Ashraf Ghani: How to fix broken states

203,578 views ใƒป 2007-01-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Simon Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jeong-Lan Kinser
00:26
A public, Dewey long ago observed,
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๋“€์ด (Dewey) ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์— ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š”
00:29
is constituted through discussion and debate.
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๋…ผ์˜์™€ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
If we are to call the tyranny of assumptions into question,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ํšกํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด,
00:39
and avoid doxa, the realm of the unquestioned,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ† ๋ก ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "์ง„๋ฆฌ"๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
00:43
then we must be willing to subject our own assumptions
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋“ค๋„ ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ๋…ผ์˜์˜
00:46
to debate and discussion.
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๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
It is in this spirit that I join into a discussion
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์‹ ์—์„œ
00:55
of one of the critical issues of our time,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚œ์ œ,
00:58
namely, how to mobilize different forms of capital
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์ฆ‰, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜์—ฌ
01:02
for the project of state building.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์—…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ํ† ๋ก ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
To put the assumptions very clearly:
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
01:07
capitalism, after 150 years, has become acceptable,
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋Š”150๋…„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ์„œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ๊ณ ,
01:12
and so has democracy.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
If we looked in the world of 1945
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1945๋…„์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณ 
01:18
and looked at the map of capitalist economies and democratic polities,
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:23
they were the rare exception, not the norm.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์™ธ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
The question now, however,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
01:30
is both about which form of capitalism
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์ธ์ง€์™€
01:35
and which type of democratic participation.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ธ์ง€์˜ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
But we must acknowledge
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊ฒƒ์€
01:41
that this moment has brought about
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์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ
01:43
a rare consensus of assumptions.
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์œ ๋ฐœ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
And that provides the ground
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๋˜ ๊ทธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
01:49
for a type of action,
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๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
because consensus of each moment
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ฐ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋Š”
01:53
allows us to act.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋™ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
01:55
And it is necessary, no matter how fragile
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ํ•ฉ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:58
or how provisional our consensus,
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์ž ์ •์ ์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„
02:01
to be able to move forward.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ง„์ „ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
But the majority of the world
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
02:06
neither benefits from capitalism
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ
02:08
nor from democratic systems.
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ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
Most of the globe
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
02:16
experiences the state as repressive,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์••์ ์ธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ,
02:20
as an organization that is concerned
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ฒด๋กœ์„œ
02:23
about denial of rights,
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๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ ,
02:25
about denial of justice,
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๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š”
02:27
rather than provision of it.
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์†Œํ™€ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
And in terms of experience of capitalism,
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๋˜ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ๋Š”,
02:34
there are two aspects
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์ด์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ฒดํ—˜์—๋Š”
02:36
that the rest of the globe experiences.
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
First, extractive industry.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ฑ„์ทจ์‚ฐ์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
Blood diamonds, smuggled emeralds,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ํ”ผ์˜ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ, ๋ฐ€๋ฐ˜์ž…๋œ ์—๋ฉ”๋ž„๋“œ,
02:43
timber,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์—์„œ
02:46
that is cut right from under the poorest.
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์ฑ„์ทจ๋œ ๋ชฉ์žฌ ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
Second is technical assistance.
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๋‘˜์งธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์ง€์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
And technical assistance might shock you,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์ง€์›์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
02:54
but it's the worst form
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜
02:56
of -- today -- of the ugly face
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์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์˜ ์ถ”์•…ํ•œ ๋ฉด์„
02:59
of the developed world to the developing countries.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์— ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
Tens of billions of dollars
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ˆ์ด
03:05
are supposedly spent on building capacity
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง€๋„๋ก ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:07
with people who are paid up to 1,500 dollars a day,
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 1,500๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ๋ฉด์„œ๋„
03:11
who are incapable
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์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:13
of thinking creatively,
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๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋Š”
03:15
or organically.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
Next assumption --
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๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์€,
03:23
and of course the events of July 7,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  7์›” 7์ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
03:25
I express my deep sympathy, and before that, September 11 --
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์‹ฌ์‹ฌํ•œ ์กฐ์˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ทธ์ „์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ 9/11 ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋Š”
03:28
have reminded us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด
03:30
we do not live in three different worlds.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
We live in one world.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์•ˆ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
But that's easily said.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
03:40
But we are not dealing with the implications
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์„ธ์ƒ์˜
03:43
of the one world that we are living in.
