Clay Shirky: How the Internet will (one day) transform government

145,755 views ใƒป 2012-09-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Omer Kahani ืžื‘ืงืจ: Yael BST
00:15
I want to talk to you today about something
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
00:17
the open-source programming world can teach democracy,
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ืฉืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“-ืคืชื•ื— (ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”) ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
00:20
but before that, a little preamble.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื”, ืงืฆืช ืžื‘ื•ื.
00:22
Let's start here.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื–ื”.
00:23
This is Martha Payne. Martha's a 9-year-old Scot
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ื–ืืช ืžืจืชื” ืคื™ื™ืŸ. ืžืจืชื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 9 ืžืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“
00:27
who lives in the Council of Argyll and Bute.
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ืฉื’ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืืจื’ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜.
00:29
A couple months ago, Payne started a food blog
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื•ื’
00:32
called NeverSeconds, and she would take her camera
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ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื NeverSeconds, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช
00:34
with her every day to school to document
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ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ืฉืœื” ืื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
00:37
her school lunches.
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ื•ืžืชืขื“ืช ืืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ.
00:39
Can you spot the vegetable? (Laughter)
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช? (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:41
And, as sometimes happens,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ืจื”,
00:44
this blog acquired first dozens of readers,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื,
00:47
and then hundreds of readers,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืื•ืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื,
00:49
and then thousands of readers, as people tuned in
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืœืคื™ ืงื•ืจืื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื›ื•
00:51
to watch her rate her school lunches,
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ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœื” ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ,
00:53
including on my favorite category,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™,
00:54
"Pieces of hair found in food." (Laughter)
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"ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ". (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:58
This was a zero day. That's good.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื ืงื™. ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:01
And then two weeks ago yesterday, she posted this.
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ื•ืื–, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ื ืคืจืกืžื” ืืช ื–ื”:
01:05
A post that read: "Goodbye."
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ืคื•ืกื˜ ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช: "ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช".
01:07
And she said, "I'm very sorry to tell you this, but
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื”, "ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื, ืื‘ืœ
01:10
my head teacher pulled me out of class today and told me
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ื”ืžื—ื ืš ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™
01:13
I'm not allowed to take pictures in the lunch room anymore.
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ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœืฆืœื ืขื•ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:16
I really enjoyed doing this.
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ืžืื•ื“ ื ื”ื ื™ืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’
01:17
Thank you for reading. Goodbye."
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืื”. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช."
01:20
You can guess what happened next, right? (Laughter)
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžื” ืงืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:26
The outrage was so swift, so voluminous, so unanimous,
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ื”ื–ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:32
that the Council of Argyll and Bute reversed themselves
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ืฉื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืืจื’ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ืžื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”
01:35
the same day and said, "We would,
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ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืืžืจื•, "ืœืขื•ืœื,
01:36
we would never censor a nine-year-old." (Laughter)
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฆื ื–ืจ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ืชืฉืข." (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:38
Except, of course, this morning. (Laughter)
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ืžืœื‘ื“, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:40
And this brings up the question,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
01:45
what made them think they could get away
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ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื—ืžื•ืง
01:47
with something like that? (Laughter)
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ืžืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”? (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:49
And the answer is, all of human history prior to now.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:54
(Laughter) So,
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืื–,
01:57
what happens when a medium suddenly puts
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืœืคืชืข
02:01
a lot of new ideas into circulation?
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื?
02:05
Now, this isn't just a contemporaneous question.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื ืฉืืœ ืจืง ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:07
This is something we've faced several times
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื ื• ืื™ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื
02:09
over the last few centuries.
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ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
02:11
When the telegraph came along, it was clear
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ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืข, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ
02:12
that it was going to globalize the news industry.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:15
What would this lead to?
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ื•ืœืืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ?
02:16
Well, obviously, it would lead to world peace.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื™.
