Ryan Lobo: Photographing the hidden story

32,712 views ใƒป 2009-12-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ariella Cwikel ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
My name is Ryan Lobo,
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ืฉืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ื•,
00:17
and I've been involved in the documentary
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื
00:19
filmmaking business all over the world for the last 10 years.
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ื”ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
00:23
During the process of making these films
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
00:25
I found myself taking photographs,
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืฆืœื,
00:28
often much to the annoyance of the video cameramen.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืœืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืฆืœืžื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
00:31
I found this photography of mine almost compulsive.
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื™ ืœืฆืœื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™.
00:34
And at the end of a shoot, I would sometimes feel that
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ืœืขืชื™ื ื—ืฉืชื™
00:37
I had photographs that told a better story
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:40
than a sometimes-sensational documentary.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™, ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”.
00:44
I felt, when I had my photographs,
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
00:46
that I was holding on to something true,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืืžื™ืชื™,
00:48
regardless of agendas or politics.
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืื’'ื ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
00:51
In 2007, I traveled to three war zones.
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ื‘2007 ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
00:55
I traveled to Iraq, Afghanistan and Liberia.
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ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืขื™ืจืืง, ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื”.
00:58
And over there I experienced
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ืฉื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™
01:00
other people's suffering, up close and personal,
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ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™,
01:03
immersed myself in some rather intense and emotional stories,
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ื”ืฉืงืขืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:07
and at times I experienced great fear for my own life.
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื—ืฉืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™.
01:12
As always, I would return to Bangalore,
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ื›ืชืžื™ื“, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ื ื’ืœื•ืจ,
01:14
and often to animated discussions at friend's homes,
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:17
where we would discuss various issues
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:19
while they complained bitterly about the new pub timings,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืžืชืœื•ื ื ื™ื ืžืจื” ืขืœ ื–ืžื ื™ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืคืื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:22
where a drink often cost more than what they'd paid
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ืฉื ืžืฉืงื” ื‘ื“"ื› ืขื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืœืžื•
01:24
their 14-year-old maid.
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ืœืขื•ื–ืจืช-ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืช ื”-14 ืฉืœื”ื.
01:26
I would feel very isolated during these discussions.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžืื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
01:30
But at the same time, I questioned myself
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ืืš ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืคืงืคืงืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™
01:33
and my own integrity and purpose in storytelling.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
01:37
And I decided that I had compromised,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืฉืจืชื™,
01:41
just like my friends in those discussions,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ืขืฉื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
01:44
where we told stories
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ื›ืฉืกื™ืคืจื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
01:47
in contexts we made excuses for,
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
01:50
rather than taking responsibility for.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื.
01:54
I won't go into details about what led to a decision I made,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:01
but let's just say it involved alcohol, cigarettes,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ืจืง ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ, ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช,
02:03
other substances and a woman.
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื”.
02:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:07
I basically decided that it was I,
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ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื ื™,
02:09
not the camera or the network,
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ื•ืœื ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ืื• ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
02:11
or anything that lay outside myself,
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ืื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื™,
02:14
that was the only instrument in storytelling
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
02:16
truly worth tuning.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ.
02:19
In my life, when I tried to achieve things
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ื›ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
02:22
like success or recognition, they eluded me.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื• ื”ื›ืจื”, ื”ื ื—ืžืงื• ืžืžื ื™.
02:25
Paradoxically, when I let go of these objectives,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™, ื›ืฉื”ืจืคื™ืชื™ ืžื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
02:28
and worked from a place of compassion and purpose,
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ื•ืคืขืœืชื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื” ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ื“,
02:31
looking for excellence, rather than the results of it,
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ื›ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”,
02:35
everything arrived on its own, including fulfillment.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืขืฆืžื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื™.
02:40
Photography transcended culture, including my own.
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ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืชืขืœื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื• ืฉืœื™.
02:43
And it is, for me, a language which expressed the intangible,
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ืฉืคื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜,
02:47
and gives voice to people and stories without.
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ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืงื•ืœ ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉืืœื• ื ืฉืœืœื• ืžื”ื.
02:49
I invite you into three recent stories of mine,
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ืื ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš 3 ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
02:51
which are about this way of looking, if you will,
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช, ืื ืชืจืฆื•,
02:54
which I believe exemplify the tenets
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื”
02:57
of what I like to call compassion in storytelling.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• "ื—ืžืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื".
