Danny Hillis: The Internet could crash. We need a Plan B

128,745 views ใƒป 2013-03-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
So, this book that I have in my hand
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ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™
00:18
is a directory of everybody who had an email address
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ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื"ืœ
00:22
in 1982. (Laughter)
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ื‘-1982. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
00:26
Actually, it's deceptively large.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืฉื•ืœืœ.
00:30
There's actually only about 20 people on each page,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืจืง 20 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืžื•ื“,
00:33
because we have the name, address
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืฉื, ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช
00:35
and telephone number of every single person.
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ื.
00:38
And, in fact, everybody's listed twice,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื,
00:40
because it's sorted once by name and once by email address.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืžื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ืœืคื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื"ืœ.
00:45
Obviously a very small community.
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ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื“, ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ.
00:48
There were only two other Dannys on the Internet then.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืจืง ืฉื ื™ "ื“ื ื™".
00:51
I knew them both.
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ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
00:53
We didn't all know each other,
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื›ืจื ื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”,
00:54
but we all kind of trusted each other,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื—ื ื• ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”,
00:58
and that basic feeling of trust
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ื•ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื–ื”
01:01
permeated the whole network,
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ื—ื™ืœื—ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืช,
01:04
and there was a real sense that
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
01:06
we could depend on each other to do things.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:09
So just to give you an idea of the level of trust in this community,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจืžืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:13
let me tell you what it was like
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
01:14
to register a domain name in the early days.
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ืœืจืฉื•ื ืฉื-ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื.
01:19
Now, it just so happened that I got to register
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ืจืฆื” ื”ืžืงืจื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื” ืฉืจืฉืžืชื™
01:21
the third domain name on the Internet.
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ืืช ืฉื-ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
01:24
So I could have anything I wanted
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
01:25
other than bbn.com and symbolics.com.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืž"ื‘ื™-ื‘ื™-ืืŸ-ืงื•ื" ื•"ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืงืก-ืงื•ื".
01:30
So I picked think.com, but then I thought,
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ืื– ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘"ืช'ื™ื ืง-ืงื•ื", ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
01:33
you know, there's a lot of really interesting names out there.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
01:36
Maybe I should register a few extras just in case.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืืจืฉื•ื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื”, ื›ื›ื”, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”.
01:40
And then I thought, "Nah, that wouldn't be very nice."
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ื•ืื—ืจ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, "ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“ ืžืฆื™ื“ื™."
01:44
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:49
That attitude of only taking what you need
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืจืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš
01:53
was really what everybody had on the network in those days,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื.
01:57
and in fact, it wasn't just the people on the network,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืฉืช,
02:00
but it was actually kind of built into the protocols
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ืืœื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื
02:03
of the Internet itself.
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ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขืฆืžื”.
02:05
So the basic idea of I.P., or Internet protocol,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”"ืื™ื™-ืคื™", ืื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
02:09
and the way that the -- the routing algorithm that used it,
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืื•ืคืŸ-- ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•,
02:13
were fundamentally "from each according to their ability,
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ื”ื™ื• ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, "ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•,
02:17
to each according to their need."
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื•."
02:19
And so, if you had some extra bandwidth,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืคืก,
02:22
you'd deliver a message for someone.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
02:23
If they had some extra bandwidth, they would deliver a message for you.
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ื•ืื ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืจื•ื—ื‘-ืคืก, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื›ื.
02:26
You'd kind of depend on people to do that,
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ืกืžื›ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืš.
02:28
and that was the building block.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
02:31
It was actually interesting that such a communist principle
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื›ื–ื”
02:34
was the basis of a system developed during the Cold War
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”
02:36
by the Defense Department,
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ืข"ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”,
02:38
but it obviously worked really well,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:42
and we all saw what happened with the Internet.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
02:45
It was incredibly successful.
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ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื›ืœืœ.
02:47
In fact, it was so successful that there's no way
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
02:51
that these days you could make a book like this.
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื›ื–ื”.
02:54
My rough calculation is it would be about 25 miles thick.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ืก, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 40 ืง"ืž.
03:00
But, of course, you couldn't do it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
03:01
because we don't know the names of all the people
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ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
03:03
with Internet or email addresses,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ื"ืœ,
03:06
and even if we did know their names,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื,
03:08
I'm pretty sure that they would not want their name,
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ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืžื•ืช,
03:10
address and telephone number published to everyone.
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ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™.
