠ” 겨우 λ°± μ—¬κ°œμ •λ„ κΈ°λ‘ν•˜λ˜ 것을,
01:19
We are doing a thousand now.
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μ΄μ œλŠ” 천 μ—¬κ°œλ₯Ό 닀루고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
And we hope to understand something fundamental about our human nature.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 인간 λ³Έμ„±μ˜ 기초적인 것을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μ›ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
Because, if you don't know yet,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, 아직은 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ,
01:28
everything that we use to define what human nature is comes from these storms,
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인간 본성이 무엇인지λ₯Ό μ •μ˜ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  것은 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 폭풍(storms)μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜€κ³ ,
01:33
comes from these storms that roll over the hills and valleys of our brains
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즉, 우리 λ‡Œμ˜ 언덕과 골짜기λ₯Ό λ„˜λ‚˜λ“œλŠ” ν­ν’μ—μ„œ μ˜€λŠ” 것이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ©°,
01:38
and define our memories, our beliefs,
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또 우리의 κΈ°μ–΅, 믿음,
01:42
our feelings, our plans for the future.
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감정, λ―Έλž˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ³„νšμ„ μ •μ˜ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
Everything that we ever do,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  것,
01:47
everything that every human has ever done, do or will do,
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인간이 ν•΄ 온 λͺ¨λ“  것과 μ§€κΈˆ ν•˜κ³  μžˆκ±°λ‚˜ ν•  μ˜ˆμ •μΈ 것듀은
01:52
requires the toil of populations of neurons producing these kinds of storms.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 폭풍을 μƒμ„±ν•˜λŠ” 수 λ§Žμ€ λ‰΄λŸ°μ˜ 노역을 ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
And the sound of a brainstorm, if you've never heard one,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 'λ‘λ‡Œ 폭풍'의 μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό 듀어보셨닀면
02:00
is somewhat like this.
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κ·Έ μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€μΆ© μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
You can put it louder if you can.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ›ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ 더 크게 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
My son calls this "making popcorn while listening to a badly-tuned A.M. station."
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제 아듀은 이것을 "잘λͺ» μ‘°μ •λœ AM λΌλ””μ˜€λ₯Ό λ“€μœΌλ©΄μ„œ 팝콘 λ§Œλ“€κΈ°"라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
This is a brain.
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이것이 λ‡Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
This is what happens when you route these electrical storms to a loudspeaker
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이 전기적 폭풍을 μŠ€ν”Όμ»€μ— μ—°κ²°ν•΄μ„œ λ“€μœΌλ©΄
02:18
and you listen to a hundred brain cells firing,
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λ°± μ—¬κ°œμ˜ λ‡Œ 세포가 ν„°μ§€λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό 듀을 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
your brain will sound like this -- my brain, any brain.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œμ—μ„œ 이런 μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 제 λ‡Œμ—μ„œλ„, μ–΄λŠ λˆ„κ΅¬μ˜ λ‡Œμ—μ„œλ„.
02:25
And what we want to do as neuroscientists in this time
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μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ 저희가 이 μ‹œκ°„μ— ν•˜κ³  싢은 것은
02:29
is to actually listen to these symphonies, these brain symphonies,
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이 ꡐν–₯μ•…, λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μ—°μ£Όλ˜λŠ” 이 μŒμ•…μ„ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ“£κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
and try to extract from them the messages they carry.
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λ˜ν•œ κ·Έ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό 톡해 μ „λ‹¬λ˜λŠ” μ˜λ―Έλ„ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄κ³  μ‹Άμ§€μš”.
02:38
In particular, about 12 years ago
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 12λ…„ 전에
02:40
we created a preparation that we named brain-machine interfaces.
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λ‡Œ-기계 μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€λΌ 뢈린 쀀비물을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
And you have a scheme here that describes how it works.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ„€λͺ…ν•œ μ œμž‘λ„κ°€ μ—¬κΈ° μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
The idea is, let's have some sensors that listen to these storms, this electrical firing,
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이 κ°œλ…μ€, λͺ‡ 개의 μ„Όμ„œλ₯Ό λΆ€μ°©ν•΄γ…… 이런 ν­ν’μ˜ μ†Œλ¦¬ - 전기적 ν­λ°œμŒμ„ λ“£λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:52
and see if you can, in the same time that it takes
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λ©΄ 이 폭풍이 λ‡Œλ₯Ό μΆœλ°œν•΄
02:55
for this storm to leave the brain and reach the legs or the arms of an animal --
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λ™λ¬Όμ˜ λ‹€λ¦¬λ‚˜ νŒ”μ— λ‹ΏλŠ” λ™μ•ˆ --
03:00
about half a second --
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μ•½ 0.5초 κ°€λŸ‰λ˜μ£ . --
03:03
let's see if we can read these signals,
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이 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 읽어낼 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
03:05
extract the motor messages that are embedded in it,
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이 μ‹ ν˜Έ μ•ˆμ— λ“€μ–΄μžˆλŠ” μš΄λ™ μ§€μ‹œ λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό μΆ”μΆœν•˜μ—¬
03:08
translate it into digital commands
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λ””μ§€νƒˆ λͺ…λ Ήλ¬ΈμœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™˜ν•œ λ‹€μŒ,
03:11
and send it to an artificial device
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인곡 기기둜 보내
03:13
that will reproduce the voluntary motor wheel of that brain in real time.