03:01
In 2007 I went to Liberia,
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ื‘2007 ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื”,
03:06
where a group of my friends and I
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ืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™
03:10
did an independent, self-funded film, still in progress,
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ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ ืขืฆืžืื™, ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
03:13
on a very legendary and brutal war-lord
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ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื’ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™
03:17
named General Butt Naked.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ื ืจืœ ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื™ืงื“ (ื˜ื•ืกื™ืง ืขืจื•ื).
03:19
His real name is Joshua, and he's pictured here in a cell
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ืฉืžื• ื”ืืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืชื,
03:22
where he once used to torture and murder people,
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ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืขื ื•ืช ื•ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:25
including children.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
03:28
Joshua claims to have personally killed
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ื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•
03:30
more than 10,000 people during Liberia's civil war.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž10,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ืช.
03:34
He got his name from fighting stark naked.
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ืฉืžื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืœื—ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื›ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื•.
03:37
And he is probably the most prolific mass murderer
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื— ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”"ืคื•ืจื”" ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:39
alive on Earth today.
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ืฉื—ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
03:42
This woman witnessed the General murdering her brother.
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ืืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื” ืœืจืฆื— ืื—ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ.
03:47
Joshua commanded his child-soldiers to commit unspeakable crimes,
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ื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื-ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืฉืขื™ื ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื™ื,
03:50
and enforced his command with great brutality.
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ื•ื›ืคื” ืืช ืžืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื”.
03:53
Today many of these children are addicted to drugs like heroin,
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืกืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ,
03:56
and they are destitute, like these young men in the image.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื›ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:01
How do you live with yourself
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื—ื™ ืขื ืขืฆืžืš
04:03
if you know you've committed horrific crimes?
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขืช ืคืฉืขื™ื ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื™ื?
04:08
Today the General is a baptized Christian evangelist.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืœ.
04:12
And he's on a mission.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
04:14
We accompanied Joshua, as he walked the Earth,
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ื”ืชืœื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ื‘ืžืกืขื•,
04:17
visiting villages where he had once killed and raped.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืคืขื ืจืฆื— ื•ืื ืก.
04:20
He seeked forgiveness,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉ ื›ืคืจื”,
04:22
and he claims to endeavor to improve
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืืžืฅ ืœืฉืคืจ
04:24
the lives of his child-soldiers.
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ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื-ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•.
04:26
During this expedition I expected him
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื
04:28
to be killed outright, and us as well.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื•.
04:30
But what I saw opened my eyes
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืคืงื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™
04:32
to an idea of forgiveness
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ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืœื™ื—ื”
04:34
which I never thought possible.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื™ืืจืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจื™.
04:37
In the midst of incredible poverty and loss,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื,
04:40
people who had nothing absolved a man
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื ื• ืื“ื
04:42
who had taken everything from them.
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ืฉืœืงื— ืžื”ื ื”ื›ืœ.
04:46
He begs for forgiveness,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื ืŸ ืœืžื—ื™ืœื”,
04:48
and receives it from the same woman
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ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืื•ืชื” ืื™ืฉื”
04:50
whose brother he murdered.
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ืฉืืช ืื—ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื—.
04:53
Senegalese, the young man seated on the wheelchair here,
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ืกื ื’ืœื™ื–, ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื”ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
04:55
was once a child soldier, under the General's command,
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ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ื™ืœื“- ืœื•ื—ื, ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ,
04:58
until he disobeyed orders,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจ ืคืงื•ื“ื”,
05:00
and the General shot off both his legs.
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ื•ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื•.
05:04
He forgives the General in this image.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืœื— ืœื’ื ืจืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•.
05:07
He risked his life as he walked up to people
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื›ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
05:09
whose families he'd murdered.
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ืฉืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื—.
05:12
In this photograph a hostile crowd in a slum surrounds him.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืงื”ืœ ืขื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
05:15
And Joshua remains silent
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ื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ื ืฉืืจ ื“ื•ืžื
05:18
as they vented their rage against him.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื–ืขืžื ื ื’ื“ื•.
05:22
This image, to me, is almost like from a Shakespearean play,
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื›ืžื• ืžืžื—ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจื™,
05:24
with a man, surrounded by various influences,
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ื‘ื” ืื“ื, ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
05:27
desperate to hold on to something true within himself,
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ื ื•ืืฉ ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•,
05:31
in a context of great suffering that he has created himself.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื’ืจื.
05:35
I was intensely moved during all this.
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ืื ื™ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
05:37
But the question is,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
05:39
does forgiveness and redemption replace justice?