02:20
The television, a medium that allowed us not just to hear
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ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืœืฉืžื•ืข
02:23
but see, literally see, what was going on
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืœืจืื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”
02:25
elsewhere in the world, what would this lead to?
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืœืืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ?
02:28
World peace. (Laughter)
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ืฉืœื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื™. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:30
The telephone?
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ?
02:31
You guessed it: world peace.
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ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื ื ื›ื•ืŸ: ืฉืœื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื™.
02:33
Sorry for the spoiler alert, but no world peace. Not yet.
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ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื•ื™ืœืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื.
02:38
Even the printing press, even the printing press
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ืคื•ืก
02:41
was assumed to be a tool that was going to enforce
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ
02:44
Catholic intellectual hegemony across Europe.
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ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื” ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
02:48
Instead, what we got was Martin Luther's 95 Theses,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” "95 ื”ืชื–ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ,
02:50
the Protestant Reformation, and, you know,
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ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:52
the Thirty Years' War. All right,
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ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ืื•.ืงื™.,
02:55
so what all of these predictions of world peace got right
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ืื– ื‘ืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฆื“ืงื•
02:59
is that when a lot of new ideas suddenly
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ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื
03:01
come into circulation, it changes society.
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ืœืคืชืข ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
03:04
What they got exactly wrong was what happens next.
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ื”ื ื ื›ืฉืœื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”.
03:08
The more ideas there are in circulation,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”,
03:10
the more ideas there are for any individual to disagree with.
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ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื.
03:15
More media always means more arguing.
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ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืชืžื™ื“, ืขื•ื“ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื.
03:20
That's what happens when the media's space expands.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื’ื“ืœ.
03:23
And yet, when we look back on the printing press
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก
03:26
in the early years, we like what happened.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
03:29
We are a pro-printing press society.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช.
03:32
So how do we square those two things,
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:34
that it leads to more arguing, but we think it was good?
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘?
03:37
And the answer, I think, can be found in things like this.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
03:40
This is the cover of "Philosophical Transactions,"
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ "ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื"
03:43
the first scientific journal ever published in English
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ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
03:45
in the middle of the 1600s,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-17,
03:47
and it was created by a group of people who had been
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
03:49
calling themselves "The Invisible College,"
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ืฉืงืจืื• ืœืขืฆืžื "ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช",
03:51
a group of natural philosophers who only later
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:53
would call themselves scientists,
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ืงืจืื• ืœืขืฆืžื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
03:56
and they wanted to improve the way
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ื•ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš
03:59
natural philosophers argued with each other,
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ื‘ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื“ื ื• ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
04:02
and they needed to do two things for this.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื”.
04:04
They needed openness. They needed to create a norm
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช. ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื ื•ืจืžื”
04:06
which said, when you do an experiment,
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ืฉืืžืจื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
04:08
you have to publish not just your claims,
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืคืจืกื ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš,
04:11
but how you did the experiment.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืฆืขืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
04:12
If you don't tell us how you did it, we won't trust you.
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ืื ืœื ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ืš.
04:15
But the other thing they needed was speed.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
04:17
They had to quickly synchronize what
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื ื›ืจืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
04:20
other natural philosophers knew. Otherwise,
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ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื“ืขื•. ืื—ืจืช,
04:22
you couldn't get the right kind of argument going.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
04:25
The printing press was clearly the right medium for this,
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ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื”,
04:28
but the book was the wrong tool. It was too slow.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžื“ื™.
04:31
And so they invented the scientific journal
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™
04:33
as a way of synchronizing the argument
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืกื ื›ืจืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
04:36
across the community of natural scientists.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื.
04:39
The scientific revolution wasn't created by the printing press.
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก.
04:42
It was created by scientists,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
04:44
but it couldn't have been created if they didn't have
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืœื™
04:46
a printing press as a tool.
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ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื›ื›ืœื™.
04:48
So what about us? What about our generation,
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ืื– ืžื” ืื™ืชื ื•? ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
04:51
and our media revolution, the Internet?
