Ashraf Ghani: How to fix broken states

208,969 views ใƒป 2007-01-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Meir Adest ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:26
A public, Dewey long ago observed,
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ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื“ื™ื•ืื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
00:29
is constituted through discussion and debate.
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื” ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—.
00:33
If we are to call the tyranny of assumptions into question,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช,
00:39
and avoid doxa, the realm of the unquestioned,
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก, ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืœืœื ืขืจืขื•ืจ,
00:43
then we must be willing to subject our own assumptions
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:46
to debate and discussion.
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื•ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
00:50
It is in this spirit that I join into a discussion
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ื‘ืจื•ื— ื–ื• ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ
00:55
of one of the critical issues of our time,
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ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•,
00:58
namely, how to mobilize different forms of capital
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ื•ื”ื•ื, ืื™ืš ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ
01:02
for the project of state building.
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ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
01:04
To put the assumptions very clearly:
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ,
01:07
capitalism, after 150 years, has become acceptable,
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ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, ืœืื—ืจ 150 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืคื›ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช,
01:12
and so has democracy.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
01:14
If we looked in the world of 1945
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ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ 1945
01:18
and looked at the map of capitalist economies and democratic polities,
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ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื,
01:23
they were the rare exception, not the norm.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ืœื ื”ื ื•ืจืžื”.
01:28
The question now, however,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
01:30
is both about which form of capitalism
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื
01:35
and which type of democratic participation.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช.
01:39
But we must acknowledge
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš
01:41
that this moment has brought about
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ืฉื”ืขืช ื”ื–ื• ื˜ื•ืžื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื”
01:43
a rare consensus of assumptions.
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ืงื•ื ืกื ื–ื•ืก ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช.
01:46
And that provides the ground
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข
01:49
for a type of action,
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ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
01:51
because consensus of each moment
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข
01:53
allows us to act.
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ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
01:55
And it is necessary, no matter how fragile
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืจ
01:58
or how provisional our consensus,
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ืื• ื›ืžื” ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืฉืœื ื•,
02:01
to be able to move forward.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
02:03
But the majority of the world
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:06
neither benefits from capitalism
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ืœื ื ื”ื ื” ืžืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื
02:08
nor from democratic systems.
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ื•ืœื ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
02:14
Most of the globe
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:16
experiences the state as repressive,
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ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื“ื›ืืช,
02:20
as an organization that is concerned
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ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืกืง
02:23
about denial of rights,
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ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช,
02:25
about denial of justice,
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ื‘ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง,
02:27
rather than provision of it.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ืง.
02:31
And in terms of experience of capitalism,
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ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื,
02:34
there are two aspects
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื
02:36
that the rest of the globe experiences.
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ืฉืฉืืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก ื—ื•ื•ื”.
02:38
First, extractive industry.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื ืฆืœื ื™ืช.
02:40
Blood diamonds, smuggled emeralds,
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ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ ื“ื, ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืงืช ืžื•ื‘ืจื—ื™ื,
02:43
timber,
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ืขืฅ,
02:46
that is cut right from under the poorest.
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ืฉื ื—ื˜ื‘ ื™ืฉืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:49
Second is technical assistance.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ืกื™ื•ืข ื˜ื›ื ื™.
02:52
And technical assistance might shock you,
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ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืืชื›ื,
02:54
but it's the worst form
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:56
of -- today -- of the ugly face
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ืฉืœ - ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื - ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจื•ืช
02:59
of the developed world to the developing countries.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
03:03
Tens of billions of dollars
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
03:05
are supposedly spent on building capacity
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ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
03:07
with people who are paid up to 1,500 dollars a day,
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ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขื“ 1,500 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื,
03:11
who are incapable
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
03:13
of thinking creatively,
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ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช,
03:15
or organically.
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ืื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช.
03:21
Next assumption --
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ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื‘ืื” -
03:23
and of course the events of July 7,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ 7 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™
03:25
I express my deep sympathy, and before that, September 11 --
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ -
03:28
have reminded us
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ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœื ื•
03:30
we do not live in three different worlds.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:33
We live in one world.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื—ื“.
03:37
But that's easily said.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช.