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λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μ‹€μ‹œκ°„μœΌλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 자발적인 μ›€μ§μž„μ„ μž¬ν˜„ν•΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
And see if we can measure how well we can translate that message
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그리고 신체가 ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λΉ„ν•΄
03:22
when we compare to the way the body does that.
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ κ·Έ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 잘 λ³€ν™˜ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μΈ‘μ •ν•΄ 보고자 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
And if we can actually provide feedback,
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또 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν”Όλ“œλ°±μ„ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–»μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
03:29
sensory signals that go back from this robotic, mechanical, computational actuator
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즉, 이런 기계적인 λ‘œλ΄‡ 컴퓨터 μž‘λ™ μž₯μΉ˜λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ™€ 되돌렀 λ³΄λ‚΄μ§€λŠ” 감각 μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ„ μ–»μ„μˆ˜ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ³΄λŠ”κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
that is now under the control of the brain,
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이 μž‘λ™ μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” λ‡Œμ˜ ν†΅μ œ μ•„λž˜μžˆλŠ”λ°,
03:37
back to the brain,
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μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ λ‡Œλ‘œ λŒλ €λ³΄λ‚΄μ§€λ©΄
03:38
how the brain deals with that,
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λ‡ŒλŠ” κΈ°κ³„λ‘œ λ§Œλ“  이 인곡 μ‹ ν˜Έμ— λŒ€ν•΄
03:40
of receiving messages from an artificial piece of machinery.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό 보고자 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
And that's exactly what we did 10 years ago.
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λ°”λ‘œ 이것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 10λ…„ 전에 ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
We started with a superstar monkey called Aurora
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ μˆ˜νΌμŠ€νƒ€κ°€ 된
03:50
that became one of the superstars of this field.
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μ˜€λ‘œλΌλΌλŠ” μ›μˆ­μ΄λ₯Ό 데리고 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
And Aurora liked to play video games.
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μ˜€λ‘œλΌλŠ” λΉ„λ””μ˜€ κ²Œμž„μ„ μ’‹μ•„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
As you can see here,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 보싀 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄,
03:56
she likes to use a joystick, like any one of us, any of our kids, to play this game.
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μ˜€λ‘œλΌλŠ” κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 우리처럼, μ—¬λŠ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ²˜λŸΌ, μ‘°μ΄μŠ€ν‹±μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ’‹μ•„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
And as a good primate, she even tries to cheat before she gets the right answer.
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영μž₯λ₯˜λ‹΅κ²Œ λ§žλŠ” 닡을 μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 슬쩍 훔쳐보렀고도 ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
04:06
So even before a target appears that she's supposed to cross
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심지어 μ‘°μ΄μŠ€ν‹±μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ»€μ„œλ‘œ κ±°λ„ˆκ°€μ•Ό ν• 
04:10
with the cursor that she's controlling with this joystick,
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λŒ€μƒμ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κΈ°λ„ 전에
04:13
Aurora is trying to find the target, no matter where it is.
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그것이 어디에 μžˆλ“ μ§€ λŒ€μƒμ„ 찾으렀고 λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
And if she's doing that,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄
04:19
because every time she crosses that target with the little cursor,
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μ»€μ„œλ‘œ λŒ€μƒμ„ κ±΄λ„ˆκ°ˆ λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
04:22
she gets a drop of Brazilian orange juice.
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λΈŒλΌμ§ˆμ‚° μ˜€λ Œμ§€ 주슀λ₯Ό ν•œ λ°©μšΈμ”© 먹을 수 μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
04:25
And I can tell you, any monkey will do anything for you
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κ·Έ μ˜€λ Œμ§€ 주슀 ν•œ 방울이면
04:28
if you get a little drop of Brazilian orange juice.
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μ–΄λŠ μ›μˆ­μ΄λ‚˜ 뭐든지 ν•˜λ €κ³  λ“€κ±°μ—μš”.