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ื•ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜?
04:53
Well, predictions of world peace? Check. (Laughter)
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื™? ื™ืฉ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:57
More arguing? Gold star on that one. (Laughter)
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื? ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ืกืžื™ื™ืœื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:07
I mean, YouTube is just a gold mine. (Laughter)
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, YouTube ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื›ืจื” ื–ื”ื‘. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:11
Better arguing? That's the question.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ? ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื”.
05:15
So I study social media, which means,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,
05:17
to a first approximation, I watch people argue.
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ืœืžื—ืงืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื.
05:20
And if I had to pick a group that I think is
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื
05:24
our Invisible College, is our generation's collection of people
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ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•
05:28
trying to take these tools and to press it into service,
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ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื,
05:31
not for more arguments, but for better arguments,
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ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:34
I'd pick the open-source programmers.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืคืชื•ื—.
05:36
Programming is a three-way relationship
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ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช
05:38
between a programmer, some source code,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื›ื ืช, ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ,
05:41
and the computer it's meant to run on, but computers
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืงื•ื“ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
05:43
are such famously inflexible interpreters of instructions
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ื”ื ื›ืืœื” ืœื ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
05:48
that it's extraordinarily difficult to write out a set
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ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืงื˜ืข
05:52
of instructions that the computer knows how to execute,
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ืงื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข,
05:55
and that's if one person is writing it.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืฉืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื•.
05:57
Once you get more than one person writing it,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื•,
05:59
it's very easy for any two programmers to overwrite
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ื–ื” ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ืก
06:02
each other's work if they're working on the same file,
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืื ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืœืžืฉืœ,
06:05
or to send incompatible instructions
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ืื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืงื•ื“ ืœื ืชื•ืื
06:07
that simply causes the computer to choke,
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืข,
06:09
and this problem grows larger
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœืช ื›ื›ืœ
06:12
the more programmers are involved.
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ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
06:15
To a first approximation, the problem of managing
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ
06:18
a large software project is the problem
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
06:21
of keeping this social chaos at bay.
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ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืื•ืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
06:25
Now, for decades there has been a canonical solution
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”
06:27
to this problem, which is to use something called
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ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื
06:29
a "version control system,"
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"ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช"
06:31
and a version control system does what is says on the tin.
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื”.
06:33
It provides a canonical copy of the software
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืขื•ืชืง ืงื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื“
06:36
on a server somewhere.
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ื‘ืฉืจืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
06:38
The only programmers who can change it are people
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ื”ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“,
06:41
who've specifically been given permission to access it,
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ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ืœื”ื ื”ืจืฉืื” ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืงื•ื“,
06:44
and they're only allowed to access the sub-section of it
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ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืจืง ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ืงื•ื“
06:48
that they have permission to change.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืจืฉืื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช.
06:51
And when people draw diagrams of version control systems,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช,
06:54
the diagrams always look something like this.
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ื”ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืš.
06:56
All right. They look like org charts.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
06:59
And you don't have to squint very hard
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ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช
07:00
to see the political ramifications of a system like this.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื–ื•.
07:04
This is feudalism: one owner, many workers.
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื: ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืื—ื“, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
07:08
Now, that's fine for the commercial software industry.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช.
07:12
It really is Microsoft's Office. It's Adobe's Photoshop.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”- Office ืฉืœ Microsoft. ื•ื”- Photoshop ืฉืœ Adobe.
07:17
The corporation owns the software.
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ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”.
07:20
The programmers come and go.
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ื•ื”ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื.
07:22
But there was one programmer who decided
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื›ื ืช ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
07:26
that this wasn't the way to work.
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ืฉื–ื• ืœื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
07:29
This is Linus Torvalds.
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื™ื ื•ืก ื˜ื•ืจื‘ืืœื“ืก.