03:40
But we are not dealing with the implications
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช
03:43
of the one world that we are living in.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•,
03:47
And that is that if we want to have one world,
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ื•ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืขื•ืœื ืื—ื“,
03:50
this one world cannot be based
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ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืก
03:52
on huge pockets of exclusion,
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ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื™ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ืงื”,
03:55
and then inclusion for some.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื›ืœืœืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื.
03:57
We must now finally come
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ
03:59
to think about the premises
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช
04:01
of a truly global world,
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ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืืžื™ืชื™,
04:03
in relationship to the regime of rights
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช
04:05
and responsibilities and accountabilities
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
04:08
that are truly global in scope.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืืžื™ืชื™.
04:10
Otherwise we will be missing
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ืื—ืจืช ื ืคืกืคืก
04:13
this open moment in history,
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ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
04:15
where we have a consensus
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ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก
04:17
on both the form of politics
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ื”ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ
04:19
and the form of economics.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
04:22
What is one of these organizations to pick?
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ืžื” ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ?
04:24
We have three critical terms:
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื ืื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื:
04:26
economy,
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ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
04:28
civil society
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช
04:30
and the state.
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
04:32
I will not deal with those first two, except to say
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ืœื ืื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ
04:35
that uncritical transfer of assumptions,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื-ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช,
04:38
from one context to another,
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ืžื”ืงืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื•,
04:40
can only make for disaster.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืจืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืืกื•ืŸ.
04:43
Economics
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ื›ืœื›ืœื”
04:46
taught in most of the elite universities
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ื”ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช
04:49
are practically useless in my context.
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ื”ื™ื ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืกืจืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื™.
04:52
My country is dominated
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ืืจืฆื™ ื ืฉืœื˜ืช
04:54
by drug economy and a mafia.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืกืžื™ื ื•ืžืืคื™ื”.
04:57
Textbook economics does not work in my context,
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ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื™,
04:59
and I have very few recommendations from anybody
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื•
05:02
as to how to put together a legal economy.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช.
05:05
The poverty of our knowledge
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ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื ื•
05:07
must become the first basis
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
05:09
of moving forward,
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ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
05:11
and not imposition of the framework
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ื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช
05:14
that works on the basis of mathematical modeling,
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื,
05:17
for which I have enormous respect.
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ืœื”ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ื—ืฉ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื‘.
05:19
My colleagues at Johns Hopkins were among the best.
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’'ื•ื ืก ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:23
Second,
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ืฉื ื™ืช,
05:25
instead of debating endlessly
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ืฃ
05:28
about what is the structure of the state,
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
05:30
why don't we simplify
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ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืคืฉื˜
05:32
and say, what are a series of functions
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ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืžื”ื™ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช
05:34
that the state in the 21st century must perform?
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ืื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื” -21?
05:37
Clare Lockhart and I are writing a book on this;
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ืงืœื™ื™ืจ ืœื•ืงื”ืืจื˜ ื•ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
05:40
we hope to share that much widely with --
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ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขื -
05:42
and third is that we could actually construct an index
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ืงืก
05:45
to measure comparatively
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช
05:48
how well these functions that we would agree on
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ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื ืกื›ื™ื
05:51
are being performed in different places.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:53
So what are these functions?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื”?
05:55
We propose 10.
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ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื 10.
05:57
And it's legitimate monopoly of means of violence,
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ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืขืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
06:00
administrative control, management of public finances,
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ื‘ืงืจื” ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ืช, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
06:03
investment in human capital, provision of citizenship rights,
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ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืžืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—,
06:06
provision of infrastructure,
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ืžืชืŸ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช,
06:08
management of the tangible and intangible assets of the state
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ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
06:11
through regulation, creation of the market,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง,
06:13
international agreements, including public borrowing,
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ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื - ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ -
06:16
and then, most importantly, rule of law.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
06:19
I won't elaborate.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืืคืจื˜.
06:21
I hope the questions will give me an opportunity.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื™ื™ืชื ื• ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
06:24
This is a feasible goal,
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ื–ื”ื• ื™ืขื“ ืจื™ืืœื™,
06:26
basically because, contrary to widespread assumption,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช,
06:29
I would argue that we know how to do this.
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
06:32
Who would have imagined that Germany
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ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืฉื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
06:34
would be either united or democratic today,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
06:37
if you looked at it from the perspective of Oxford of 1943?
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืฉืœ 1943?
06:42
But people at Oxford prepared for a democratic Germany
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช
06:45
and engaged in planning.
