Danny Hillis: The Internet could crash. We need a Plan B

128,581 views ใƒป 2013-03-18

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: WooHyang Seo ๊ฒ€ํ† : ๊ถŒ ์†Œ๋‹ด
00:15
So, this book that I have in my hand
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ ์†์— ์ฑ…์ด ํ•œ ๊ถŒ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:18
is a directory of everybody who had an email address
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์ด๊ฑด 1982๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ด ๋ฉ”์ผ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜
00:22
in 1982. (Laughter)
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ์ž…ํ•œ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:26
Actually, it's deceptively large.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ •๋ง ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
There's actually only about 20 people on each page,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ•œ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์—” 20๋ช… ์ •๋„๋ฐ–์— ๊ธฐ์ž…๋ผ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
00:33
because we have the name, address
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„, ์ฃผ์†Œ,
00:35
and telephone number of every single person.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ํ™”๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:38
And, in fact, everybody's listed twice,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ๊ธฐ์ž…๋ผ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:40
because it's sorted once by name and once by email address.
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ์ด๋ฆ„ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋ฉ”์ผ ์ฃผ์†Œ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:45
Obviously a very small community.
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์ž๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์ปค๋ฎคํ‹ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
00:48
There were only two other Dannys on the Internet then.
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ๋Œ€๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ค์ง ๋‘๋ช… ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:51
I knew them both.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๊ณ ์š”.
00:53
We didn't all know each other,
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:54
but we all kind of trusted each other,
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:58
and that basic feeling of trust
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด
01:01
permeated the whole network,
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ „์ฒด์— ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:04
and there was a real sense that
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ง ํ™•์‹คํžˆ
01:06
we could depend on each other to do things.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์— ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:09
So just to give you an idea of the level of trust in this community,
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์ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ธ์ง€ ๋Œ€์ถฉ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์žก์ž๋ฉด,
01:13
let me tell you what it was like
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์˜›๋‚ ์— ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ๊ณ„์ •์„ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•  ๋•Œ์˜
01:14
to register a domain name in the early days.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
01:19
Now, it just so happened that I got to register
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ „ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ๊ณ„์ •์„
01:21
the third domain name on the Internet.
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๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋์–ด์š”.
01:24
So I could have anything I wanted
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bbn.com ์ด๋‚˜ symbolics.com ๋นผ๊ณ ๋Š”
01:25
other than bbn.com and symbolics.com.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ„์ •์„ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:30
So I picked think.com, but then I thought,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ think.com์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:33
you know, there's a lot of really interesting names out there.
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๋” ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ด๋ฆ„๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:36
Maybe I should register a few extras just in case.
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ํ˜น์‹œ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์–ด.
01:40
And then I thought, "Nah, that wouldn't be very nice."
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”. '๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹๊ฒ ์–ด, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์จ์•ผ์ง€.'
01:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:49
That attitude of only taking what you need
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'๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ์“ด๋‹ค'๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋Š”
01:53
was really what everybody had on the network in those days,
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์œ ์ €๋“ค์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:57
and in fact, it wasn't just the people on the network,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:00
but it was actually kind of built into the protocols
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์˜
02:03
of the Internet itself.
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์•”๋ฌต์  ๊ทœ์น™ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
So the basic idea of I.P., or Internet protocol,
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I.P์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋… ํ˜น์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ†ต์‹ ๊ทœ์•ฝ๊ณผ
02:09
and the way that the -- the routing algorithm that used it,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ผ์šฐํŒ… ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์€
02:13
were fundamentally "from each according to their ability,
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"๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ"
02:17
to each according to their need."
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๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
And so, if you had some extra bandwidth,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋งŒ์ผ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์ด ๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:22
you'd deliver a message for someone.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
If they had some extra bandwidth, they would deliver a message for you.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹์ด์ฃ .
02:26
You'd kind of depend on people to do that,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:28
and that was the building block.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:31
It was actually interesting that such a communist principle
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด
02:34
was the basis of a system developed during the Cold War
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๋ƒ‰์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด
02:36
by the Defense Department,
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์ฐธ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ฃ .
02:38
but it obviously worked really well,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์•˜๊ณ ,
02:42
and we all saw what happened with the Internet.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
It was incredibly successful.
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์ •๋ง ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์ •๋„๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:47
In fact, it was so successful that there's no way
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š”
02:51
that these days you could make a book like this.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฑ…์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒ๋„ ๋ชป ํ•  ์ •๋„์ธ๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:54
My rough calculation is it would be about 25 miles thick.
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๋Œ€์ถฉ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ฑ…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ 25๋งˆ์ผ ๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
But, of course, you couldn't do it,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์• ์ดˆ์— ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
03:01
because we don't know the names of all the people
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„
03:03
with Internet or email addresses,
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์„ ๋ฟ๋”๋Ÿฌ,
03:06
and even if we did know their names,
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ํ˜น์‹œ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
03:08
I'm pretty sure that they would not want their name,
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ์ฃผ์†Œ, ์ „ํ™”๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€
03:10
address and telephone number published to everyone.