07:30
Torvalds is the most famous open-source programmer,
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ื˜ื•ืจื‘ืืœื“ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื ืช ื”ืงื•ื“-ืคืชื•ื— ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:32
created Linux, obviously, and Torvalds looked at the way
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื˜ื•ืจื‘ืืœื“ืก ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืื™ืš
07:37
the open-source movement had been dealing with this problem.
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ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
07:41
Open-source software, the core promise of the open-source license,
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ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—, ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืคืชื•ื—,
07:45
is that everybody should have access to all the source code
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ
07:49
all the time, but of course, this creates
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ื•ืฆืจ
07:52
the very threat of chaos you have to forestall
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ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืื•ืก ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ
07:56
in order to get anything working.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
07:57
So most open-source projects just held their noses
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ืื– ืจื•ื‘ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื— ืกืชืžื• ืืช ื”ืืฃ
08:00
and adopted the feudal management systems.
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ื•ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืคืื•ื“ืœื™ื•ืช.
08:03
But Torvalds said, "No, I'm not going to do that."
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ืืœื“ืก ืืžืจ, "ืœื, ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”."
08:05
His point of view on this was very clear.
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“.
08:09
When you adopt a tool, you also adopt
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืืžืฅ ื›ืœื™, ืืชื” ื’ื ืžืืžืฅ
08:11
the management philosophy embedded in that tool,
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ืืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืžื•ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”,
08:15
and he wasn't going to adopt anything that didn't work
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืืžืฅ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื
08:18
the way the Linux community worked.
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ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ืขื‘ื“ื”.
08:20
And to give you a sense of how enormous
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื›ืžื” ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”
08:23
a decision like this was, this is a map
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ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืคื”
08:26
of the internal dependencies within Linux,
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ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก,
08:30
within the Linux operating system, which sub-parts
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก, ืื™ื–ื” ืชืช-ื—ืœืงื™ื
08:32
of the program rely on which other sub-parts to get going.
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ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืœื• ืชืชื™-ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
08:37
This is a tremendously complicated process.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
08:41
This is a tremendously complicated program,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
08:43
and yet, for years, Torvalds ran this
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ื˜ื•ืจื‘ืืœื“ืก ื ื™ื”ืœ ืื•ืชื”
08:46
not with automated tools but out of his email box.
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ืœื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ื˜ืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ืืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•.
08:50
People would literally mail him changes
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื• ืžื™ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
08:52
that they'd agreed on, and he would merge them by hand.
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ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
08:56
And then, 15 years after looking at Linux and figuring out
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ื•ืื–, ืื—ืจื™ 15 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
09:01
how the community worked, he said, "I think I know
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ืื™ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื•ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข
09:04
how to write a version control system for free people."
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ืื™ืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืคืชื•ื—."
09:08
And he called it "Git." Git is distributed version control.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื–ื” "Git". GIT ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช.
09:14
It has two big differences
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
09:17
with traditional version control systems.
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ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
09:19
The first is that it lives up to the philosophical promise
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉ-Git ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช
09:22
of open-source. Everybody who works on a project
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ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“-ืคืชื•ื—. ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜
09:26
has access to all of the source code all of the time.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
09:29
And when people draw diagrams of Git workflow,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘-Git,
09:32
they use drawings that look like this.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช.
09:35
And you don't have to understand what the circles
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ื•ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื,
09:37
and boxes and arrows mean to see that this is a far more
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ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืฆื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
09:41
complicated way of working than is supported
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ืžืืฉืจ
09:44
by ordinary version control systems.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช.
09:47
But this is also the thing that brings the chaos back,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืื•ืก ื—ื–ืจื”,
09:51
and this is Git's second big innovation.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื˜.
09:54
This is a screenshot from GitHub, the premier Git hosting service,
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš ืฉืœ GitHub, ื”ืืชืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ืจื•ื— Git ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
09:58
and every time a programmer uses Git
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžืชื›ื ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-Git
10:01
to make any important change at all,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•:
10:05
creating a new file, modifying an existing one,
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืงื™ื™ื,
10:08
merging two files, Git creates this kind of signature.
