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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Ann Huang
審譯者: Yuguo Zhang
00:15
I want to talk to you today about something
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今天我想和大家談談關於
00:17
the open-source programming world can teach democracy,
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從開放原始碼程式中學習民主
00:20
but before that, a little preamble.
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但是在開始之前,先來段前言吧
00:22
Let's start here.
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我們從這裡開始
00:23
This is Martha Payne. Martha's a 9-year-old Scot
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這是瑪莎.佩恩,九歲的蘇格蘭小女孩
00:27
who lives in the Council of Argyll and Bute.
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居住在阿蓋爾-比特行政區
00:29
A couple months ago, Payne started a food blog
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幾個月以前,佩恩開了一個飲食博客
00:32
called NeverSeconds, and she would take her camera
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叫做NeverSeconds,她會帶著相機
00:34
with her every day to school to document
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到學校記錄每天的
00:37
her school lunches.
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營養午餐
00:39
Can you spot the vegetable? (Laughter)
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有人找得到蔬菜在哪嗎?(笑聲)
00:41
And, as sometimes happens,
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然後,就像一般會發生的那樣
00:44
this blog acquired first dozens of readers,
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開始有一些人來收看她的部落格
00:47
and then hundreds of readers,
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然後是幾百人
00:49
and then thousands of readers, as people tuned in
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然後是幾千人,人們點進來
00:51
to watch her rate her school lunches,
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看她為她學校的營養午餐分級
00:53
including on my favorite category,
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包括我最愛的一個類別
00:54
"Pieces of hair found in food." (Laughter)
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“在食物裡發現頭髮”(笑聲)
00:58
This was a zero day. That's good.
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那天的午餐得了零分,這樣很好
01:01
And then two weeks ago yesterday, she posted this.
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兩個禮拜前的昨天,她貼了一篇文章
01:05
A post that read: "Goodbye."
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文章標題是"再見"
01:07
And she said, "I'm very sorry to tell you this, but
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她說,“很抱歉要告訴大家”
01:10
my head teacher pulled me out of class today and told me
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"班主任今天把我拉出教室,跟我說"
01:13
I'm not allowed to take pictures in the lunch room anymore.
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"他們不准我繼續在餐廳拍照了"
01:16
I really enjoyed doing this.
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"雖然我真的很喜歡做這件事"
01:17
Thank you for reading. Goodbye."
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"謝謝你們的閱讀,再見"
01:20
You can guess what happened next, right? (Laughter)
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你們猜得出來接下來發生什麼事了吧?(笑聲)
01:26
The outrage was so swift, so voluminous, so unanimous,
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廣大網友的怒火燒得又快又旺,矛頭一致
01:32
that the Council of Argyll and Bute reversed themselves
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然後阿蓋爾-比特議會馬上在同一天
01:35
the same day and said, "We would,
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改變說法,表示:“我們從來、”
01:36
we would never censor a nine-year-old." (Laughter)
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“從來不會對一位九歲孩子的部落格進行審查”(笑聲)
01:38
Except, of course, this morning. (Laughter)
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當然,除了今天早上以外(笑聲)
01:40
And this brings up the question,
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而這就產生了一個疑問
01:45
what made them think they could get away
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是什麼讓他們以為
01:47
with something like that? (Laughter)
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他們可以就這樣拍拍屁股了事?(笑聲)
01:49
And the answer is, all of human history prior to now.
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答案是,至今以來整個人類歷史都是這樣發展的
01:54
(Laughter) So,
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(笑聲)所以
01:57
what happens when a medium suddenly puts
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當新的想法忽然透過一個媒介大量流傳
02:01
a lot of new ideas into circulation?
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會發生什麼事?
02:05
Now, this isn't just a contemporaneous question.
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這不只是一個現今時代才有的疑問
02:07
This is something we've faced several times
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我們早在過去的幾世紀中
02:09
over the last few centuries.
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就已面對過好幾次了
02:11
When the telegraph came along, it was clear
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當電報發明的時候,很明顯地
02:12
that it was going to globalize the news industry.