03:15
So the fact is that there's a lot of bad guys on the Internet these days,
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืขื™ื,
03:18
and so we dealt with that by making
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ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื ื• ืขื ื–ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืงืžืช
03:22
walled communities,
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ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืงืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื”,
03:24
secure subnetworks, VPNs,
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช-ืžืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช, ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช,
03:29
little things that aren't really the Internet
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขืฆืžื”,
03:31
but are made out of the same building blocks,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืื‘ื ื™-ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
03:33
but we're still basically building it out of those
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ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ
03:35
same building blocks with those same assumptions of trust.
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ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืื‘ื ื™-ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช-ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ.
03:39
And that means that it's vulnerable
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช
03:42
to certain kinds of mistakes that can happen,
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ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ืช,
03:44
or certain kinds of deliberate attacks,
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ืื• ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช,
03:46
but even the mistakes can be bad.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช.
03:49
So, for instance,
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ืœืžืฉืœ,
03:52
in all of Asia recently,
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืืกื™ื”,
03:54
it was impossible to get YouTube for a little while
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ"ื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘"
03:58
because Pakistan made some mistakes
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ื›ื™ ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช
04:00
in how it was censoring YouTube in its internal network.
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ื‘ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืขืœ "ื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘" ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
04:04
They didn't intend to screw up Asia, but they did
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื“ืคื•ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืืกื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•
04:07
because of the way that the protocols work.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื.
04:10
Another example that may have affected many of you in this audience is,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื, ื‘ืงื”ืœ,
04:13
you may remember a couple of years ago,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
04:15
all the planes west of the Mississippi were grounded
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™ ืงื•ืจืงืขื•
04:18
because a single routing card in Salt Lake City
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื ืชื‘ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืœื˜ ืœื™ื™ืง ืกื™ื˜ื™
04:21
had a bug in it.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื’.
04:23
Now, you don't really think
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
04:26
that our airplane system depends on the Internet,
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ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
04:29
and in some sense it doesn't.
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื.
04:30
I'll come back to that later.
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ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืš ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:31
But the fact is that people couldn't take off
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ืืš ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืžืจื™ื
04:34
because something was going wrong on the Internet,
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ื›ื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
04:36
and the router card was down.
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ื•ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ื ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช.
04:38
And so, there are many of those things that start to happen.
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ืื– ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
04:42
Now, there was an interesting thing that happened last April.
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ืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
04:45
All of a sudden,
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ืœืคืชืข ืคืชืื•ื,
04:47
a very large percentage of the traffic on the whole Internet,
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ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
04:50
including a lot of the traffic between U.S. military installations,
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ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘,
04:54
started getting re-routed through China.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืชื‘ ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืŸ.
04:57
So for a few hours, it all passed through China.
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืŸ.
05:00
Now, China Telecom says it was just an honest mistake,
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"ื˜ืœืงื•ื ืกื™ืŸ" ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืชืžื™ืžื”,
05:04
and it is actually possible that it was, the way things work,
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ื•ืžืื“ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
05:08
but certainly somebody could make
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ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข
05:10
a dishonest mistake of that sort if they wanted to,
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ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื-ืชืžื™ืžื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืื™ืœื• ืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ืš,
05:14
and it shows you how vulnerable the system is even to mistakes.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:17
Imagine how vulnerable the system is to deliberate attacks.
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช.
05:22
So if somebody really wanted to attack the United States
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ืื™ืœื• ืจืฆื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘
05:25
or Western civilization these days,
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ืื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
05:27
they're not going to do it with tanks.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขื ื˜ื ืงื™ื.
05:30
That will not succeed.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—.
05:32
What they'll probably do is something
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื•
05:34
very much like the attack that happened
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ืžืื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืชืงืคื” ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื”
05:37
on the Iranian nuclear facility.
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ืขืœ ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™.
05:40
Nobody has claimed credit for that.
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื ื˜ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš.
05:42
There was basically a factory of industrial machines.
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ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืขืœ ืขื ืžื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™
05:46
It didn't think of itself as being on the Internet.
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ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
05:48
It thought of itself as being disconnected from the Internet,
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ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
05:51
but it was possible for somebody to smuggle
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ืืš ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื— ืœืชื•ื›ื•
05:53
a USB drive in there, or something like that,
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ื”ืชืงืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”,
05:55
and software got in there that causes the centrifuges,
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ื•ื—ื“ืจื” ืœืฉื ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ื’ื•ืช,
05:59
in that case, to actually destroy themselves.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ.
06:02
Now that same kind of software could destroy an oil refinery
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ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืžืคืขืœ ืœื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื ืคื˜
06:04
or a pharmaceutical factory or a semiconductor plant.
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ืื• ืžืคืขืœ ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืœื—ืฆืื™-ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื.