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ื•ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ.
06:48
And there are lots of other examples.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
06:52
Now in order to do this -- and this brings this group --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” - ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช -
06:56
we have to rethink the notion of capital.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ.
06:59
The least important form of capital, in this project,
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื”,
07:03
is financial capital -- money.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ - ื›ืกืฃ.
07:07
Money is not capital in most of the developing countries.
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ื›ืกืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
07:10
It's just cash.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ.
07:12
Because it lacks the institutional,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืกืจื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื,
07:14
organizational, managerial forms
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ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื
07:17
to turn it into capital.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื•ืŸ.
07:20
And what is required
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ
07:23
is a combination of physical capital,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™,
07:25
institutional capital, human capital --
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ื”ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ื™, ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ -
07:27
and security, of course, is critical,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™,
07:30
but so is information.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข.
07:32
Now, the issue that should concern us here --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืืŸ -
07:35
and that's the challenge
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืืชื’ืจ
07:37
that I would like to pose to this group --
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• -
07:41
is again, it takes 16 years
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— 16 ืฉื ื™ื
07:44
in your countries
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
07:47
to produce somebody with a B.S. degree.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ืชื•ืืจ BS.
07:50
It takes 20 years
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— 20 ืฉื ื”
07:52
to produce somebody with a Ph.D.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ.
07:54
The first challenge is to rethink,
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
07:57
fundamentally,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™,
08:00
the issue of the time.
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ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
08:03
Do we need to repeat
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ
08:07
the modalities that we have inherited?
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืฉื ื•?
08:09
Our educational systems are inherited from the 19th century.
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืžืื” ื” -19.
08:15
What is it that we need to do fundamentally
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™
08:18
to re-engage in a project,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜,
08:20
that capital formation is rapid?
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ื‘ื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื™ืจ?
08:23
The absolute majority of the world's population
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
08:26
are below 20,
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ื‘ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20,
08:28
and they are growing larger and faster.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:32
They need different ways
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
08:34
of being approached,
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ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœื™ื”ื.
08:36
different ways of being enfranchised,
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
08:39
different ways of being skilled.
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
08:41
And that's the first thing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
08:43
Second is, you're problem solvers,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื, ืืชื ืคื•ืชืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
08:46
but you're not engaging your global responsibility.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
08:51
You've stayed away
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ื ืฉืืจืชื ื”ืจื—ืง
08:53
from the problems of corruption.
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ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
08:55
You only want clean environments in which to function.
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ืืชื ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืงื™ื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ื”ื.
08:58
But if you don't think through the problems of corruption,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืขื•ืžืง ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช,
09:01
who will?
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ืžื™ ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
09:04
You stay away from design for development.
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ืืชื ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
09:07
You're great designers,
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ืืชื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
09:10
but your designs are selfish.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื.
09:13
It's for your own immediate use.
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ื”ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื›ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
09:16
The world in which I operate
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืคื•ืขืœ
09:19
operates with designs
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ืคื•ืขืœ ืขื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื
09:21
regarding roads, or dams,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ืื• ืกื›ืจื™ื,
09:23
or provision of electricity
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ืื• ืืกืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ
09:25
that have not been revisited in 60 years.
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ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ 60 ืฉื ื™ื.
09:29
This is not right. It requires thinking.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
09:32
But, particularly, what we need
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
09:34
more than anything else from this group
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื•
09:36
is your imagination
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
09:38
to be brought to bear on problems
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
09:40
the way a meme is supposed to work.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
09:44
As the work on paradigms, long time ago showed --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื•ืช, ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืชื” -
09:47
Thomas Kuhn's work --
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืก ืงื•ืŸ -
09:49
it's in the intersection of ideas
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ืฆื•ืžืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•
09:51
that new developments --
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช -
09:53
true breakthroughs -- occur.
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ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช - ืžืชืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช.
09:55
And I hope that this group
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื•
09:57
would be able to deal with the issue of state and development
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—
10:00
and the empowerment of the majority of the world's poor,
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ื•ื”ื”ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืขื ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
10:02
through this means.
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ื“ืจืš ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”.
10:04
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
10:06
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:15
Chris Anderson: So, Ashraf, until recently,
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืื–, ืืฉืจืฃ, ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
10:18
you were the finance minister of Afghanistan,
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
10:20
a country right at the middle
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข
10:22
of much of the world's agenda.