04:31
Actually any primate will do that.
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사싀 μ–΄λŠ 영μž₯λ₯˜λ“  κ·ΈλŸ΄κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
Think about that.
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μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”,
04:35
Well, while Aurora was playing this game, as you saw,
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자, 보셨듯이 μ˜€λ‘œλΌκ°€ 이 κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
04:38
and doing a thousand trials a day
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ν•˜λ£¨ 수 천번의 μ‹œλ„λ₯Ό 톡해
04:41
and getting 97 percent correct and 350 milliliters of orange juice,
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97%λ₯Ό λ§žμΆ°μ„œ 350ml의 μ˜€λ Œμ§€ 주슀λ₯Ό μ–»μ–΄ λ§ˆμ‹œλŠ” λ™μ•ˆ
04:45
we are recording the brainstorms that are produced in her head
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 그의 λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μƒμ‚°λ˜λŠ” 'λ‘λ‡Œ 폭풍(λΈŒλ ˆμΈμŠ€ν†°)'을 κΈ°λ‘ν•˜κ³ 
04:48
and sending them to a robotic arm
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κ·Έ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ‘œλ΄‡ νŒ”μ— 보내
04:50
that was learning to reproduce the movements that Aurora was making.
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μ˜€λ‘œλΌκ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” κ·Έ μ›€μ§μž„μ„ μž¬ν˜„ν•΄λ³΄λ €κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
Because the idea was to actually turn on this brain-machine interface
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λ‡Œ-기계 μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό μž‘λ™μ‹œμΌœ
04:57
and have Aurora play the game just by thinking,
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μ˜€λ‘œλΌκ°€ λͺΈμ˜ 간섭을 받지 μ•Šκ³ 
05:02
without interference of her body.
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μƒκ°λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ κ·Έ κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” μƒκ°μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
05:05
Her brainstorms would control an arm
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였둜라의 'λ‘λ‡Œ 폭풍(λΈŒλ ˆμΈμŠ€ν†°)'이 νŒ”μ„ μ‘°μ’…ν•΄μ„œ
05:08
that would move the cursor and cross the target.
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μ»€μ„œλ₯Ό 움직여 λŒ€μƒμ„ κ±΄λ„ˆλŠ” μ›€μ§μž„μ„ ν•΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
And to our shock, that's exactly what Aurora did.
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λ†€λžκ²Œλ„ μ˜€λ‘œλΌκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 것과 μ™„μ „νžˆ λ˜‘κ°™μ•˜μ§€μš”.
05:14
She played the game without moving her body.
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이 녀석은 λͺΈμ„ 움직이지도 μ•Šκ³  κ²Œμž„μ„ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
05:18
So every trajectory that you see of the cursor now,
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μ§€κΈˆ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” μ»€μ„œμ˜ ꢀ적 ν•˜λ‚˜ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€
05:20
this is the exact first moment she got that.
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κ·Έκ°€ ν–ˆλ˜ 처음의 μ›€μ§μž„κ³Ό μΌμΉ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:23
That's the exact first moment
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λ°”λ‘œ λ‡Œμ˜ μ˜λ„λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ 단지 인곡 μž₯치λ₯Ό μ‘°μ •ν•˜μ—¬
05:25
a brain intention was liberated from the physical domains of a body of a primate
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영μž₯λ₯˜ λͺΈμ˜ 윑체적 μ˜μ—­μ„ λ– λ‚˜
05:32
and could act outside, in that outside world,
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μ™ΈλΆ€ 세계에 λŒ€ν•œ 외뢀적 μ›€μ§μž„μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Έ
05:35
just by controlling an artificial device.
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첫 μˆœκ°„μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:38
And Aurora kept playing the game, kept finding the little target
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그리고 μ˜€λ‘œλΌλŠ” κ²Œμž„μ„ κ³„μ†ν–ˆκ³  λŒ€μƒμ„ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ°Ύμ•˜μœΌλ©°,
05:43
and getting the orange juice that she wanted to get, that she craved for.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έκ°€ 그토둝 μ›ν•˜λŠ” μ˜€λ Œμ§€λ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ–»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:47
Well, she did that because she, at that time, had acquired a new arm.
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κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œ 이 녀석은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ νŒ”μ„ μ–»μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ·Έλž¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
The robotic arm that you see moving here 30 days later,
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” λ‘œλ΄‡ νŒ”μ€
05:57
after the first video that I showed to you,
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μ œκ°€ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦° 첫 λΉ„λ””μ˜€λ₯Ό 찍은지 30일이 μ§€λ‚˜,
06:00
is under the control of Aurora's brain
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였둜라 λ‡Œμ˜ μ‘°μ’… μ•„λž˜
06:02
and is moving the cursor to get to the target.