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新聞產業開始全球化
02:15
What would this lead to?
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這可能會造成什麼結果?
02:16
Well, obviously, it would lead to world peace.
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這個嘛,顯然地,這可能造就世界和平
02:20
The television, a medium that allowed us not just to hear
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電視,一個不只是可以用聽的傳播媒體
02:23
but see, literally see, what was going on
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還可以親眼看到發生在世界各地的事情
02:25
elsewhere in the world, what would this lead to?
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這可能會造成什麼結果?
02:28
World peace. (Laughter)
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世界和平(笑聲)
02:30
The telephone?
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電話?
02:31
You guessed it: world peace.
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你會猜:世界和平
02:33
Sorry for the spoiler alert, but no world peace. Not yet.
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抱歉透露一下劇情:不過,沒有世界和平,還沒有
02:38
Even the printing press, even the printing press
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儘管印刷機被認為是
02:41
was assumed to be a tool that was going to enforce
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用來鞏固天主教知識份子
02:44
Catholic intellectual hegemony across Europe.
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在歐洲霸權大業的工具
02:48
Instead, what we got was Martin Luther's 95 Theses,
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但我們看到的卻是馬丁路德的《九十五條論綱》
02:50
the Protestant Reformation, and, you know,
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宗教改革、還有,你知道的
02:52
the Thirty Years' War. All right,
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三十年戰爭。好
02:55
so what all of these predictions of world peace got right
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這些關於世界和平的預言說中了一點
02:59
is that when a lot of new ideas suddenly
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那就是:當大量的新思想一夕之間
03:01
come into circulation, it changes society.
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廣為流傳,就會改變社會
03:04
What they got exactly wrong was what happens next.
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而這個預言猜錯的是接下來會發生的事
03:08
The more ideas there are in circulation,
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當越多概念想法散播出去
03:10
the more ideas there are for any individual to disagree with.
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就有越多的想法供人們反對
03:15
More media always means more arguing.
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越多的媒體永遠代表了越多論戰
03:20
That's what happens when the media's space expands.
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這就是當媒體空間擴展時會發生的事
03:23
And yet, when we look back on the printing press
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但是,我們回顧早年的印刷機時代
03:26
in the early years, we like what happened.
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我們喜歡那時發生的事
03:29
We are a pro-printing press society.
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我們正處於一個後印刷機時期的社會
03:32
So how do we square those two things,
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所以我們該如何整合這兩個結果?
03:34
that it leads to more arguing, but we think it was good?
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雖然會導致更多論戰,但如何讓我們覺得這是好的?
03:37
And the answer, I think, can be found in things like this.
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我想答案可以從這樣的東西中找到:
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This is the cover of "Philosophical Transactions,"
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這是《自然科學會報》的封面
03:43
the first scientific journal ever published in English
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它是世界最早的科學英文雜誌
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in the middle of the 1600s,
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出版於17世紀中期
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and it was created by a group of people who had been
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是由一群曾經自稱為
03:49
calling themselves "The Invisible College,"
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"無形學院"的人們所創辦的
03:51
a group of natural philosophers who only later
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他們是一批自然哲學家
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would call themselves scientists,
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稍後又改稱自己為科學家
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and they wanted to improve the way
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他們的目的是要改善自然哲學家之間
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natural philosophers argued with each other,
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互相辯論的方式
04:02
and they needed to do two things for this.
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為此他們需要做兩件事
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They needed openness. They needed to create a norm
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他們需要公開性。他們必須建立一個規範:
04:06
which said, when you do an experiment,
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當你進行一項實驗時
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you have to publish not just your claims,
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你不能只是發表你的主張
04:11
but how you did the experiment.
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還必須發表你的實驗過程
04:12
If you don't tell us how you did it, we won't trust you.
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如果你不告訴大家你是怎麼做的,就不會有人相信你
04:15
But the other thing they needed was speed.
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不過他們還需要另外一樣東西:速度
04:17
They had to quickly synchronize what
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他們必須迅速且同步處理
04:20
other natural philosophers knew. Otherwise,
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其他自然哲學家知道的東西,否則的話
04:22
you couldn't get the right kind of argument going.