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ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:24
Is the country gonna make it?
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ื”ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—?
10:26
Will democracy flourish? What scares you most?
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ื”ืื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืชืคืจื—? ืžื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
10:30
Ashraf Ghani: What scares me most is -- is you,
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ืืฉืจืฃ ื’ืื ื™: ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื - ื”ื•ื ืืชื”,
10:33
lack of your engagement.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
10:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:40
You asked me. You know I always give the unconventional answer.
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ืฉืืœืช ืื•ืชื™. ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช.
10:43
No. But seriously,
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ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช,
10:45
the issue of Afghanistan
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ
10:47
first has to be seen as,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช,
10:49
at least, a 10- to 20-year perspective.
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ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 10-20 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช.
10:53
Today the world of globalization
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
10:55
is on speed.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื“.
10:57
Time has been compressed.
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ื“ื—ืก.
10:59
And space does not exist for most people.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
11:02
But in my world --
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ -
11:04
you know, when I went back to Afghanistan after 23 years,
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ 23 ืฉื ื™ื,
11:07
space had expanded.
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘.
11:09
Every conceivable form of infrastructure had broken down.
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ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืชืงืœืงืœื”.
11:12
I rode -- traveled --
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ืจื›ื‘ืชื™ - ื ืกืขืชื™ -
11:14
travel between two cities that used to take three hours
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ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืขืจื™ื ืฉืคืขื ืœืงื—ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช
11:17
now took 12.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืงื—ื” 12.
11:19
So the first is when the scale is that,
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ืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื• ื”ืกืงืืœื”,
11:22
we need to recognize
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš
11:24
that just the simple things that are infrastructure --
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ืฉืจืง ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช -
11:27
it takes six years to deliver infrastructure.
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืชืฉืชื™ืช.
11:29
In our world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•.
11:31
Any meaningful sort of thing.
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ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
11:34
But the modality of attention,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘,
11:37
or what is happening today, what's happening tomorrow.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืžื—ืจ.
11:40
Second is,
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ืฉื ื™ืช,
11:42
when a country has been subjected
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจืฅ ืกื•ื‘ืœืช
11:45
to one of the most immense, brutal forms of exercise of power --
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ืžืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื›ื•ื— -
11:48
we had the Red Army
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื
11:50
for 10 continuous years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช,
11:52
110,000 strong,
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110,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื.
11:55
literally terrorizing.
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ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
11:58
The sky:
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ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื:
12:00
every Afghan
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ื›ืœ ืืคื’ื ื™
12:03
sees the sky as a source of fear.
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ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“.
12:07
We were bombed
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ืื ื• ื”ื•ืคืฆืฆื ื•
12:09
practically out of existence.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืชื™ื ื•.
12:14
Then, tens of thousands of people were trained in terrorism --
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ -
12:19
from all sides.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
12:21
The United States, Great Britain, joined for instance,
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืžืฉืœ,
12:23
Egyptian intelligence service
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ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™
12:25
to train thousands of people
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ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
12:27
in resistance and urban terrorism.
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ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™.
12:31
How to turn a bicycle
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื
12:33
into an instrument of terror.
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ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
12:36
How to turn a donkey, a carthorse, anything.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืกื•ืก ื•ืขื’ืœื”, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
12:39
And the Russians, equally.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื, ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช.
12:41
So, when violence erupts
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืคืจืฆืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
12:43
in a country like Afghanistan,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
12:45
it's because of that legacy.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื–ื•.
12:47
But we have to understand
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
12:49
that we've been incredibly lucky.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
12:51
I mean, I really can't believe how lucky I am here,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื–ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ,
12:54
standing in front of you, speaking.
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ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืœื›ื, ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
12:57
When I joined as finance minister,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ื›ืฉืจ ืื•ืฆืจ,
13:01
I thought that the chances of my living more than three years
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
13:04
would not be more than five percent.
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ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ 5 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
13:08
Those were the risks. They were worth it.
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
13:11
I think we can make it,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—,
13:13
and the reason we can make it
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—
13:15
is because of the people.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
13:17
You see, because, I mean -- I give you one statistic.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ - ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื ืชื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.
13:20
91 percent of the men in Afghanistan,
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91 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
13:22
86 percent of the women,
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86 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื,
13:24
listen to at least three radio stations a day.