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λͺ©ν‘œλ¬Όμ— λ‹ΏκΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ»€μ„œλ₯Ό μ›€μ§μ˜€μ§€μš”.
06:05
And Aurora now knows that she can play the game with this robotic arm,
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이제 μ˜€λ‘œλΌλŠ” λ‘œλ΄‡ νŒ”μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄ κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ§€λ§Œ
06:09
but she has not lost the ability to use her biological arms to do what she pleases.
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μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μžμ‹ μ˜ νŒ”λ‘œ ν•  λŠ₯λ ₯을 μžƒμ€ 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:15
She can scratch her back, she can scratch one of us, she can play another game.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ 등을 κΈκ±°λ‚˜, 우리 쀑 λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ 긁어쀄 수 있고, λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€μš”.
06:19
By all purposes and means,
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ λͺ©μ μ΄λ“ ,
06:21
Aurora's brain has incorporated that artificial device
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였둜라의 λ‡ŒλŠ”
06:25
as an extension of her body.
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인곡 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ μΌλΆ€λ‘œ ν¬ν•¨μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:28
The model of the self that Aurora had in her mind
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μžμ•„ μΈμ‹μ˜ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ˜€λ‘œλΌλŠ”
06:31
has been expanded to get one more arm.
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νŒ” ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό 더 κ°–κ²Œ 된 κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
06:35
Well, we did that 10 years ago.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이걸 10λ…„ 전에 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:38
Just fast forward 10 years.
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10λ…„ λ’€λ‘œ 빨리 감기λ₯Ό 해보죠.
06:40
Just last year we realized that you don't even need to have a robotic device.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μž‘λ…„μ—μ•Ό λΉ„λ‘œμ†Œ λ‘œλ΄‡ κΈ°κΈ° μ‘°μ°¨ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
You can just build a computational body, an avatar, a monkey avatar.
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μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ λ§Œλ“  아바타, 즉 μ›μˆ­μ΄ μ•„λ°”νƒ€λ§Œ λ§Œλ“€λ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:51
And you can actually use it for our monkeys to either interact with them,
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그리고 μ›μˆ­μ΄λ“€μ΄ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©ν•˜λ„λ‘ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
06:55
or you can train them to assume in a virtual world
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가상 μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ μ›μˆ­μ΄κ°€
07:00
the first-person perspective of that avatar
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μ•„λ°”νƒ€μ˜ 1인칭 κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ μƒκ°ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν›ˆλ ¨μ‹œμΌœ
07:03
and use her brain activity to control the movements of the avatar's arms or legs.
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λ‡Œ ν™œλ™μ΄ μ•„λ°”νƒ€μ˜ νŒ”, 닀리λ₯Ό μ‘°μ’…ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
And what we did basically was to train the animals
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기본적으둜 저희가 ν•œ 일은 동물듀이
07:11
to learn how to control these avatars
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아바타λ₯Ό μ‘°μ’…ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν›ˆλ ¨μ‹œμΌœ
07:14
and explore objects that appear in the virtual world.
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가상 세계에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 사물듀을 νƒν—˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:18
And these objects are visually identical,
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이 사물듀은 μ‹œκ°μ μœΌλ‘œ λ™μΌν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
07:20
but when the avatar crosses the surface of these objects,
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아바타가 이런 물체의 ν‘œλ©΄μ„ μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄
07:24
they send an electrical message that is proportional to the microtactile texture of the object
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κ·Έ 물체의 λ―Έμ„Έ 촉각 μ§ˆκ°μ— μ€€ν•˜λŠ” 전기적 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보내
07:31
that goes back directly to the monkey's brain,
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μ›μˆ­μ΄μ˜ λ‡Œμ— λ°”λ‘œ μ „λ‹¬λ˜μ–΄
07:35
informing the brain what it is the avatar is touching.
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아바타가 무엇을 λ§Œμ§€λŠ”μ§€ λ‡Œμ— μ•Œλ €μ£Όλ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
And in just four weeks, the brain learns to process this new sensation
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4μ£Όλ§Œμ— λ‡ŒλŠ” 이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 감각 과정을 μŠ΅λ“ν–ˆκ³ 
07:44
and acquires a new sensory pathway -- like a new sense.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 감각 기관을 μ–»κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:51
And you truly liberate the brain now
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즉 정말 λ‡Œλ₯Ό ν•΄λ°©μ‹œν‚¨ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:53
because you are allowing the brain to send motor commands to move this avatar.