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就無法讓討論確實進行
04:25
The printing press was clearly the right medium for this,
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印刷機就是個適合的媒介
04:28
but the book was the wrong tool. It was too slow.
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書本反而不適合,因為它太慢了
04:31
And so they invented the scientific journal
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所以他們發明了科學雜誌
04:33
as a way of synchronizing the argument
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當作一種同步整合這些
04:36
across the community of natural scientists.
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自然哲學家們不同論據的方式
04:39
The scientific revolution wasn't created by the printing press.
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印刷機並沒有造成科學革命
04:42
It was created by scientists,
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而是科學家自己創造的
04:44
but it couldn't have been created if they didn't have
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但如果沒有以印刷機作為工具
04:46
a printing press as a tool.
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就不可能發生科學革命
04:48
So what about us? What about our generation,
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那我們呢?我們這一代
04:51
and our media revolution, the Internet?
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和我們的媒體革命:網路,又造就了什麼?
04:53
Well, predictions of world peace? Check. (Laughter)
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這個嘛,世界和平的預言?有的(笑聲)
04:57
More arguing? Gold star on that one. (Laughter)
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更多的論戰?給這個五顆星(笑聲)
05:05
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:07
I mean, YouTube is just a gold mine. (Laughter)
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我的意思是,YouTube 根本就是口水戰天堂(笑聲)
05:11
Better arguing? That's the question.
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更有品質的辯論?這才是真正的問題
05:15
So I study social media, which means,
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我研究社會媒體
05:17
to a first approximation, I watch people argue.
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這就意味著:我觀察人們爭論
05:20
And if I had to pick a group that I think is
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如果要我選出一個群體,可以代表
05:24
our Invisible College, is our generation's collection of people
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我們這個世代的"無形學院",一群出自這個世代的人們
05:28
trying to take these tools and to press it into service,
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嘗試利用這些媒體工具
05:31
not for more arguments, but for better arguments,
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不只是為了更多的機會,也為了更優質的辯論
05:34
I'd pick the open-source programmers.
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我會選出開放源碼程式設計師
05:36
Programming is a three-way relationship
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程式設計是種三方的關係
05:38
between a programmer, some source code,
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一個程式設計師、一些原始碼
05:41
and the computer it's meant to run on, but computers
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還有跑程式的電腦
05:43
are such famously inflexible interpreters of instructions
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不過電腦是出名的死腦筋
05:48
that it's extraordinarily difficult to write out a set
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要寫出一組可以讓電腦知道如何執行的指令
05:52
of instructions that the computer knows how to execute,
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是極端困難的
05:55
and that's if one person is writing it.
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這還只是在只有一個設計師的情況下
05:57
Once you get more than one person writing it,
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如果讓一個以上的設計師一起寫程式
05:59
it's very easy for any two programmers to overwrite
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很容易就會發生兩個設計師的指令
06:02
each other's work if they're working on the same file,
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在共同製作的檔案上互相重疊的情況
06:05
or to send incompatible instructions
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或是寫出互相矛盾的指令
06:07
that simply causes the computer to choke,
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讓電腦無法順利運作
06:09
and this problem grows larger
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當越多程式設計師一起工作
06:12
the more programmers are involved.
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這個問題就越大
06:15
To a first approximation, the problem of managing
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舉一個最相近的例子
06:18
a large software project is the problem
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開發大型軟體計畫的管理困難
06:21
of keeping this social chaos at bay.
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就跟社群媒體混亂的管理問題一樣
06:25
Now, for decades there has been a canonical solution
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幾十年來,這個問題都有標準的
06:27
to this problem, which is to use something called
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解決程序,通常被稱為
06:29
a "version control system,"
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“版本控制系統”
06:31
and a version control system does what is says on the tin.
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這個系統會絲毫不差地做你要它做的事
06:33
It provides a canonical copy of the software
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它提供軟體一個標準備份
06:36
on a server somewhere.