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ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื.
13:28
In terms of their discourse,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœื”ื,
13:31
in terms of their sophistication of knowledge of the world,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ื›ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:34
I think that I would dare say,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื– ืœื•ืžืจ,
13:37
they're much more sophisticated
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื
13:39
than rural Americans with college degrees
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืชืืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื
13:44
and the bulk of Europeans --
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ื•ืžืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื.
13:48
because the world matters to them.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื.
13:51
And what is their predominant concern?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื?
13:53
Abandonment.
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ื ื˜ื™ืฉื”.
13:55
Afghans have become deeply internationalist.
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ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืžื•ืง.
13:59
You know, when I went back in December of 2001,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2001,
14:01
I had absolutely no desire to work with the Afghan government
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ืช.
14:04
because I'd lived as a nationalist.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื• ืœืื•ืžืŸ.
14:06
And I told them -- my people, with the Americans here --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”ื - ื”ืขื ืฉืœื™, ืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืืŸ -
14:09
separate.
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ื ืคืจื“ื™ื.
14:11
Yes, I have an advisory position with the U.N.
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขืžื“ื” ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ืขื ื”ืื•"ื
14:14
I went through 10 Afghan provinces very rapidly.
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื“ืจืš 10 ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
14:16
And everybody was telling me it was a different world.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ.
14:19
You know, they engage.
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื.
14:21
They see engagement, global engagement,
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ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
14:24
as absolutely necessary to the future of the ordinary people.
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ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
14:27
And the thing that the ordinary Afghan is most concerned with is --
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ืื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคื’ื ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื -
14:30
Clare Lockhart is here,
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ืงืœื™ื™ืจ ืœื•ืงื”ืืจื˜ ื”ื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
14:32
so I'll recite a discussion she had
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”
14:34
with an illiterate woman in Northern Afghanistan.
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ืขื ืื™ืฉื” ืื ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
14:37
And that woman said she didn't care
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ื•ื”ืืฉื” ืืžืจื” ื›ื™ ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื”
14:39
whether she had food on her table.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœื”.
14:41
What she worried about was whether there was a plan for the future,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“,
14:44
where her children could really have a different life.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
14:47
That gives me hope.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
14:51
CA: How is Afghanistan
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ื›.ื.: ืื™ืš ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ
14:53
going to provide alternative income
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ืชืกืคืง ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช
14:55
to the many people
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื
14:57
who are making their living off the drugs trade?
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ืืฉืจ ืžืชืคืจื ืกื™ื ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื?
14:59
AG: Certainly. Well, the first is,
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ื.ื’.: ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช
15:01
instead of sending a billion dollars
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
15:04
on drug eradication
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ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืกืžื™ื
15:06
and paying it to a couple of security companies,
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ื•ืœืฉืœื ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื‘ื˜ื—ื”,
15:09
they should give this hundred billion dollars
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืช ืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
15:11
to 50
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ืœ-50
15:14
of the most critically innovative companies in the world
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ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
15:18
to ask them to create one million jobs.
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ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื•ืช.
15:21
The key to the drug eradication is jobs.
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืžื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉืจื•ืช.
15:23
Look, there's a very little known fact:
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ืชืจืื•, ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื”:
15:25
countries that have a legal average income per capita of 1,000 dollars
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ 1,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ
15:28
don't produce drugs.
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ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืกืžื™ื.
15:32
Second, textile.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ.
15:35
Trade is the key, not aid.
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ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืชื—, ืœื ืกื™ื•ืข
15:38
The U.S. and Europe
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
15:40
should give us a zero percent tariff.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืคืก ืื—ื•ื– ืžืก.
15:42
The textile industry is incredibly mobile.
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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื™ื™ื“ืช.
15:45
If you want us to be able to compete with China and to attract investment,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช,
15:48
we could probably attract
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš
15:50
four to six billion dollars
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ืืจื‘ืข ืขื“ ืฉืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
15:52
quite easily in the textile sector,
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ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ,
15:54
if there was zero tariffs --
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืก ืžืก -
15:56
would create the type of job.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
15:59
Cotton does not compete with opium;
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ื›ื•ืชื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื—ืจื” ืขื ืื•ืคื™ื•ื;
16:02
a t-shirt does.
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ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ื˜ืจื™ืงื• ื›ืŸ.