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๋‚จ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:15
So the fact is that there's a lot of bad guys on the Internet these days,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ƒ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์•…๋‹น๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
and so we dealt with that by making
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
03:22
walled communities,
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๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ,
03:24
secure subnetworks, VPNs,
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์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์„œ๋ธŒ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์‚ฌ์„ค๋ง ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ 
03:29
little things that aren't really the Internet
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:31
but are made out of the same building blocks,
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๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์†Œ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
but we're still basically building it out of those
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด
03:35
same building blocks with those same assumptions of trust.
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๊ทธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
And that means that it's vulnerable
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์นซ
03:42
to certain kinds of mistakes that can happen,
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์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ๊ณ„ํš์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์—
03:44
or certain kinds of deliberate attacks,
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๋งค์šฐ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
but even the mistakes can be bad.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:49
So, for instance,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
03:52
in all of Asia recently,
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ
03:54
it was impossible to get YouTube for a little while
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์ž ์‹œ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘์†๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
because Pakistan made some mistakes
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ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ค‘์—
04:00
in how it was censoring YouTube in its internal network.
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์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
They didn't intend to screw up Asia, but they did
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์•„์‹œ์•„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
04:07
because of the way that the protocols work.
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ํ†ต์‹  ๊ทœ์•ฝ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
Another example that may have affected many of you in this audience is,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค์„ ๋ฒ•ํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋Š”
04:13
you may remember a couple of years ago,
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2๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด
04:15
all the planes west of the Mississippi were grounded
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์ด๋ฅ™ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
because a single routing card in Salt Lake City
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์†”ํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ์‹œํ‹ฐ(์ง€๋ช…)์˜ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ… ์นด๋“œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—
04:21
had a bug in it.
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๋ฒ„๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
Now, you don't really think
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด
04:26
that our airplane system depends on the Internet,
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์ข€ ๋ง์ด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
04:29
and in some sense it doesn't.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„  ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
I'll come back to that later.
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๊ทธ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ํ›„์— ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:31
But the fact is that people couldn't take off
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์™€
04:34
because something was going wrong on the Internet,
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๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ ์นด๋“œ์˜ ์ด์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:36
and the router card was down.
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์ด๋ฅ™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
And so, there are many of those things that start to happen.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
Now, there was an interesting thing that happened last April.
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์ž‘๋…„ 4์›”์— ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:45
All of a sudden,
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ
04:47
a very large percentage of the traffic on the whole Internet,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ๋น„์œจ์˜
04:50
including a lot of the traffic between U.S. military installations,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตฐ๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์ด
04:54
started getting re-routed through China.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ…๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
So for a few hours, it all passed through China.
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๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ๋‹ค ํ†ต๊ณผํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:00
Now, China Telecom says it was just an honest mistake,
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์ค‘๊ตญ ํ†ต์‹ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
and it is actually possible that it was, the way things work,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:08
but certainly somebody could make
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ„๋ช… ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:10
a dishonest mistake of that sort if they wanted to,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ '์‹ค์ˆ˜'๋ฅผ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:14
and it shows you how vulnerable the system is even to mistakes.
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์ด ์ ์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํ•œ๋‚ฑ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์—๋„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
Imagine how vulnerable the system is to deliberate attacks.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณ ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ทจ์•ฝํ• ๊นŒ์š”.
05:22
So if somebody really wanted to attack the United States
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๋งŒ์ผ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์š”์ฆ˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜
05:25
or Western civilization these days,
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์„œ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ๋ช…๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:27
they're not going to do it with tanks.
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ํƒฑํฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ ์“ฐ์ง„ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
That will not succeed.
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์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:32
What they'll probably do is something
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด
05:34
very much like the attack that happened
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ด๋ž€ ํ•ต ์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
05:37
on the Iranian nuclear facility.
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:40
Nobody has claimed credit for that.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง“์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
05:42
There was basically a factory of industrial machines.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ณต์—…์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
It didn't think of itself as being on the Internet.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
05:48
It thought of itself as being disconnected from the Internet,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊ณผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:51
but it was possible for somebody to smuggle
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—
05:53
a USB drive in there, or something like that,
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USB ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ๊ฝ‚์•„
05:55
and software got in there that causes the centrifuges,
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์›์‹ฌ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์–ด
05:59
in that case, to actually destroy themselves.
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๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ›ผ์†์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:02
Now that same kind of software could destroy an oil refinery
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๊ทธ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ •์œ  ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ๋ง๊ฐ€๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
06:04
or a pharmaceutical factory or a semiconductor plant.