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λ‡Œκ°€ 이 아바타λ₯Ό 움직이기 μœ„ν•œ λ™μž‘ λͺ…령을 내리고
07:58
And the feedback that comes from the avatar is being processed directly by the brain
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μ•„λ°”νƒ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ˜€λŠ” ν”Όλ“œλ°±μ„ ν”ΌλΆ€μ˜ κ°„μ„­ 없이
08:03
without the interference of the skin.
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λ‡Œμ—μ„œ λ°”λ‘œ μ²˜λ¦¬ν•  수 있게 ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
08:05
So what you see here is this is the design of the task.
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 것이 이 μž‘μ—…μ˜ λ””μžμΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:08
You're going to see an animal basically touching these three targets.
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이제 μ„Έ 개의 λŒ€μƒμ„ κ±΄λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” μ›μˆ­μ΄λ₯Ό λ³΄μ‹€κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
And he has to select one because only one carries the reward,
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κ·Έ 쀑에 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό κ³ λ₯Ό 건데, 단 ν•˜λ‚˜μ—λ§Œ 보상이,
08:16
the orange juice that they want to get.
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즉, κ·Έκ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” μ˜€λ Œμ§€ μ£ΌμŠ€κ°€ κ±Έλ €μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:18
And he has to select it by touch using a virtual arm, an arm that doesn't exist.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ°€μƒμ˜ νŒ”μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄ 그것을 골라야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:24
And that's exactly what they do.
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μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ 이 μ›μˆ­μ΄κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:26
This is a complete liberation of the brain
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ 인지적 μž„λ¬΄μ—μ„œ
08:29
from the physical constraints of the body and the motor in a perceptual task.
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λ‡Œκ°€ μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ 물리적 μ œν•œμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ™„μ „νžˆ μžμœ λ‘œμ›Œμ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:33
The animal is controlling the avatar to touch the targets.
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이 μ›μˆ­μ΄λŠ” λŒ€μƒμ„ λ§Œμ§€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 아바타λ₯Ό μ‘°μ’…ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:38
And he's sensing the texture by receiving an electrical message directly in the brain.
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이 녀석은 λ‡Œλ‘œ λ°”λ‘œ μ „λ‹¬λ˜λŠ” μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ°›μ•„ μ§ˆκ°μ„ 느끼고
08:43
And the brain is deciding what is the texture associated with the reward.
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λ‡ŒλŠ” 보상과 κ΄€λ ¨λœ 질감이 μ–΄λ–€ 것인지 νŒλ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:47
The legends that you see in the movie don't appear for the monkey.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ˜ν™”μ—μ„œ λ³΄μ…¨λ˜ 전섀은 μ›μˆ­μ΄μ—κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μš”.
08:51
And by the way, they don't read English anyway,
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κ·Έλ‚˜μ €λ‚˜ μ›μˆ­μ΄λ“€μ€ μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό 읽을 쀄 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:53
so they are here just for you to know that the correct target is shifting position.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ •ν™•ν•œ λŒ€μƒμ˜ μœ„μΉ˜κ°€ λ°”λ€ŒλŠ” 것을 μ•Œλ„λ‘ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:59
And yet, they can find them by tactile discrimination,
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그런데 μ΄‰κ°μ˜ 차이둜 그것을 κ΅¬λ³„ν•΄μ„œ
09:03
and they can press it and select it.
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μ •ν™•ν•œ λŒ€μƒμ„ 눌러 μ„ νƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:06
So when we look at the brains of these animals,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이런 λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ λ‡Œλ₯Ό 보면,
09:08
on the top panel you see the alignment of 125 cells
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맨 μœ„μ˜ νŒ¨λ„μ—μ„œ 125개 μ„Έν¬μ˜ 배열을 보싀 수 μžˆμ„ν…λ°μš”,
09:12
showing what happens with the brain activity, the electrical storms,
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μ›μˆ­μ΄κ°€ μ‘°μ΄μŠ€ν‹±μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  λ•Œ
09:16
of this sample of neurons in the brain
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λ‡Œ λ‚΄ λ‰΄λ‘ μ—μ„œ λ‡Œμ˜ ν™œλ™μ—, 즉 전기적 폭풍(storm)κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ν•˜μ—¬
09:18
when the animal is using a joystick.
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λ‡Œμ— μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:21
And that's a picture that every neurophysiologist knows.
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이것은 λͺ¨λ“  μ‹ κ²½μƒλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:23
The basic alignment shows that these cells are coding for all possible directions.