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並存在某處的伺服器裡
06:38
The only programmers who can change it are people
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唯一可以更動它的是擁有
06:41
who've specifically been given permission to access it,
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存取許可的程式設計師
06:44
and they're only allowed to access the sub-section of it
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但他們也只被允許改動
06:48
that they have permission to change.
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他們被授權更動的部分
06:51
And when people draw diagrams of version control systems,
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而版本控制系統的示意圖
06:54
the diagrams always look something like this.
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長得都是這種樣子
06:56
All right. They look like org charts.
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好,他們像是組織結構圖一樣
06:59
And you don't have to squint very hard
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你不必費力去弄清楚
07:00
to see the political ramifications of a system like this.
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這樣一個系統的政治結果
07:04
This is feudalism: one owner, many workers.
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這就是一種封建制度:一個擁有者,無數個工人
07:08
Now, that's fine for the commercial software industry.
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這對商業軟體工業來說沒什麼問題
07:12
It really is Microsoft's Office. It's Adobe's Photoshop.
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就像 Microsoft 的 Office 系列,和 Adobe 的 Photoshop
07:17
The corporation owns the software.
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這些公司擁有這些軟體
07:20
The programmers come and go.
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而程式設計師只是僱員
07:22
But there was one programmer who decided
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但有一天,一位設計師決定
07:26
that this wasn't the way to work.
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這不是正確的工作方式
07:29
This is Linus Torvalds.
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他就是林納斯.托瓦茲
07:30
Torvalds is the most famous open-source programmer,
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托瓦茲是最出名的開放源碼程式設計師
07:32
created Linux, obviously, and Torvalds looked at the way
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從名字就看得出來,他創辦了Linux。托瓦茲看好
07:37
the open-source movement had been dealing with this problem.
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開放源碼運動處理這類問題的方式
07:41
Open-source software, the core promise of the open-source license,
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開放源碼軟體,開放源碼授權的根本理念就是
07:45
is that everybody should have access to all the source code
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每個人都應該要有取得原始碼的權利
07:49
all the time, but of course, this creates
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不過,當然這樣就會造成
07:52
the very threat of chaos you have to forestall
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上述所說的混亂,而為了程式運作順利
07:56
in order to get anything working.
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就必須事先預防
07:57
So most open-source projects just held their noses
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因此大部份開放原始碼計畫只好摸摸鼻子
08:00
and adopted the feudal management systems.
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回頭使用那些封建管理系統
08:03
But Torvalds said, "No, I'm not going to do that."
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但托瓦茲說:「我才不要那樣。」
08:05
His point of view on this was very clear.
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他的立場非常清楚
08:09
When you adopt a tool, you also adopt
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當你使用一個工具,你同時也接受了
08:11
the management philosophy embedded in that tool,
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那個工具背後的管理理念
08:15
and he wasn't going to adopt anything that didn't work
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所以他不會接受使用任何跟 Linux 團隊理念
08:18
the way the Linux community worked.
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不相符的東西
08:20
And to give you a sense of how enormous
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而為了要讓你對這種決定有龐大
08:23
a decision like this was, this is a map
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有點概念,這是一個
08:26
of the internal dependencies within Linux,
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Linux 的內部依賴關係圖
08:30
within the Linux operating system, which sub-parts
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在 Linux 操作系統裡面,程式的每一個單元
08:32
of the program rely on which other sub-parts to get going.
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都互相依賴,以此讓運作順利
08:37
This is a tremendously complicated process.
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這是一個極端複雜的流程
08:41
This is a tremendously complicated program,
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這是一個極端複雜的程式
08:43
and yet, for years, Torvalds ran this
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但多年以來,托瓦茲不靠任何自動化程式
08:46
not with automated tools but out of his email box.
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而是用他的 email 收件匣運作這些
08:50
People would literally mail him changes
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設計師們把協調出來的更動寄給他
08:52
that they'd agreed on, and he would merge them by hand.