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๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
And that is that if we want to have one world,
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๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋œ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:50
this one world cannot be based
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์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ์™ธ ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
03:52
on huge pockets of exclusion,
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๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—
03:55
and then inclusion for some.
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ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‘˜์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
We must now finally come
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ
03:59
to think about the premises
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์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋‚ด์˜
04:01
of a truly global world,
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์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ์˜๋ฌด์™€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์ •๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ
04:03
in relationship to the regime of rights
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์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜
04:05
and responsibilities and accountabilities
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์ „์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ• 
04:08
that are truly global in scope.
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๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:10
Otherwise we will be missing
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:13
this open moment in history,
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์ •์น˜์ œ๋„์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
04:15
where we have a consensus
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์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ํ•ฉ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„
04:17
on both the form of politics
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์ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„
04:19
and the form of economics.
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์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
What is one of these organizations to pick?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊ฐ€์š”?
04:24
We have three critical terms:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
04:26
economy,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ,
04:28
civil society
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๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์‚ฌํšŒ,
04:30
and the state.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
I will not deal with those first two, except to say
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์•ž์˜ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒƒ์€
04:35
that uncritical transfer of assumptions,
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๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
04:38
from one context to another,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
04:40
can only make for disaster.
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์žฌ๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
Economics
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๋Œ€๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ช…๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š”
04:46
taught in most of the elite universities
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€
04:49
are practically useless in my context.
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์ €์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์šฉ์ง€๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
My country is dominated
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋งˆ์•ฝ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€
04:54
by drug economy and a mafia.
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์กฐํญ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์••๋„๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
Textbook economics does not work in my context,
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๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์  ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ์ €์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋˜์ง€์•Š๊ณ ,
04:59
and I have very few recommendations from anybody
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
05:02
as to how to put together a legal economy.
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์•„์ฃผ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
The poverty of our knowledge
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋นˆ๊ณค์€
05:07
must become the first basis
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๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋กœ ์ „์ง„ํ•˜๋Š”
05:09
of moving forward,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:11
and not imposition of the framework
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์กด๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
05:14
that works on the basis of mathematical modeling,
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…๋ฌผ์˜
05:17
for which I have enormous respect.
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ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
My colleagues at Johns Hopkins were among the best.
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์ €์˜ ์ฃค์Šค ํ•ฉํ‚จ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
Second,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”,
05:25
instead of debating endlessly
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
05:28
about what is the structure of the state,
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๋์—†๋Š”๋…ผ์Ÿ ๋Œ€์‹ ์—,
05:30
why don't we simplify
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™” ์‹œ์ผœ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ,
05:32
and say, what are a series of functions
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”
05:34
that the state in the 21st century must perform?
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
05:37
Clare Lockhart and I are writing a book on this;
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ํด๋ ˆ์–ด ๋กํ•˜ํŠธ (Clare Lockhart) ์™€ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
05:40
we hope to share that much widely with --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ณ --
05:42
and third is that we could actually construct an index
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”,
05:45
to measure comparatively
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™์˜ํ•  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
05:48
how well these functions that we would agree on
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก
05:51
are being performed in different places.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
So what are these functions?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊ฐ€์š”?
05:55
We propose 10.