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ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื, Git ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ืชื™ืžื”.
10:13
This long string of numbers and letters here
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ื”ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
10:16
is a unique identifier tied to every single change,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื–ื”ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
10:21
but without any central coordination.
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ืืš ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
10:24
Every Git system generates this number the same way,
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ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช Git ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš,
10:28
which means this is a signature tied directly
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
10:31
and unforgeably to a particular change.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื™ื•ืฃ, ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
10:35
This has the following effect:
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืืคืงื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘:
10:37
A programmer in Edinburgh and a programmer in Entebbe
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ืžืชื›ื ืช ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืžืชื›ื ืช ื‘ืื ื˜ื‘ื”
10:40
can both get the same -- a copy of the same piece of software.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”.
10:44
Each of them can make changes and they can merge them
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืžื–ื’ ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื”
10:48
after the fact even if they didn't know
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
10:51
of each other's existence beforehand.
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ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
10:54
This is cooperation without coordination.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืœื ืชื™ืื•ื.
10:57
This is the big change.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
11:00
Now, I tell you all of this not to convince you that it's great
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื ืฉื–ื” ืื“ื™ืจ
11:05
that open-source programmers now have a tool
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ืฉืœืžืชื›ื ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืœื™
11:09
that supports their philosophical way of working,
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ืฉืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
11:12
although I think that is great.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
11:14
I tell you all of this because of what I think it means
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘
11:17
for the way communities come together.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
11:19
Once Git allowed for cooperation without coordination,
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ืžืจื’ืข ืฉ-Git ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืœื ืชื™ืื•ื,
11:25
you start to see communities form
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช
11:28
that are enormously large and complex.
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
11:33
This is a graph of the Ruby community.
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื™,
11:35
It's an open-source programming language,
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ืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืช ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื“-ืคืชื•ื—,
11:36
and all of the interconnections between the people --
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื -
11:39
this is now not a software graph, but a people graph,
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื ื’ืจืฃ ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ืืœื” ื’ืจืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื.
11:42
all of the interconnections among the people
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ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
11:44
working on that project โ€”
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” โ€”
11:46
and this doesn't look like an org chart.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืชืจืฉื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™.
11:49
This looks like a dis-org chart, and yet,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™-ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
11:53
out of this community, but using these tools,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
11:55
they can now create something together.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
11:58
So there are two good reasons to think that
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
12:02
this kind of technique can be applied
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•
12:06
to democracies in general and in particular to the law.
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ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืคืจื˜.
12:11
When you make the claim, in fact,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ,
12:13
that something on the Internet is going to be good
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘
12:15
for democracy, you often get this reaction.
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ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ืืช.
12:18
(Music) (Laughter)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”) (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:24
Which is, are you talking about the thing
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ืฉืื•ืžืจืช, ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
12:26
with the singing cats? Like, is that the thing
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ืขื ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืฉืฉืจื™ื? ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
12:29
you think is going to be good for society?
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ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”?
12:31
To which I have to say, here's the thing
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ื•ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ,
12:34
with the singing cats. That always happens.
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ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืฉืฉืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื•ืจื”.