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然後他會親自把這些更動整合在一起
08:56
And then, 15 years after looking at Linux and figuring out
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之後,靠著 15 年來對 Linux 的觀察
09:01
how the community worked, he said, "I think I know
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和尋找團隊工作的方法,他說:「我想我知道
09:04
how to write a version control system for free people."
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該怎麼寫一個讓自由設計師使用的版本控制系統了」
09:08
And he called it "Git." Git is distributed version control.
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他稱之為"Git"。Git 是分散式版本控制系統
09:14
It has two big differences
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跟傳統的版本控制系統
09:17
with traditional version control systems.
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有兩個最大的差異
09:19
The first is that it lives up to the philosophical promise
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第一,它實踐了開放原始碼的中心理念
09:22
of open-source. Everybody who works on a project
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每個在參與工作計畫的人
09:26
has access to all of the source code all of the time.
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都擁有獲得原始碼的權利
09:29
And when people draw diagrams of Git workflow,
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而要製作 Git 的工作流程示意圖時
09:32
they use drawings that look like this.
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它們都會長得像這樣
09:35
And you don't have to understand what the circles
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你不必特地去瞭解這些圓圈
09:37
and boxes and arrows mean to see that this is a far more
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方塊和箭頭的意義,就可以知道這個工作流程
09:41
complicated way of working than is supported
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的複雜度遠遠超過了
09:44
by ordinary version control systems.
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普通的版本控制系統
09:47
But this is also the thing that brings the chaos back,
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可是這也帶來了之前所說的混亂
09:51
and this is Git's second big innovation.
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因此,這就是 Git 的第二個創新
09:54
This is a screenshot from GitHub, the premier Git hosting service,
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這是一張 GitHub(Git 最主要的存取服務)的螢幕截圖
09:58
and every time a programmer uses Git
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只要每一次設計師使用Git
10:01
to make any important change at all,
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進行任何重大的改動
10:05
creating a new file, modifying an existing one,
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例如建立新檔案、修改舊的檔案
10:08
merging two files, Git creates this kind of signature.
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或合併不同的檔案,Git 就會產生這種標示
10:13
This long string of numbers and letters here
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這一長串數字和字母
10:16
is a unique identifier tied to every single change,
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是每一個更動都有的、獨一無二的識別碼,
10:21
but without any central coordination.
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而且沒有經手任何中央協調處理
10:24
Every Git system generates this number the same way,
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每一個Git系統都以同樣的方式產生這些數字
10:28
which means this is a signature tied directly
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意思就是,這是一個識別標誌
10:31
and unforgeably to a particular change.
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會直接綁在每一個更動上面,而且無法偽造
10:35
This has the following effect:
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這個方式達到的成果是:
10:37
A programmer in Edinburgh and a programmer in Entebbe
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一個在蘇格蘭的設計師和在烏甘達的設計師
10:40
can both get the same -- a copy of the same piece of software.
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可以同時拿到同樣的軟體副本
10:44
Each of them can make changes and they can merge them
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他們可以各自進行更動和合併
10:48
after the fact even if they didn't know
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就算他們各自都不知道
10:51
of each other's existence beforehand.
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對方的存在
10:54
This is cooperation without coordination.
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這是一種不需要中介協調的合作方式
10:57
This is the big change.
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這是一項重大的變革
11:00
Now, I tell you all of this not to convince you that it's great
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我告訴你們這些,不是想要你們覺得,哇
11:05
that open-source programmers now have a tool
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這些開放源碼程式設計師這下有了好工具
11:09
that supports their philosophical way of working,
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可以幫助實踐他們的工作哲學,真是太棒了
11:12
although I think that is great.
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雖然我真的覺得這的確很棒
11:14
I tell you all of this because of what I think it means
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我告訴你們這些,是因為我從中看到了
11:17
for the way communities come together.
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這對不同社群間的整合產生的意義
11:19
Once Git allowed for cooperation without coordination,
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自從 Git 開創了“互相合作而不需居中整合”的方式
11:25
you start to see communities form
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你就會開始看到非常巨大
11:28
that are enormously large and complex.