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10๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ์•ˆ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
And it's legitimate monopoly of means of violence,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€, ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ,
06:00
administrative control, management of public finances,
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ํ–‰์ •์ ์ธ ์ œ์–ด์žฅ์น˜, ์„ธ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ
06:03
investment in human capital, provision of citizenship rights,
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์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ œ๋„, ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ
06:06
provision of infrastructure,
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๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค ์ œ๊ณต,
06:08
management of the tangible and intangible assets of the state
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์œ .๋ฌดํ˜• ์ž์‚ฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ œ๋„,
06:11
through regulation, creation of the market,
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์‹œ์žฅ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ„๋ฌด์™€
06:13
international agreements, including public borrowing,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ,
06:16
and then, most importantly, rule of law.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š”, ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
I won't elaborate.
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๋” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
I hope the questions will give me an opportunity.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
This is a feasible goal,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹คํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
basically because, contrary to widespread assumption,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
06:29
I would argue that we know how to do this.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
Who would have imagined that Germany
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ 1943๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ
06:34
would be either united or democratic today,
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๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋…์ผ์ด ํ†ต์ผ์ด ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ ์ง€
06:37
if you looked at it from the perspective of Oxford of 1943?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:42
But people at Oxford prepared for a democratic Germany
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”๋œ ๋…์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
06:45
and engaged in planning.
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์ค€๋น„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ณ„ํš์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
And there are lots of other examples.
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๊ทธ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
Now in order to do this -- and this brings this group --
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์ง€๊ธˆ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋ชจ์•˜์ง€์š”--
06:56
we have to rethink the notion of capital.
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์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
The least important form of capital, in this project,
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š”
07:03
is financial capital -- money.
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๊ธˆ์œต์ž๋ณธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
Money is not capital in most of the developing countries.
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๋ˆ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”์ž๋ณธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
It's just cash.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ˜„๊ธˆ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
Because it lacks the institutional,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์ž๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€
07:14
organizational, managerial forms
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋‚˜, ์กฐ์ง, ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ
07:17
to turn it into capital.
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๊ฐ–์ถ”์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
And what is required
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
07:23
is a combination of physical capital,
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง ์ž๋ณธ,
07:25
institutional capital, human capital --
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์ธ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
07:27
and security, of course, is critical,
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๋˜ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•ˆ๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
07:30
but so is information.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ •๋ณด๋„ ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
Now, the issue that should concern us here --
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•  ํ•  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”,
07:35
and that's the challenge
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋ชจ์ธ
07:37
that I would like to pose to this group --
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„์ „์€
07:41
is again, it takes 16 years
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š”
07:44
in your countries
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๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—…์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
07:47
to produce somebody with a B.S. degree.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š”๋ฐ 16๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
It takes 20 years
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๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š”
07:52
to produce somebody with a Ph.D.
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20๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š”์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
The first challenge is to rethink,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ๋„์ „์€ ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
07:57
fundamentally,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ
08:00
the issue of the time.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
Do we need to repeat
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ•ด๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ ์ด ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ
08:07
the modalities that we have inherited?
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๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
08:09
Our educational systems are inherited from the 19th century.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ต์œก์ œ๋„๋Š” 19์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์ง„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
What is it that we need to do fundamentally
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ž๋ณธํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทผ๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ
08:18
to re-engage in a project,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ• ๊ฒƒ์€
08:20
that capital formation is rapid?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
08:23
The absolute majority of the world's population
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์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š”
08:26
are below 20,
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20์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด๊ณ 
08:28
and they are growing larger and faster.
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๊ทธ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
They need different ways
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋„
08:34
of being approached,
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๋‹ฌ๋ผ์•ผ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
different ways of being enfranchised,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ ,
08:39
different ways of being skilled.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์Šต๋“ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
And that's the first thing.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋„์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
Second is, you're problem solvers,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋„์ „์€, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ž์ธ๋ฐ
08:46
but you're not engaging your global responsibility.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์— ์—ฐ๋ฃจ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
You've stayed away
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ถ€ํŒจ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—
08:53
from the problems of corruption.