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κΈ°λ³Έ 배열듀에 μ˜ν•΄ 이 세포듀이 λͺ¨λ“  κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λ°©ν–₯으둜 μ•”ν˜Έν™” λ˜λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:28
The bottom picture is what happens when the body stops moving
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μ•„λž˜ 사진은 μ›μˆ­μ΄κ°€ λͺΈμ˜ μ›€μ§μž„μ„ λ©ˆμΆ”κ³ 
09:34
and the animal starts controlling either a robotic device or a computational avatar.
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λ‘œλ΄‡ κΈ°κΈ°λ‚˜ 컴퓨터 μƒμ˜ 아바타λ₯Ό μ‘°μ’…ν•  λ•Œ λ‡Œμ— μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
As fast as we can reset our computers,
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컴퓨터λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λ©΄
09:43
the brain activity shifts to start representing this new tool,
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λ‡Œ ν™œλ™μ€ λ°”λ‘œ 이듀 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 도ꡬλ₯Ό λŒ€λ³€ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:49
as if this too was a part of that primate's body.
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마치 영μž₯λ₯˜μ˜ λͺΈμ˜ 일뢀뢄인 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
09:54
The brain is assimilating that too, as fast as we can measure.
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λ‡ŒλŠ” μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 만큼 빨리 이것을 μ†Œν™”ν•΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
So that suggests to us that our sense of self
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μ΄λŠ” μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ 감각 기관이
10:03
does not end at the last layer of the epithelium of our bodies,
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ν”ΌλΆ€ μƒν”Όμ˜ μ΅œλ§λ‹¨ 쑰직이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
10:07
but it ends at the last layer of electrons of the tools that we're commanding with our brains.
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우리 λ‡Œμ—μ„œ λͺ…령을 λ‚΄λ¦¬λŠ” λ„κ΅¬μ˜ 말단 μ „μžμΈ΅κΉŒμ§€ λ‹ΏλŠ” 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:12
Our violins, our cars, our bicycles, our soccer balls, our clothing --
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λ°”μ΄μ˜¬λ¦°, μžλ™μ°¨, μžμ „κ±°, 좕ꡬ곡, 옷 λ“±
10:17
they all become assimilated by this voracious, amazing, dynamic system called the brain.
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λͺ¨λ“  것듀이 μ™•μ„±ν•˜κ³  λ†€λΌμš΄ ν™œλ™μ μΈ λ‡Œμ— λ™ν™”λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
How far can we take it?
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μ–΄λ””κΉŒμ§€ κ°€λŠ₯ν• κΉŒμš”?
10:26
Well, in an experiment that we ran a few years ago, we took this to the limit.
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λͺ‡ λ…„ μ „ μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ 이 ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό μ‹œν—˜ν•΄λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:30
We had an animal running on a treadmill
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λ―Έκ΅­ 동뢀 μ—°μ•ˆμ˜ 듀크 λŒ€ν•™μ—μ„œ
10:32
at Duke University on the East Coast of the United States,
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동물 ν•œ 마리λ₯Ό λŸ¬λ‹λ¨Έμ‹ μ—μ„œ λ›°κ²Œ ν•˜μ—¬
10:35
producing the brainstorms necessary to move.
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움직여야 ν•˜λŠ” 'λΈŒλ ˆμΈμŠ€ν†°(λ‘λ‡Œ 폭풍)'을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:37
And we had a robotic device, a humanoid robot,
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그리고 일본 ꡐ토 ATR μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—λŠ”
10:42
in Kyoto, Japan at ATR Laboratories
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μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λ‚˜ 영μž₯λ₯˜μ˜ λ‡Œλ‘œ
10:44
that was dreaming its entire life to be controlled by a brain,
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λ‘œλ΄‡ 전체λ₯Ό μ™„μ „ν•˜κ²Œ μ‘°μ’…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
10:50
a human brain, or a primate brain.
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‘” λ‘œλ΄‡ κΈ°κΈ°κ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:53
What happens here is that the brain activity that generated the movements in the monkey
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μ›μˆ­μ΄μ˜ μ›€μ§μž„μ„ μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” λ‡Œ ν™œλ™μ„
10:58
was transmitted to Japan and made this robot walk
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일본으둜 μ „μ†‘ν•˜μ—¬ κ·Έ λ‘œλ΄‡μ„ 걷게 ν•˜κ³ ,
11:01
while footage of this walking was sent back to Duke,
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κ±·λŠ” μž₯면을 λ‹€μ‹œ 듀크 λŒ€ν•™μœΌλ‘œ 보내
11:05
so that the monkey could see the legs of this robot walking in front of her.