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而且複雜的社群形式
11:33
This is a graph of the Ruby community.
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這是一個 Ruby 社群的圖示
11:35
It's an open-source programming language,
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Ruby 是一種開放原始碼程式語言
11:36
and all of the interconnections between the people --
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而在其中人們之間的連結——
11:39
this is now not a software graph, but a people graph,
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這不是一個軟體圖示,而是人際的圖示
11:42
all of the interconnections among the people
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所有在同一個企劃共同工作的人們
11:44
working on that project —
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這是他們之間的連結
11:46
and this doesn't look like an org chart.
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而這一點都不像個組織結構圖
11:49
This looks like a dis-org chart, and yet,
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還比較像個反組織結構圖,然而
11:53
out of this community, but using these tools,
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從這個社群裡,而不單單只是使用那些工具
11:55
they can now create something together.
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人們可以一起合作、製作程式
11:58
So there are two good reasons to think that
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所以現在有兩個很好的理由這樣想:
12:02
this kind of technique can be applied
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這種方式可以應用在
12:06
to democracies in general and in particular to the law.
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普遍的民主制度,尤其是在法律上
12:11
When you make the claim, in fact,
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但事實上,當你這樣告訴別人:
12:13
that something on the Internet is going to be good
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「網路上有些東西對民主制度是好的」
12:15
for democracy, you often get this reaction.
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你通常會得到這樣的反應:
12:18
(Music) (Laughter)
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(音樂)(笑聲)
12:24
Which is, are you talking about the thing
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意思是:你是指像會唱歌的貓
12:26
with the singing cats? Like, is that the thing
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這類東西嗎?這就是你說的
12:29
you think is going to be good for society?
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對社會有幫助的事物?
12:31
To which I have to say, here's the thing
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我必須說,像唱歌的貓這種東西
12:34
with the singing cats. That always happens.
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總是會有的
12:37
And I don't just mean that always happens with the Internet,
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我並不只是指這總是發生在網路上
12:39
I mean that always happens with media, full stop.
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我是指任何媒體都會產生這類事情,就這樣
12:41
It did not take long after the rise
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在商業性印刷興起後
12:43
of the commercial printing press before someone
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沒多久就有人發現
12:46
figured out that erotic novels were a good idea. (Laughter)
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印製色情小說是門好生意(笑聲)
12:49
You don't have to have an economic incentive to sell books
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你不需要靠經濟誘因來賣書賣多久
12:52
very long before someone says, "Hey, you know what I bet
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就會有人說:「欸,想知道我賭多少在
12:55
people would pay for?" (Laughter)
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大家願意花多少錢買這些書嗎?」(笑聲)
12:57
It took people another 150 years to even think
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人們甚至還要多花150年才想到
13:01
of the scientific journal, right? So -- (Laughter) (Applause)
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創辦科學雜誌,對吧?所以——(笑聲、掌聲)
13:08
So the harnessing by the Invisible College
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所以“無形學院”利用印刷機
13:11
of the printing press to create the scientific journal
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創辦了科學雜誌
13:13
was phenomenally important, but it didn't happen big,
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這是個重要事件,但並不是個劃時代的里程碑
13:16
and it didn't happen quick, and it didn't happen fast, so
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而且它發展的速度不快
13:19
if you're going to look for where the change is happening,
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所以如果你想知道改變發生在哪裡
13:22
you have to look on the margins.
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你必須從邊緣地帶尋找
13:24
So, the law is also dependency-related.
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法律也是互相依賴的
13:30
This is a graph of the U.S. Tax Code,
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這是一張美國稅法的圖示
13:33
and the dependencies of one law on other laws
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顯示法規與法規之間的依賴關係
13:36
for the overall effect.
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以及其整體效果
13:39
So there's that as a site for source code management.