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๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
You only want clean environments in which to function.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
But if you don't think through the problems of corruption,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ๋ถ€ํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:01
who will?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
09:04
You stay away from design for development.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ˜• ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
You're great designers,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
09:10
but your designs are selfish.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
It's for your own immediate use.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
The world in which I operate
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์•ˆ์—๋Š”
09:19
operates with designs
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์ง€๋‚œ 60๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์€
09:21
regarding roads, or dams,
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๋„๋กœ์™€ ์ œ๋ฐฉ
09:23
or provision of electricity
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๋˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋“ฑ์—
09:25
that have not been revisited in 60 years.
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๊ด€ํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
This is not right. It requires thinking.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ณ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
But, particularly, what we need
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๊ณ„์‹ 
09:34
more than anything else from this group
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
09:36
is your imagination
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
to be brought to bear on problems
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๋ฐˆ (meme) ์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
09:40
the way a meme is supposed to work.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:44
As the work on paradigms, long time ago showed --
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ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ํ”์˜ ํŽ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
09:47
Thomas Kuhn's work --
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์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์— ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
09:49
it's in the intersection of ideas
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:51
that new developments --
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ŒํŒŒ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€
09:53
true breakthroughs -- occur.
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์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด์ง€์š”.
09:55
And I hope that this group
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ์ž„์ด
09:57
would be able to deal with the issue of state and development
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ณ 
10:00
and the empowerment of the majority of the world's poor,
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์˜จ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹ฌ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š”
10:02
through this means.
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๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
(Applause)
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๋ฐ•์ˆ˜
10:15
Chris Anderson: So, Ashraf, until recently,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์• ์‰ฌ๋ผํ”„์”จ,
10:18
you were the finance minister of Afghanistan,
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์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์ด์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:20
a country right at the middle
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์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜
10:22
of much of the world's agenda.
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ํ˜‘์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
10:24
Is the country gonna make it?
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์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์žํ™œ์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ๊นŒ์š”?
10:26
Will democracy flourish? What scares you most?
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๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฒˆ์ฐฝํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:30
Ashraf Ghani: What scares me most is -- is you,
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๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ: ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹น์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
lack of your engagement.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ฌด ๊ด€์—ฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
(Laughter)
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์›ƒ์Œ
10:40
You asked me. You know I always give the unconventional answer.
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์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ €๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
No. But seriously,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ,
10:45
the issue of Afghanistan
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์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€
10:47
first has to be seen as,
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ 10๋…„์—์„œ 20๋…„์˜
10:49
at least, a 10- to 20-year perspective.
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๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
Today the world of globalization
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋Š”
10:55
is on speed.
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
Time has been compressed.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์••์ถ• ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
And space does not exist for most people.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
But in my world --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์—๋Š”,
11:04
you know, when I went back to Afghanistan after 23 years,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 23๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์„๋•Œ
11:07
space had expanded.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ด ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
Every conceivable form of infrastructure had broken down.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
I rode -- traveled --
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์ €๋Š” ๋‘ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ํƒ”๋Š”๋ฐ--์—ฌํ–‰ํ–ˆ์ฃ --
11:14
travel between two cities that used to take three hours
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3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณจ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‘ ๋„์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด
11:17
now took 12.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” 12์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
So the first is when the scale is that,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋•Œ๋Š”,
11:22
we need to recognize
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
11:24
that just the simple things that are infrastructure --
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„
11:27
it takes six years to deliver infrastructure.
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์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ 6๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
In our world.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„  ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
Any meaningful sort of thing.
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋˜ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
But the modality of attention,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์˜์ง‘์ค‘์˜ ์–‘์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:37
or what is happening today, what's happening tomorrow.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€, ๋‚ด์ผ ๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€๋Š”์š”.