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์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ํ›ผ์†์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
And so there's a lot of -- I'm sure you've read a lot in papers,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋ณด์…”์„œ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
06:12
about worries about cyberattacks
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์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€๊ณผ
06:14
and defenses against those.
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๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋น„์ฑ…์€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
But the fact is, people are mostly focused on
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
06:19
defending the computers on the Internet,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์ง€,
06:21
and there's been surprisingly little attention
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์†Œํ†ต์˜ ๋งค์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€
06:24
to defending the Internet itself as a communications medium.
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
And I think we probably do need to pay
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„
06:30
some more attention to that, because it's actually kind of fragile.
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๋ณด์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ •๋ง ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:33
So actually, in the early days,
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์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ์—
06:36
back when it was the ARPANET,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ARPANET(์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋ชจํƒœ)์˜€๋˜ ๋•Œ,
06:38
there were actually times -- there was a particular time it failed completely
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๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ ์•ˆ์—
06:41
because one single message processor
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๋ฒ„๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:44
actually got a bug in it.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ํ†ต์งธ๋กœ ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:47
And the way the Internet works is
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€
06:49
the routers are basically exchanging information
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
06:53
about how they can get messages to places,
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
and this one processor, because of a broken card,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€, ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚œ ์นด๋“œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:59
decided it could actually get a message
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ
07:01
to some place in negative time.
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๋ณด๋‚ด๋„๋ก ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
So, in other words, it claimed it could deliver a message before you sent it.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์ฒ˜ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
So of course, the fastest way to get a message anywhere
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
07:11
was to send it to this guy,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ 
07:13
who would send it back in time and get it there super early,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
so every message in the Internet
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋“ค์ด
07:19
started getting switched through this one node,
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์ด ํ•œ ์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋’ค๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
07:23
and of course that clogged everything up.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—‰๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
Everything started breaking.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:26
The interesting thing was, though,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€
07:28
that the sysadmins were able to fix it,
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ณ ์ณ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
but they had to basically turn every single thing on the Internet off.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊บผ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
Now, of course you couldn't do that today.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
07:36
I mean, everything off, it's like
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊บผ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
07:39
the service call you get from the cable company,
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์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ „ํ™” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
except for the whole world.
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์˜จ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
07:45
Now, in fact, they couldn't do it for a lot of reasons today.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:47
One of the reasons is a lot of their telephones
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์›์ธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด IPํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š”
07:49
use IP protocol and use things like Skype and so on
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์ „ํ™”๋‚˜ ์Šค์นด์ดํ”„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:52
that go through the Internet right now,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์ง์ ‘ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
and so in fact we're becoming dependent on it
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ
07:58
for more and more different things,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:00
like when you take off from LAX,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅ™ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•  ๋•Œ
08:02
you're really not thinking you're using the Internet.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์•ˆ ํ•˜์‹œ์ฃ ?
08:04
When you pump gas, you really don't think you're using the Internet.
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๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์“ด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์•ˆ ํ•ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
What's happening increasingly, though, is these systems
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ ์  ๋” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์ด
08:11
are beginning to use the Internet.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
Most of them aren't based on the Internet yet,
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๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์ง„ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
08:16
but they're starting to use the Internet for service functions,
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์Šฌ์Šฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ
08:18
for administrative functions,
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ํ–‰์ •์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
and so if you take something like the cell phone system,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐ™์€
08:23
which is still relatively independent of the Internet for the most part,
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์•„์ง๋„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ๋„
08:27
Internet pieces are beginning to sneak into it
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
in terms of some of the control and administrative functions,
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ์ œ์–ด๋‚˜ ํ–‰์ • ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ์š”.
08:34
and it's so tempting to use these same building blocks
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ’์‹ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:36
because they work so well, they're cheap,
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์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๋“ค์ฃ .
08:39
they're repeated, and so on.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
So all of our systems, more and more,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์€
08:43
are starting to use the same technology
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:44
and starting to depend on this technology.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
And so even a modern rocket ship these days
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๋กœ์ผ“ ํ•จ์„  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„
08:49
actually uses Internet protocol to talk
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
08:52
from one end of the rocket ship to the other.
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ํ•จ์„  ํ•œ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
That's crazy. It was never designed to do things like that.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ฏธ์ณค์ฃ . ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
08:57
So we've built this system
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†์†๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”
09:00
where we understand all the parts of it,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:03
but we're using it in a very, very different way than we expected to use it,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
and it's gotten a very, very different scale
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๋„
09:09
than it was designed for.
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์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
09:11
And in fact, nobody really exactly understands
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์“ฐ์ด๋Š”
09:14
all the things it's being used for right now.