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所以,我們有了管理程式碼的網站
13:42
But there's also the fact that law is another place
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但是事實上,法律也是一個
13:44
where there are many opinions in circulation,
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供許多不同意見傳播的地方
13:46
but they need to be resolved to one canonical copy,
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但是它們最終都必須變成一個標準版本
13:50
and when you go onto GitHub, and you look around,
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而當你到 GitHub 上看看
13:52
there are millions and millions of projects,
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你會看到難以計數的製作計畫
13:54
almost all of which are source code,
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幾乎全部都是程式碼
13:56
but if you look around the edges, you can see people
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但如果你往網路邊緣找,你會發現
13:58
experimenting with the political ramifications
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有人正在實驗這種系統的
14:01
of a system like that.
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政治效應
14:02
Someone put up all the Wikileaked cables
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有人把維基解密發佈的美國國務院電報
14:04
from the State Department, along with software used
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和用來解讀的軟體一起放上網路
14:06
to interpret them, including my favorite use ever
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包括一種我最愛用在他們公佈的
14:09
of the Cablegate cables, which is a tool for detecting
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國務院電報的軟體,那是種專門用來偵測
14:12
naturally occurring haiku in State Department prose.
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國務院電報裡自然產生的俳句的工具
14:15
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
14:21
Right. (Laughter)
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是啊(笑聲)
14:24
The New York Senate has put up something called
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紐約州參議院設立了名為
14:27
Open Legislation, also hosting it on GitHub,
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《公開立法》(暫譯)法案,也使用 GitHub 的服務
14:29
again for all of the reasons of updating and fluidity.
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同樣是為了更新速度與流暢度
14:31
You can go and pick your Senator and then you can see
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你可以上去瀏覽你們區的參議員
14:34
a list of bills they have sponsored.
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就可以看到他們支持的法案
14:36
Someone going by Divegeek has put up the Utah code,
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有人透過 Divegeek 發佈了猶他法規
14:40
the laws of the state of Utah, and they've put it up there
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就是猶他州的州法,而他們這麼做
14:42
not just to distribute the code,
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並不是只為了
14:44
but with the very interesting possibility that this could
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也為了可以將這個用在進一步
14:47
be used to further the development of legislation.
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發展立法過程的有趣可能性
14:52
Somebody put up a tool during the copyright debate
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去年參議院的著作權辯論裡
14:56
last year in the Senate, saying, "It's strange that Hollywood
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有人發佈了一樣工具,說:
15:00
has more access to Canadian legislators
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「好萊塢比加拿大公民有更多接觸
15:03
than Canadian citizens do. Why don't we use GitHub
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加拿大立法委員的管道,這非常奇怪。我們來用 GitHub
15:07
to show them what a citizen-developed bill might look like?"
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讓他們看看一個公民規劃的法案會是什麼樣子。」
15:11
And it includes this very evocative screenshot.
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而這張非常令人震撼的截圖也包含在內
15:15
This is a called a "diff," this thing on the right here.
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右邊這塊稱為"diff"
15:18
This shows you, for text that many people are editing,
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這部分是給你看許多人一起編輯的內容
15:21
when a change was made, who made it,
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什麼時候改的、誰改的
15:23
and what the change is.
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以及改動的內容是什麼
15:24
The stuff in red is the stuff that got deleted.
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紅色是被刪除的東西
15:25
The stuff in green is the stuff that got added.
308
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2692
綠色則是多加進去的東西
15:28
Programmers take this capability for granted.
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2782
程式設計師真是物盡其用了
15:31
No democracy anywhere in the world offers this feature
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世上沒有任何民主國家可以提供
15:34
to its citizens for either legislation or for budgets,
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公民這樣的機會,不論是關於立法或預算
15:38
even though those are the things done
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就算那些事是在我們的
15:40
with our consent and with our money.
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同意和金錢之下通過的
15:43
Now, I would love to tell you that the fact
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如果可以的話,我很想告訴你們
15:47
that the open-source programmers have worked out
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開源程式設計師已經想出了
15:50
a collaborative method that is large scale, distributed,
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一種規模廣大的合作方式
15:53
cheap, and in sync with the ideals of democracy, I would love
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便宜而且和民主的理想一致,我很想告訴
15:57
to tell you that because those tools are in place,
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你們,這些工具都已經準備好了
15:59
the innovation is inevitable. But it's not.