11:40
Second is,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”,
11:42
when a country has been subjected
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ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž”์ธํ•œ
11:45
to one of the most immense, brutal forms of exercise of power --
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ํž˜์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„๋•Œ,
11:48
we had the Red Army
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 110,000๋ช…์˜
11:50
for 10 continuous years,
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์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ 10๋…„๋™์•ˆ
11:52
110,000 strong,
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์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
literally terrorizing.
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๋ฌธ์ž๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
The sky:
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ํ•˜๋Š˜,
12:00
every Afghan
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๋ชจ๋“  ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋Š˜์„
12:03
sees the sky as a source of fear.
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๊ณตํฌ์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
We were bombed
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฉธ์ข…์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
12:09
practically out of existence.
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ํญ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
Then, tens of thousands of people were trained in terrorism --
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๊ทธํ›„์— ์ˆ˜๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜
12:19
from all sides.
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ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
The United States, Great Britain, joined for instance,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ์ด
12:23
Egyptian intelligence service
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์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ถ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
12:25
to train thousands of people
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์ˆ˜๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ
12:27
in resistance and urban terrorism.
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๋„์‹œํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์— ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:31
How to turn a bicycle
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์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
12:33
into an instrument of terror.
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ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€.
12:36
How to turn a donkey, a carthorse, anything.
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๋‹น๋‚˜๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ฐจ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”์ง€.
12:39
And the Russians, equally.
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๋˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ธ๋“ค๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ...
12:41
So, when violence erupts
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ
12:43
in a country like Afghanistan,
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ํญ๋ ฅ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
12:45
it's because of that legacy.
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์‚ฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
But we have to understand
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
12:49
that we've been incredibly lucky.
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์šด์ด ์ข‹์€์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
I mean, I really can't believe how lucky I am here,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์•ž์— ์„œ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋„
12:54
standing in front of you, speaking.
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๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์šด์ด ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:57
When I joined as finance minister,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ• ๋•Œ
13:01
I thought that the chances of my living more than three years
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ 3๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด
13:04
would not be more than five percent.
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5ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋„ ์•ˆ๋  ๊ฒƒ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
Those were the risks. They were worth it.
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์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
I think we can make it,
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์ €๋Š”์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
13:13
and the reason we can make it
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‚ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
13:15
is because of the people.
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์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
You see, because, I mean -- I give you one statistic.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ป˜์š”.
13:20
91 percent of the men in Afghanistan,
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์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์—์„œ๋Š”, 91ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด
13:22
86 percent of the women,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  86ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด
13:24
listen to at least three radio stations a day.
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์„ธ๊ณณ์€ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
In terms of their discourse,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ† ๋ก ์ด๋‚˜
13:31
in terms of their sophistication of knowledge of the world,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด,
13:34
I think that I would dare say,
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๊ฐํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
13:37
they're much more sophisticated
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์‹œ๊ณจ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—…์ƒ์ด๋‚˜,
13:39
than rural Americans with college degrees
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋”
13:44
and the bulk of Europeans --
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์ˆ˜์ค€ ๊ธ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
because the world matters to them.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
13:51
And what is their predominant concern?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:53
Abandonment.
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ํฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
Afghans have become deeply internationalist.
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์•„ํ”„๊ฐ„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
You know, when I went back in December of 2001,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 2001๋…„ 12์›”์— ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์— ๊ท€๊ตญ ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ
14:01
I had absolutely no desire to work with the Afghan government
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์ €๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ„ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ ํ•  ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
because I'd lived as a nationalist.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์˜์ž๋กœ์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
14:06
And I told them -- my people, with the Americans here --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ด๊ณณ์— ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„,
14:09
separate.
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๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
14:11
Yes, I have an advisory position with the U.N.
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์˜ˆ, ์ €๋Š” U.N.์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๊ด€ ์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
I went through 10 Afghan provinces very rapidly.
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10๊ฐœ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ„ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:16
And everybody was telling me it was a different world.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ,
14:19
You know, they engage.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
They see engagement, global engagement,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€, ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€
14:24
as absolutely necessary to the future of the ordinary people.