16:05
And we need to understand, it's the value chain.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืขืจืš.
16:08
Look, the ordinary Afghan is sick and tired
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ืชืจืื•, ืœืืคื’ื ื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื ืžืืก
16:11
of hearing about microcredit.
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ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฉืจืื™.
16:14
It is important,
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
16:16
but what the ordinary women and men who engage in micro-production want
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื•ืฆื™ื
16:19
is global access.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
16:22
They don't want to sell to the charity bazaars
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ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื™ ืฆื“ืงื”
16:26
that are only for foreigners --
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ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืจืง ืœื–ืจื™ื -
16:28
and the same bloody shirt
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ื•ืื•ืชื” ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืžืกืจื™ื—ื”
16:31
embroidered time and again.
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ืจืงื•ืžื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
16:33
What we want is a partnership
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช
16:35
with the Italian design firms.
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ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื•ืช.
16:39
Yeah, we have the best embroiderers in the world!
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืจื•ืงืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื!
16:43
Why can't we do what was done with northern Italy?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”?
16:45
With the Put Out system?
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ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ?
16:49
So I think economically,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
16:51
the critical issue really is to now think through.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ืžืง.
16:54
And what I will say here is that aid doesn't work.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื’ื™ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืกื™ื•ืข ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
16:57
You know, the aid system is broken.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื•ืจื”.
17:00
The aid system does not have the knowledge,
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข,
17:02
the vision, the ability.
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ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ, ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช.
17:04
I'm all for it; after all, I raised a lot of it.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื“ื”, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื™ ื”ืงืžืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื ื”.
17:07
Yeah, to be exact, you know,
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ื›ืŸ, ืื ืœื“ื™ื™ืง, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
17:09
I managed to persuade the world that
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ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
17:11
they had to give my country 27.5 billion.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ 27.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
17:13
They didn't want to give us the money.
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ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
17:15
CA: And it still didn't work?
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ื›.ื.: ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขื‘ื“?
17:17
AG: No. It's not that it didn't work.
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AG: ืœื. ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืขื‘ื“.
17:19
It's that a dollar of private investment,
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ื–ื” ืฉื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช,
17:21
in my judgment,
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ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™,
17:23
is equal at least to 20 dollars of aid,
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช 20 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืข,
17:26
in terms of the dynamic that it generates.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช.
17:29
Second is that one dollar of aid could be 10 cents;
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 10 ืกื ื˜,
17:32
it could be 20 cents;
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 20 ืกื ื˜,
17:34
or it could be four dollars.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
17:36
It depends on what form it comes,
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข,
17:38
what degrees of conditionalities are attached to it.
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ืื™ืœื• ืชื ืื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื•.
17:41
You know, the aid system, at first, was designed to benefit
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘
17:44
entrepreneurs of the developed countries,
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ืขื ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช,
17:46
not to generate growth in the poor countries.
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ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช.
17:51
And this is, again, one of those assumptions --
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ื•ื–ื•, ืฉื•ื‘, ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” -
17:53
the way car seats are an assumption
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื›ืกืื•ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ื”ื ื—ื”
17:56
that we've inherited in governments, and doors.
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ืฉื™ืจืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ื•ื“ืœืชื•ืช.
17:59
You would think that the US government
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘
18:01
would not think that American firms needed subsidizing
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ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืกื‘ืกื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช
18:04
to function in developing countries, provide advice,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืœืกืคืง ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ,
18:07
but they do.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืกื‘ืกื“ื™ื.
18:09
There's an entire weight of history
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœืžื”
18:11
vis-a-vis aid
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ืื’ื‘ ืกื™ื•ืข
18:13
that now needs to be reexamined.
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืง ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
18:15
If the goal is to build states
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ืื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
18:18
that can credibly take care of themselves --
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืžื™ืŸ -
18:21
and I'm putting that proposition equally;
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช;
18:24
you know I'm very harsh on my counterparts --
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืขื ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ -
18:27
aid must end
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ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื
18:30
in each country in a definable period.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ.
18:33
And every year there must be progress
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
18:36
on mobilization of domestic revenue
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช
18:39
and generation of the economy.
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
18:42
Unless that kind of compact is entered into,
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ืœืœื ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื›ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืชื•ืš
18:45
you will not be able to sustain the consensus.
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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