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4331
因此改革是必然的。但事實並不是這樣
16:03
Part of the problem, of course, is just a lack of information.
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當然,部分的原因只是出在缺乏資訊
16:06
Somebody put a question up on Quora saying,
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1903
有人在問答網站上問了一個問題
16:08
"Why is it that lawmakers don't use
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2092
「為什麼立法的人
16:10
distributed version control?"
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不使用分散式版本控制的方式?」
16:12
This, graphically, was the answer. (Laughter)
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3621
這個則是圖像示的答案(笑聲)
16:15
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(笑聲、掌聲)
16:18
And that is indeed part of the problem, but only part.
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這的確是一部分的問題,但只是一部分而已
16:23
The bigger problem, of course, is power.
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當然,更大的問題出在權力
16:26
The people experimenting with participation don't have
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那些實際參與以實驗這個政治效應的人
16:29
legislative power, and the people who have legislative
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並沒有立法權,而有立法權的人
16:31
power are not experimenting with participation.
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卻不去參與這個實驗
16:35
They are experimenting with openness.
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這些實驗是關於公開性
16:37
There's no democracy worth the name that doesn't have
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如果沒有公開透明的程序
16:39
a transparency move, but transparency is openness
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那就不叫做民主,但是透明性只不過是
16:42
in only one direction, and being given a dashboard
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公開性的一種面向,而給一艘
16:46
without a steering wheel has never been the core promise
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沒有舵的船,也並不是民主國家
16:49
a democracy makes to its citizens.
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對國民的中心承諾
16:52
So consider this.
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所以想想看這個
16:55
The thing that got Martha Payne's opinions
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瑪莎.佩恩的想法能傳達給大眾
16:57
out into the public was a piece of technology,
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是因為一點科技的幫助
17:01
but the thing that kept them there was political will.
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但讓它持續曝光的是政治意願
17:05
It was the expectation of the citizens
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大眾期望著
17:07
that she would not be censored.
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她不用接受審查
17:10
That's now the state we're in with these collaboration tools.
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這才是我們目前和這些合作性工具的發展情況
17:16
We have them. We've seen them. They work.
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我們擁有、見識過它們,它們行得通
17:20
Can we use them?
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我們可以利用它們嗎?
17:21
Can we apply the techniques that worked here to this?
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我們可以將左邊的方式應用在右邊這上面嗎?
17:26
T.S. Eliot once said, "One of the most momentous things
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T.S.艾略特曾說:「一個文化裡
17:30
that can happen to a culture
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所能發生的最重大的事
17:32
is that they acquire a new form of prose."
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是發現新的散文形式。」
17:35
I think that's wrong, but -- (Laughter)
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我不這麼認為啦,不過——(笑聲)
17:38
I think it's right for argumentation. Right?
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這是一個正確的立論方式,對吧?
17:41
A momentous thing that can happen to a culture
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一個文化裡能發生的最重大的事情是
17:45
is they can acquire a new style of arguing:
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他們可以發展出新的論辯方式:
17:47
trial by jury, voting, peer review, now this. Right?
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法官審判、投票、同儕審查、然後是這個,對吧?
17:54
A new form of arguing has been invented in our lifetimes,
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在我們的人生裡,一種新的論辯方式已被發明
17:57
in the last decade, in fact.
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而且其實是在過去十年裡發生的
17:59
It's large, it's distributed, it's low-cost,
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它規模極大、很廣泛、低成本
18:03
and it's compatible with the ideals of democracy.
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而且它很適合實現民主制度的理想
18:06
The question for us now is, are we going to let
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而現在的問題是:我們要繼續只讓
18:08
the programmers keep it to themselves?
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這些程式設計師使用它嗎?
18:10
Or are we going to try and take it and press it into service
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或者,我們可以試著使用它、讓它
18:12
for society at large?
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為社會大眾服務?
18:14
Thank you for listening. (Applause)
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感謝大家出席聆聽(掌聲)
18:17
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
18:21
Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝,謝謝(掌聲)
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