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ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์žฅ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
And the thing that the ordinary Afghan is most concerned with is --
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์•„ํ”„๊ฐ„ ํ‰๋ฏผ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€..
14:30
Clare Lockhart is here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณ„์‹  ํด๋ ˆ์–ด ๋กํ•˜ํŠธ ์—ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
14:32
so I'll recite a discussion she had
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๋ถ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ๋งน ์—ฌ์ธ๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ
14:34
with an illiterate woman in Northern Afghanistan.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ์ „ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
14:37
And that woman said she didn't care
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๊ทธ์—ฌ์ธ์€ ์‹ํƒ์— ์Œ์‹์ด ์—†์–ด๋„
14:39
whether she had food on her table.
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๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
What she worried about was whether there was a plan for the future,
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๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ธ์ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ถ์„
14:44
where her children could really have a different life.
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์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
That gives me hope.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ง์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
CA: How is Afghanistan
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CA: ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
14:53
going to provide alternative income
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๋งˆ์•ฝ ๋ฐ€๋งค๋กœ ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”
14:55
to the many people
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์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
14:57
who are making their living off the drugs trade?
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๋Œ€์ฒด ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ์ œ๊ณต ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฐ€์š”?
14:59
AG: Certainly. Well, the first is,
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ,
15:01
instead of sending a billion dollars
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๋งˆ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ
15:04
on drug eradication
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๋ณด๋‚ด์„œ, ๋‘์–ด๊ฐœ์˜
15:06
and paying it to a couple of security companies,
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๊ฒฝํ˜ธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
15:09
they should give this hundred billion dollars
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์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ 50๊ฐœ์˜
15:11
to 50
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์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ 50๊ฐœ์˜
15:14
of the most critically innovative companies in the world
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด
15:18
to ask them to create one million jobs.
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์ง์žฅ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
The key to the drug eradication is jobs.
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๋งˆ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—ด์‡„๋Š” ์ง์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
Look, there's a very little known fact:
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๋ณด์„ธ์š”, ์ž˜์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
15:25
countries that have a legal average income per capita of 1,000 dollars
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ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์ผ์ธ๋‹น ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์†Œ๋“์ด 1,000 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š”
15:28
don't produce drugs.
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๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:32
Second, textile.
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๋‘˜์งธ๋Š” ์˜ท๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
Trade is the key, not aid.
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์›์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ต์—ญ์ด ์—ด์‡„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
The U.S. and Europe
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€
15:40
should give us a zero percent tariff.
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๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๋กœ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
The textile industry is incredibly mobile.
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์ง๋ฌผ ์—…๊ณ„๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
If you want us to be able to compete with China and to attract investment,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ณ , ๋˜ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:48
we could probably attract
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์•„๋งˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
15:50
four to six billion dollars
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์‚ฌ์‹ญ์—์„œ ์œก์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ
15:52
quite easily in the textile sector,
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์ง๋ฌผ์—…์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
if there was zero tariffs --
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๋กœ ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด --
15:56
would create the type of job.
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์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ง์žฅ๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
Cotton does not compete with opium;
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๋ชฉํ™”๋Š” ์•„ํŽธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
16:02
a t-shirt does.
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ํ‹ฐ-์…”ํŠธ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:05
And we need to understand, it's the value chain.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์—ฐ์‡„๋„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
Look, the ordinary Afghan is sick and tired
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๋ณด์„ธ์š”, ์ด์ œ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ธˆ์œต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
16:11
of hearing about microcredit.
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๋“ฃ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์— ์ง€์ณ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
It is important,
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๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ธˆ์œต๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
16:16
but what the ordinary women and men who engage in micro-production want
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๋ฏธ์„ธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
16:19
is global access.