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μ›μˆ­μ΄κ°€ κ·Έ λ‘œλ΄‡μ˜ κ±·λŠ” λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ³Ό 수 있게 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:11
So she could be rewarded, not by what her body was doing
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ›μˆ­μ΄λŠ” λ‡Œ ν™œλ™μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μ’…ν•˜λŠ”
11:15
but for every correct step of the robot on the other side of the planet
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μžμ‹ μ˜ λͺΈμ„ μ›€μ§μ—¬μ„œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 지ꡬ λ°˜λŒ€νŽΈμ—μ„œ λ‘œλ΄‡μ˜
11:20
controlled by her brain activity.
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μ •ν™•ν•œ μ›€μ§μž„μœΌλ‘œ 보상을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:22
Funny thing, that round trip around the globe took 20 milliseconds less
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μž¬λ°ŒλŠ” 것은, μ›μˆ­μ΄μ˜ λ‡Œμ—μ„œ 'λ‘λ‡Œ 폭풍(λΈŒλ ˆμΈμŠ€ν†°)'이 λ‡Œλ₯Ό λ– λ‚˜
11:29
than it takes for that brainstorm to leave its head, the head of the monkey,
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지ꡬ λ‘˜λ ˆλ₯Ό ν•œ 바퀴 λŒμ•„μ„œ μ˜€λŠ” 속도가
11:34
and reach its own muscle.
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μ›μˆ­μ΄μ˜ λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μ‹€μ œ κ·Όμœ‘μ— λ‹ΏλŠ” 것보닀 20msκ°€ λΉ¨λžλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:37
The monkey was moving a robot that was six times bigger, across the planet.
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μ›μˆ­μ΄λŠ” μžμ‹ λ³΄λ‹€ μ—¬μ„― λ°°κ°€ 큰 λ‘œλ΄‡μ„ 지ꡬ λ°˜λŒ€νŽΈμ—μ„œ 움직이고 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
11:43
This is one of the experiments in which that robot was able to walk autonomously.
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이 것은 λ‘œλ΄‡μ΄ μžλ™μœΌλ‘œ 움직일 수 있게 ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:50
This is CB1 fulfilling its dream in Japan
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λ°”λ‘œ 이것이 영μž₯λ₯˜μ˜ λ‡Œ ν™œλ™μ— μ˜ν•΄
11:55
under the control of the brain activity of a primate.
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μ‘°μ’…ν•˜λ €λŠ” 일본의 κΏˆμ„ μ‹€ν˜„ν•œ CB1μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:59
So where are we taking all this?
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이 λͺ¨λ“  것은 우리λ₯Ό μ–΄λ””λ‘œ μ΄λŒκΉŒμš”?
12:01
What are we going to do with all this research,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 우리 두 κ·€ 사이에 μžˆλŠ” 동적 세계에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 것 말고
12:03
besides studying the properties of this dynamic universe that we have between our ears?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 것이 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
12:09
Well the idea is to take all this knowledge and technology
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 λͺ¨λ“  지식과 κΈ°μˆ μ„ 가지고
12:14
and try to restore one of the most severe neurological problems that we have in the world.
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κ°€μž₯ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 신경학적 문제 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ³΅κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
Millions of people have lost the ability to translate these brainstorms
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수백만의 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 이 'λ‘λ‡Œ 폭풍(λΈŒλ ˆμΈμŠ€ν†°)'을
12:24
into action, into movement.
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행동과 μ›€μ§μž„μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 μžƒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:26
Although their brains continue to produce those storms and code for movements,
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λ‡Œκ°€ 이런 'λ‘λ‡Œ 폭풍'을 λ§Œλ“€κ³  μ›€μ§μž„μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄μ§€λ§Œ,
12:31
they cannot cross a barrier that was created by a lesion on the spinal cord.
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μ²™μˆ˜μ˜ μ†μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μž₯μ• λ₯Ό λΉ„κ»΄ μ§€λ‚˜κ°€μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:36
So our idea is to create a bypass,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €ν¬μ˜ 생각은 이걸 μš°νšŒν•˜λŠ” 길을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
12:39
is to use these brain-machine interfaces to read these signals,
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이 λ‡Œ-기계 μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 이런 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ½λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
larger-scale brainstorms that contain the desire to move again,
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이 μ‹ ν˜ΈλŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ μ›€μ§μ΄λ €λŠ” μš•κ΅¬λ₯Ό λ‚΄μž¬ν•œ 더 κ°€λŒ€ν•œ 'λ‘λ‡Œ 폭풍(λΈŒλ ˆμΈμŠ€ν†°)'μ΄μ§€μš”.