06:09
And so there's a lot of -- I'm sure you've read a lot in papers,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื”-- ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืงืจืืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื
06:12
about worries about cyberattacks
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ืขืœ ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
06:14
and defenses against those.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ืŸ.
06:17
But the fact is, people are mostly focused on
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ืืš ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:19
defending the computers on the Internet,
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ื‘ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
06:21
and there's been surprisingly little attention
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ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘ ืžืขื˜ื” ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื”
06:24
to defending the Internet itself as a communications medium.
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ืœื”ื’ื ืช ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืชื•ื•ืš ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
06:28
And I think we probably do need to pay
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ
06:30
some more attention to that, because it's actually kind of fragile.
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ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘ ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืš, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”.
06:33
So actually, in the early days,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
06:36
back when it was the ARPANET,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” "ืืจืคื-ื ื˜",
06:38
there were actually times -- there was a particular time it failed completely
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืคืขืžื™ื-- ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืฉื”ืจืฉืช ืงืจืกื” ื›ืœื™ืœ
06:41
because one single message processor
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“
06:44
actually got a bug in it.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื’.
06:47
And the way the Internet works is
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื
06:49
the routers are basically exchanging information
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ืฉื”ื ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื™ื“ืข
06:53
about how they can get messages to places,
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ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื”ืŸ,
06:55
and this one processor, because of a broken card,
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื‘ื“, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ,
06:59
decided it could actually get a message
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื”
07:01
to some place in negative time.
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ืœื™ืขื“ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
07:04
So, in other words, it claimed it could deliver a message before you sent it.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื’ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื”.
07:08
So of course, the fastest way to get a message anywhere
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ืื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœื›ืœ ื™ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื
07:11
was to send it to this guy,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
07:13
who would send it back in time and get it there super early,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื“,
07:17
so every message in the Internet
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
07:19
started getting switched through this one node,
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ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžืชื’ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื•ืžืช ื”ื–ื•,
07:23
and of course that clogged everything up.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืชืงืข ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
07:24
Everything started breaking.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืœืงืœ.
07:26
The interesting thing was, though,
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื
07:28
that the sysadmins were able to fix it,
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ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื–ื”,
07:30
but they had to basically turn every single thing on the Internet off.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
07:35
Now, of course you couldn't do that today.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
07:36
I mean, everything off, it's like
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ื›ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•
07:39
the service call you get from the cable company,
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื,
07:41
except for the whole world.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:45
Now, in fact, they couldn't do it for a lot of reasons today.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:47
One of the reasons is a lot of their telephones
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ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื
07:49
use IP protocol and use things like Skype and so on
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืกืงื™ื™ืค" ื•ื›ื•'
07:52
that go through the Internet right now,
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
07:54
and so in fact we're becoming dependent on it
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”
07:58
for more and more different things,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
08:00
like when you take off from LAX,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืžืจื™ืื™ื ืžื ืžื”"ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืก-ืื ื’'ืœืก,
08:02
you're really not thinking you're using the Internet.
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
08:04
When you pump gas, you really don't think you're using the Internet.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืžืœืื™ื ื“ืœืง, ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
08:08
What's happening increasingly, though, is these systems
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
08:11
are beginning to use the Internet.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
08:12
Most of them aren't based on the Internet yet,
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ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
08:16
but they're starting to use the Internet for service functions,
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ืืš ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืœืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
08:18
for administrative functions,
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ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ,
08:20
and so if you take something like the cell phone system,
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ื•ืื ืชืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื,
08:23
which is still relatively independent of the Internet for the most part,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
08:27
Internet pieces are beginning to sneak into it
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื ื‘ ืœืชื•ื›ื” ื—ืœืงื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
08:30
in terms of some of the control and administrative functions,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ,
08:34
and it's so tempting to use these same building blocks
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืคืชื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ
08:36
because they work so well, they're cheap,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš, ื”ืŸ ื–ื•ืœื•ืช,
08:39
they're repeated, and so on.
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ื”ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
08:40
So all of our systems, more and more,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:43
are starting to use the same technology
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
08:44
and starting to depend on this technology.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•.
08:46
And so even a modern rocket ship these days
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืกืคื™ื ืช ื—ืœืœ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
08:49
actually uses Internet protocol to talk
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ื—ื—
08:52
from one end of the rocket ship to the other.
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ืžืงืฆื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:53
That's crazy. It was never designed to do things like that.
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ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ. ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
08:57
So we've built this system
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื•,
09:00
where we understand all the parts of it,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœื”,
09:03
but we're using it in a very, very different way than we expected to use it,
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ืืš ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ื ื•,
09:06
and it's gotten a very, very different scale
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืกื“ืจื™-ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื“
09:09
than it was designed for.