12:37
And I don't just mean that always happens with the Internet,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
12:39
I mean that always happens with media, full stop.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื•ื, ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
12:41
It did not take long after the rise
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ื–ื” ืœื ืœืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช
12:43
of the commercial printing press before someone
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ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื•
12:46
figured out that erotic novels were a good idea. (Laughter)
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ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืืจื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:49
You don't have to have an economic incentive to sell books
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ
12:52
very long before someone says, "Hey, you know what I bet
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ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ "ื”ื™ื™, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
12:55
people would pay for?" (Laughter)
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื•?" (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:57
It took people another 150 years to even think
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืขื•ื“ 150 ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•
13:01
of the scientific journal, right? So -- (Laughter) (Applause)
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ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืžื“ืขื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื–-(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:08
So the harnessing by the Invisible College
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ืขืฉืชื”
13:11
of the printing press to create the scientific journal
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ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™
13:13
was phenomenally important, but it didn't happen big,
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ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
13:16
and it didn't happen quick, and it didn't happen fast, so
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื›ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืื–
13:19
if you're going to look for where the change is happening,
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ืื ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื™ืคื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื•ืจื”
13:22
you have to look on the margins.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื.
13:24
So, the law is also dependency-related.
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ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจื™ ืชืœื•ืช.
13:30
This is a graph of the U.S. Tax Code,
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ื–ื” ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืก ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
13:33
and the dependencies of one law on other laws
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ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™
13:36
for the overall effect.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ.
13:39
So there's that as a site for source code management.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืืชืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ,
13:42
But there's also the fact that law is another place
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ
13:44
where there are many opinions in circulation,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ืขื•ืช
13:46
but they need to be resolved to one canonical copy,
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ื•ืง ืื—ื“.
13:50
and when you go onto GitHub, and you look around,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœ-GitHub ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœ
13:52
there are millions and millions of projects,
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ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•,
13:54
almost all of which are source code,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื”,
13:56
but if you look around the edges, you can see people
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื
13:58
experimenting with the political ramifications
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ืฉืžืชื ืกื™ื ืขื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
14:01
of a system like that.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• Git.
14:02
Someone put up all the Wikileaked cables
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ืจืงื™ื ืž-Wikileaks
14:04
from the State Department, along with software used
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื”
14:06
to interpret them, including my favorite use ever
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจืฉ ืื•ืชื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™
14:09
of the Cablegate cables, which is a tool for detecting
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ื‘ืžื‘ืจืงื™ "ืงื™ื™ื‘ืœื’ื™ื™ื˜", ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™
14:12
naturally occurring haiku in State Department prose.
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ื”ื™ืงื• ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
14:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:21
Right. (Laughter)
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:24
The New York Senate has put up something called
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ื”ืกื ืื˜ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื”ืขืœื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื
14:27
Open Legislation, also hosting it on GitHub,
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"ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”", ืฉื’ื ืžืชืืจื— ื‘ GitHub,
14:29
again for all of the reasons of updating and fluidity.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ.
14:31
You can go and pick your Senator and then you can see
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš, ื•ืื– ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ
14:34
a list of bills they have sponsored.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื™ื“ื.
14:36
Someone going by Divegeek has put up the Utah code,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื•ืจื ืœืขืฆืžื• Divegeek ื”ืขืœื” ืืช "ืงื•ื“ ื™ื•ื˜ื”",
14:40
the laws of the state of Utah, and they've put it up there
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ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ื•ื˜ื”, ื•ื”ื ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฉื
14:42
not just to distribute the code,
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ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง,
14:44
but with the very interesting possibility that this could
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ
14:47
be used to further the development of legislation.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”.
14:52
Somebody put up a tool during the copyright debate
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืกื ืื˜ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
14:56
last year in the Senate, saying, "It's strange that Hollywood
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืขืœื” ื›ืœื™, ืฉืืžืจ: "ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“
15:00
has more access to Canadian legislators
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื™ื
15:03
than Canadian citizens do. Why don't we use GitHub
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ ืงื ื“ื”. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘- GitHub
15:07
to show them what a citizen-developed bill might look like?"
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ื ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื?
15:11
And it includes this very evocative screenshot.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš ืžืกืขื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
15:15
This is a called a "diff," this thing on the right here.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "diff", ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ.
15:18
This shows you, for text that many people are editing,
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœืš, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืจื›ื•,
15:21
when a change was made, who made it,
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ืžืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืฆืข, ืžื™ ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื•
15:23
and what the change is.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”.