12:47
bypass the lesion using computational microengineering
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λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œκ³΅ν•™ 컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ†μƒλœ λΆ€μœ„λ₯Ό μš°νšŒν•˜κ³ 
12:51
and send it to a new body, a whole body called an exoskeleton,
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외골격이라 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 신체,
12:58
a whole robotic suit that will become the new body of these patients.
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즉, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λͺΈμ΄ 될 μ˜¨μ „νžˆ μž…λŠ” λ‘œλ΄‡μ—κ²Œλ‘œ λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:03
And you can see an image produced by this consortium.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ ν•©μž‘ κΈ°μ—…μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:08
This is a nonprofit consortium called the Walk Again Project
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"λ‹€μ‹œ κ±·κΈ° ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈ"라 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” λΉ„μ˜λ¦¬ ν˜‘νšŒλ‘œ
13:12
that is putting together scientists from Europe,
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유럽과 미ꡭ, 그리고 브라질의
13:14
from here in the United States, and in Brazil
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ ν•¨κ»˜
13:16
together to work to actually get this new body built --
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이런 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 신체λ₯Ό μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λͺ¨μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:21
a body that we believe, through the same plastic mechanisms
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그리고 이 λͺΈμ€ μ˜€λ‘œλΌλ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ›μˆ­μ΄λ“€μ΄
13:24
that allow Aurora and other monkeys to use these tools through a brain-machine interface
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λ‡Œ-기계 μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό 톡해 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλ˜ 도ꡬ와 같은, λ³€ν˜•μ΄ μš©μ΄ν•œ 기ꡬλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬
13:30
and that allows us to incorporate the tools that we produce and use in our daily life.
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일상 μƒν™œμ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€κ³  μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 기ꡬ와 결합될 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:36
This same mechanism, we hope, will allow these patients,
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그리고 같은 μž₯치λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄
13:39
not only to imagine again the movements that they want to make
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ ν•˜κ³  싢은 λ™μž‘μ„ μƒμƒν•˜κ³ 
13:43
and translate them into movements of this new body,
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이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λͺΈμ„ 톡해 λ™μž‘μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν˜•ν•΄λ‚Ό 수 있게 ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨,
13:46
but for this body to be assimilated as the new body that the brain controls.
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λͺΈμ€ λ‡Œκ°€ μ‘°μ’…ν•˜λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 신체에 λ™ν™”ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:53
So I was told about 10 years ago
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10λ…„ μ „μ―€μ—λŠ” 이런 일이
13:57
that this would never happen, that this was close to impossible.
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μ ˆλŒ€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ λͺ»ν• κ±°κ³ , λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯에 κ°€κΉλ‹€λŠ” 말을 λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:02
And I can only tell you that as a scientist,
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μ œκ°€ κ³Όν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ λ“œλ¦΄ 수 μžˆλŠ” 말씀은
14:04
I grew up in southern Brazil in the mid-'60s
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μ €λŠ” 60λ…„ λŒ€ μ€‘λ°˜ 남뢀 λΈŒλΌμ§ˆμ—μ„œ μžλΌλ©΄μ„œ
14:07
watching a few crazy guys telling [us] that they would go to the Moon.
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달에 갈거라고 λ§ν•˜λŠ” λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ •μ‹ λ‚˜κ°„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:12
And I was five years old,
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ μ €λŠ” λ‹€μ„― μ‚΄μ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
14:14
and I never understood why NASA didn't hire Captain Kirk and Spock to do the job;
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μ™œ λ‚˜μ‚¬ (NASA)κ°€ 컀크 μ„ μž₯κ³Ό μŠ€ν¬ν¬κ°€ 그런 일을 ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”μ§€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:18
after all, they were very proficient --
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무엇보닀 이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 맀우 λŠ₯μˆ™ν–ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
14:20
but just seeing that as a kid
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„μ΄μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ λ³Έ 이 일둜 μΈν•΄μ„œ
14:24
made me believe, as my grandmother used to tell me,
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μ €λŠ” ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€ 제게 ν•΄μ£Όμ‹œλ˜ 말씀을 믿게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:27
that "impossible is just the possible
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"λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯은 단지 κ·Έ 일이 이루어지기 μœ„ν•΄
14:29
that someone has not put in enough effort to make it come true."
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ λ…Έλ ₯을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ°€λŠ₯에 λΆˆκ³Όν•˜λ‹¨λ‹€."
14:33
So they told me that it's impossible to make someone walk.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ§Žμ€ 이듀이 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λ₯Ό κ±·κ²Œν•˜λŠ” 것이 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ§ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
14:36
I think I'm going to follow my grandmother's advice.
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ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ˜ 말씀을 λ”°λ₯΄κΈ°λ‘œ μƒκ°ν–ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:40
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:41
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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