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœื”ื.
09:11
And in fact, nobody really exactly understands
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
09:14
all the things it's being used for right now.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช.
09:16
It's turning into one of these big emergent systems
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช-ืขื ืง ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื”
09:19
like the financial system, where we've designed all the parts
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืืžื ื ืชื™ื›ื ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื,
09:22
but nobody really exactly understands
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
09:25
how it operates and all the little details of it
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”
09:28
and what kinds of emergent behaviors it can have.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”.
09:31
And so if you hear an expert talking about the Internet
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
09:34
and saying it can do this, or it does do this, or it will do that,
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ,
09:36
you should treat it with the same skepticism
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกืคืงื ื•ืช
09:39
that you might treat the comments of an economist about the economy
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ื›ืžื• ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”
09:43
or a weatherman about the weather, or something like that.
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ืื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
09:46
They have an informed opinion,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช,
09:48
but it's changing so quickly that even the experts
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ื” ืžื”ืจ, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื
09:51
don't know exactly what's going on.
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ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
09:53
So if you see one of these maps of the Internet,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
09:55
it's just somebody's guess.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
09:57
Nobody really knows what the Internet is right now
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ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข,
09:59
because it's different than it was an hour ago.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื”.
10:02
It's constantly changing. It's constantly reconfiguring.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืช ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ.
10:05
And the problem with it is,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื,
10:06
I think we are setting ourselves up for a kind of disaster
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืืกื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’
10:09
like the disaster we had in the financial system,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช,
10:12
where we take a system that's basically built on trust,
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ื›ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืืžื•ืŸ,
10:18
was basically built for a smaller-scale system,
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ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื˜ื ืช-ื”ื™ืงืฃ,
10:20
and we've kind of expanded it way beyond the limits
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ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื”
10:23
of how it was meant to operate.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
10:25
And so right now, I think it's literally true
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ื•ื›ืจื’ืข ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
10:28
that we don't know what the consequences
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ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช
10:32
of an effective denial-of-service attack
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ืฉืœ ืžืชืงืคืช ืžื ื™ืขืช-ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื”
10:34
on the Internet would be,
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ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
10:36
and whatever it would be is going to be worse next year,
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:38
and worse next year, and so on.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื” - ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
10:39
But so what we need is a plan B.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™.
10:42
There is no plan B right now.
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ื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™.
10:44
There's no clear backup system that we've very carefully kept
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ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื˜ื™ืคื—ื ื• ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช
10:47
to be independent of the Internet,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
10:49
made out of completely different sets of building blocks.
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ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืžืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ.
10:52
So what we need is something that doesn't necessarily
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—
10:55
have to have the performance of the Internet,
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
10:58
but the police department has to be able
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืชืงืฉืจ
10:59
to call up the fire department even without the Internet,
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ืขื ืžื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
11:02
or the hospitals have to order fuel oil.
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ื•ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืชื“ืœื•ืง.
11:04
This doesn't need to be a multi-billion-dollar government project.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื–ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืขืชื™ืจ-ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื.
11:09
It's actually relatively simple to do, technically,
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ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ื–ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข,
11:12
because it can use existing fibers that are in the ground,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืฆืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
11:16
existing wireless infrastructure.
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ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
11:18
It's basically a matter of deciding to do it.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืง ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
11:20
But people won't decide to do it
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ืืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
11:23
until they recognize the need for it,
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืš,
11:25
and that's the problem that we have right now.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืขืช.
11:27
So there's been plenty of people,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
11:30
plenty of us have been quietly arguing
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜
11:33
that we should have this independent system for years,
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
11:35
but it's very hard to get people focused on plan B
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืžืงื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™
11:38
when plan A seems to be working so well.
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ื›ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
11:42
So I think that, if people understand
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•
11:46
how much we're starting to depend on the Internet,
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
11:49
and how vulnerable it is,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื”,
11:51
we could get focused on
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“
11:53
just wanting this other system to exist,
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ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
11:56
and I think if enough people say, "Yeah, I would like to use it,
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืืžืจื•, "ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”,"
11:59
I'd like to have such a system," then it will get built.
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"ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื–ื•," ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืงืžืช.
12:02
It's not that hard a problem.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš.
12:03
It could definitely be done by people in this room.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืข"ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื.
12:06
And so I think that this is actually,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”,
12:11
of all the problems you're going to hear about at the conference,
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืชืฉืžืขื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ื ืก,
12:14
this is probably one of the very easiest to fix.
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ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.
12:17
So I'm happy to get a chance to tell you about it.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื”.
12:19
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
12:22
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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