15:24
The stuff in red is the stuff that got deleted.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืžื—ืง.
15:25
The stuff in green is the stuff that got added.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ.
15:28
Programmers take this capability for granted.
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ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”.
15:31
No democracy anywhere in the world offers this feature
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื•
15:34
to its citizens for either legislation or for budgets,
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ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘,
15:38
even though those are the things done
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื
15:40
with our consent and with our money.
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ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืชื ื• ื•ืขื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
15:43
Now, I would love to tell you that the fact
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืืฉืžื— ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
15:47
that the open-source programmers have worked out
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ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžืชื›ื ืชื™ ื”ืงื•ื“-ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื
15:50
a collaborative method that is large scale, distributed,
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”
15:53
cheap, and in sync with the ideals of democracy, I would love
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ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช, ื–ื•ืœื”, ื•ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ืช ืขื ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
15:57
to tell you that because those tools are in place,
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ืื ื™ ืืฉืžื— ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืžืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
15:59
the innovation is inevitable. But it's not.
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ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื.
16:03
Part of the problem, of course, is just a lack of information.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืข
16:06
Somebody put a question up on Quora saying,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืขืœื” ืฉืืœื” ื‘-Quora :
16:08
"Why is it that lawmakers don't use
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"ืœืžื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
16:10
distributed version control?"
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช?"
16:12
This, graphically, was the answer. (Laughter)
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ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:15
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:18
And that is indeed part of the problem, but only part.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืืœื ืจืง ื—ืœืง.
16:23
The bigger problem, of course, is power.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื—.
16:26
The people experimenting with participation don't have
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง
16:29
legislative power, and the people who have legislative
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ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ื—ืงื™ืงื”
16:31
power are not experimenting with participation.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ.
16:35
They are experimenting with openness.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช.
16:37
There's no democracy worth the name that doesn't have
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”
16:39
a transparency move, but transparency is openness
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ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช
16:42
in only one direction, and being given a dashboard
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช
16:46
without a steering wheel has never been the core promise
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”
16:49
a democracy makes to its citizens.
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ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
16:52
So consider this.
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ืื– ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
16:55
The thing that got Martha Payne's opinions
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื“ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืจืชื” ืคื™ื™ืŸ
16:57
out into the public was a piece of technology,
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ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
17:01
but the thing that kept them there was political will.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™,
17:05
It was the expectation of the citizens
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
17:07
that she would not be censored.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืฆื•ื ื–ืจ.
17:10
That's now the state we're in with these collaboration tools.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
17:16
We have them. We've seen them. They work.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื. ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื. ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
17:20
Can we use them?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื?
17:21
Can we apply the techniques that worked here to this?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืคื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
17:26
T.S. Eliot once said, "One of the most momentous things
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ื˜ื™ ืืก ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ืืžืจ ืคืขื, "ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:30
that can happen to a culture
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช
17:32
is that they acquire a new form of prose."
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืจื›ื•ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื–ื”."
17:35
I think that's wrong, but -- (Laughter)
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขื”, ืื‘ืœ --(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:38
I think it's right for argumentation. Right?
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
17:41
A momentous thing that can happen to a culture
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช
17:45
is they can acquire a new style of arguing:
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืจื›ื•ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—:
17:47
trial by jury, voting, peer review, now this. Right?
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ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื, ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
17:54
A new form of arguing has been invented in our lifetimes,
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•
17:57
in the last decade, in fact.
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
17:59
It's large, it's distributed, it's low-cost,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”
18:03
and it's compatible with the ideals of democracy.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืืžืช ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
18:06
The question for us now is, are we going to let
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืชืช
18:08
the programmers keep it to themselves?
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ืœืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืจืง ืœืขืฆืžื?
18:10
Or are we going to try and take it and press it into service
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ืื• ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
18:12
for society at large?
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”?
18:14
Thank you for listening. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:17
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:21
Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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