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๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
It's turning into one of these big emergent systems
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์‹ ์ƒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
like the financial system, where we've designed all the parts
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๊ธˆ์œต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์ง€๋งŒ
09:22
but nobody really exactly understands
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ
09:25
how it operates and all the little details of it
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๊ทธ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋˜๋Š”
09:28
and what kinds of emergent behaviors it can have.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ผ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
And so if you hear an expert talking about the Internet
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋งŒ์ผ ์–ด๋–ค ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
09:34
and saying it can do this, or it does do this, or it will do that,
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์ด๊ฒƒ,์ €๊ฒƒ ๋‹ค ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:36
you should treat it with the same skepticism
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
that you might treat the comments of an economist about the economy
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
09:43
or a weatherman about the weather, or something like that.
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๊ธฐ์ƒ์บ์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ์”จ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:46
They have an informed opinion,
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์ž˜ ์•„๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ
09:48
but it's changing so quickly that even the experts
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ •๋„๋กœ
09:51
don't know exactly what's going on.
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
So if you see one of these maps of the Internet,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋งŒ์ผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:55
it's just somebody's guess.
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๋ถ„๋ช… ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ”์ธก์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
Nobody really knows what the Internet is right now
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์–ด๋–ค์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
because it's different than it was an hour ago.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๊ณผ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:02
It's constantly changing. It's constantly reconfiguring.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์žฌ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
And the problem with it is,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
10:06
I think we are setting ourselves up for a kind of disaster
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์•™์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ค์„ ํŒŒ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
like the disaster we had in the financial system,
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๊ธˆ์œต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์žฌ์•™์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
10:12
where we take a system that's basically built on trust,
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์• ์ดˆ์—๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ
10:18
was basically built for a smaller-scale system,
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์ž‘์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ
10:20
and we've kind of expanded it way beyond the limits
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์›๋ž˜ ์˜๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์„ ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ
10:23
of how it was meant to operate.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ปค์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด์ฃ .
10:25
And so right now, I think it's literally true
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๋‹น์žฅ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€, ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ
10:28
that we don't know what the consequences
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•  ๋•Œ
10:32
of an effective denial-of-service attack
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ ์ง€๋Š”
10:34
on the Internet would be,
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
and whatever it would be is going to be worse next year,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œํ•ด, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค๋‹ค์Œํ•ด
10:38
and worse next year, and so on.
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์ ์  ๋” ์‹ฌํ•ด์ ธ๋งŒ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
But so what we need is a plan B.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ๋ถ€์ฐจ์  ๊ณ„ํš์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
There is no plan B right now.
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์•„์ง์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ.
10:44
There's no clear backup system that we've very carefully kept
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก
10:47
to be independent of the Internet,
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๊ทธ์™€๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”
10:49
made out of completely different sets of building blocks.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์—… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
So what we need is something that doesn't necessarily
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„
10:55
have to have the performance of the Internet,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
but the police department has to be able
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ์„œ์— ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•  ๋•Œ
10:59
to call up the fire department even without the Internet,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋„
11:02
or the hospitals have to order fuel oil.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
This doesn't need to be a multi-billion-dollar government project.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ์–ต๋งŒ๊ธˆ์„ ์Ÿ์•„๋ถ€์„ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์–ด์š”.
11:09
It's actually relatively simple to do, technically,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธด ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
because it can use existing fibers that are in the ground,
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ํ•„์š”์—†๋Š”
11:16
existing wireless infrastructure.
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๋•… ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „์„ ์„ ์“ฐ๋ฉด ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
11:18
It's basically a matter of deciding to do it.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
But people won't decide to do it
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
11:23
until they recognize the need for it,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
11:25
and that's the problem that we have right now.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์žฅ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
So there's been plenty of people,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
11:30
plenty of us have been quietly arguing
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๋…๋ฆฝ์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ 
11:33
that we should have this independent system for years,
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์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ
11:35
but it's very hard to get people focused on plan B
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๊ธฐ์กด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—†์ด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์™€์ค‘์—
11:38
when plan A seems to be working so well.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์“ฐ์ž๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
So I think that, if people understand
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋งŒ์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
11:46
how much we're starting to depend on the Internet,
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
11:49
and how vulnerable it is,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:51
we could get focused on
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„
11:53
just wanting this other system to exist,
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๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
and I think if enough people say, "Yeah, I would like to use it,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด "์ข‹์•„, ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์จ๋ณด์ž. ๊ทธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์จ๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๊ฒ ์–ด."
11:59
I'd like to have such a system," then it will get built.
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๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ƒˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
It's not that hard a problem.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
It could definitely be done by people in this room.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
And so I think that this is actually,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋งˆ
12:11
of all the problems you're going to hear about at the conference,
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ํšŒ์˜ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ค„์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„ 
12:14
this is probably one of the very easiest to fix.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
So I'm happy to get a chance to tell you about it.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์•Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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