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์—ด๋ฆฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
They don't want to sell to the charity bazaars
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์—ด๋ฆฐ
16:26
that are only for foreigners --
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์ž์„  ๋ฐ”์ž์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜ ๋†“์€
16:28
and the same bloody shirt
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ํ‹ฐ ์…”ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„
16:31
embroidered time and again.
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์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:33
What we want is a partnership
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ดํƒค๋ฆฌ ๋””์ž์ธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€์˜
16:35
with the Italian design firms.
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ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
Yeah, we have the best embroiderers in the world!
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์˜ˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋†“๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
Why can't we do what was done with northern Italy?
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ ์ดํƒค๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃฌ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
16:45
With the Put Out system?
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๊ฐ€์ • ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ œ๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
So I think economically,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
16:51
the critical issue really is to now think through.
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์ž˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š” ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
And what I will say here is that aid doesn't work.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์›์กฐ๋Š” ๋„์›€์ด ์•Š๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:57
You know, the aid system is broken.
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์›์กฐ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:00
The aid system does not have the knowledge,
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์›์กฐ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์ง€์‹๋„, ๋น„์ ผ๋„
17:02
the vision, the ability.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:04
I'm all for it; after all, I raised a lot of it.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์–ป์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:07
Yeah, to be exact, you know,
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
17:09
I managed to persuade the world that
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์ €๋Š” ์˜จ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋“ํ•ด์„œ
17:11
they had to give my country 27.5 billion.
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๊ทธ๋“ท์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์— 275์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
They didn't want to give us the money.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:15
CA: And it still didn't work?
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CA: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
17:17
AG: No. It's not that it didn't work.
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AG: ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋“ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
17:19
It's that a dollar of private investment,
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์ œ ํŒ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€
17:21
in my judgment,
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ 20 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์›์กฐ์™€
17:23
is equal at least to 20 dollars of aid,
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๋Œ€๋“ฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:26
in terms of the dynamic that it generates.
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๋ˆ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ํ™œ๋ ฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:29
Second is that one dollar of aid could be 10 cents;
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ 1 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์›์กฐ๋Š” 10 ์ „์ด ๋ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
17:32
it could be 20 cents;
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๋˜๋Š” 20์ „,
17:34
or it could be four dollars.
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ํ˜น์€ 4 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋„ ๋ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:36
It depends on what form it comes,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์›์กฐ์ด๊ณ ,
17:38
what degrees of conditionalities are attached to it.
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:41
You know, the aid system, at first, was designed to benefit
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค ์‹œํ”ผ, ์›์กฐ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์—
17:44
entrepreneurs of the developed countries,
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
17:46
not to generate growth in the poor countries.
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์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:51
And this is, again, one of those assumptions --
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌผ๋ ค ๋ฐ›์€
17:53
the way car seats are an assumption
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:56
that we've inherited in governments, and doors.
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์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์ขŒ์„์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ.
17:59
You would think that the US government
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€
18:01
would not think that American firms needed subsidizing
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
18:04
to function in developing countries, provide advice,
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๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
18:07
but they do.
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์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:09
There's an entire weight of history
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์›์กฐ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ๋•Œ
18:11
vis-a-vis aid
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์›์กฐ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ๋•Œ
18:13
that now needs to be reexamined.
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์ด์ œ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:15
If the goal is to build states
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์›์กฐ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋…์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ
18:18
that can credibly take care of themselves --
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์ž๋ฆฝํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
18:21
and I'm putting that proposition equally;
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์›์กฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ
18:24
you know I'm very harsh on my counterparts --
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์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์•ˆ์— ๋๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:27
aid must end
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„
18:30
in each country in a definable period.
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์–‘์ž ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:33
And every year there must be progress
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค๋…„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ˆ˜์ต๊ณผ
18:36
on mobilization of domestic revenue
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ง„์ „์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:39
and generation of the economy.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ง„์ „์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:42
Unless that kind of compact is entered into,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์€,
18:45
you will not be able to sustain the consensus.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ง€์† ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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