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ื”ืื ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื“ืง?
05:43
Joshua, in his own words, says that he does not mind
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ื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข, ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœื•, ืืžื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื ื’ื“
05:45
standing trial for his crimes,
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ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ื•,
05:47
and speaks about them from soapboxes across Monrovia,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื‘ืžื•ืช ืืจื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื”,
05:49
to an audience that often includes his victims.
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ืœืงื”ืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื•.
05:53
A very unlikely spokesperson for the idea of
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ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
05:55
separation of church and state.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื“ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
05:58
The second story I'm going to tell you about
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
06:00
is about a group of very special fighting women
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช
06:02
with rather unique peace-keeping skills.
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ืช- ืฉืœื•ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
06:05
Liberia has been devastated by one of Africa's
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ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืฉื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืช ืžืžืœื—ืžื•ืช
06:07
bloodiest civil wars,
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ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืขืงื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
06:09
which has left more than 200,000 people dead,
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ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืžืขืœ 200,000 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื,
06:11
thousands of women scarred by rape and crime
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ืืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื•ืœืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ืก ื•ืคืฉืขื™ื
06:13
on a spectacular scale.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื–ืขื–ืข.
06:16
Liberia is now home
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ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืชื”
06:18
to an all-woman United Nations contingent
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ืฉืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“
06:20
of Indian peacekeepers.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
06:23
These women, many from small towns in India,
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ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื•, ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžื›ืคืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
06:25
help keep the peace, far away from home and family.
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ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
06:30
They use negotiation and tolerance
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ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื•ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช
06:32
more often than an armed response.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ืฉืง.
06:34
The commander told me that a woman could gauge
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ื”ืžืคืงื“ืช ืกืคืจื” ืœื™ ืฉืืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
06:36
a potentially violent situation
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ืขื ืžืฆื‘ ืืœื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช,
06:38
much better than men.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื‘ืจ.
06:40
And that they were definitely capable of diffusing it non-aggressively.
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ื•ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืœื ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช.
06:44
This man was very drunk,
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ืžืื“,
06:46
and he was very interested in my camera,
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ื•ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ืฉืœื™,
06:48
until he noticed the women, who handled him
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื•
06:50
with smiles, and AK-47s at the ready, of course.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื›ื™ื, ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ื™ AK-47 ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžืงืจื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
06:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:54
This contingent seems to be quite lucky,
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ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื–ื• ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืžื–ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
06:57
and it has not sustained any casualties,
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ื•ืœื ืกืคื’ื” ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ,
06:59
even though dozens of peacekeepers have been killed in Liberia.
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื”.
07:02
And yes, all of those people killed were male.
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:06
Many of the women are married with children,
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉื•ืื•ืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
07:08
and they say the hardest part of their deployment
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืง ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืชืŸ ืฉื
07:11
was being kept away from their children.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ.
07:14
I accompanied these women on their patrols,
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ื”ืชืœื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืคื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
07:16
and watched as they walked past men,
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื,
07:18
many who passed very lewd comments incessantly.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืฆืขืงื• ื’ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ.
07:21
And when I asked one of the women about the shock and awe response,
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ื›ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”,
07:23
she said, "Don't worry, same thing back home.
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ืืœ ืชื“ืื’, ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
07:25
We know how to deal with these fellows,"
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•,"
07:27
and ignored them.
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ื•ื”ืชืขืœืžื” ืžื”ื.
07:30
In a country ravaged by violence against women,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื•ืขืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื,
07:32
Indian peacekeepers have inspired many local women
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ื ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืจื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช
07:35
to join the police force.
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ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
07:37
Sometimes, when the war is over and all the film crews have left,
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ืœืขืชื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ืžืจืช ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื,
07:40
the most inspiring stories are the ones
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”
07:42
that float just beneath the radar.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืคื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื“ืืจ.
07:45
I came back to India and nobody was interested in buying the story.
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ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
07:49
And one editor told me that she wasn't interested
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ืขื•ืจื›ืช ืื—ืช ืืžืจื” ืœื™ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช
07:51
in doing what she called "manual labor stories."
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืจื” ืœื• "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื".
07:56
In 2007 and 2009 I did stories on the Delhi Fire Service, the DFS,
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ื‘2007 ื•2009 ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ืœื”ื™, ื”DFS
08:01
which, during the summer, is probably the world's most active fire department.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื”ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืืฉ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:04
They answer more than 5,000 calls in just two months.
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขืœ 5,000 ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื.
08:07
And all this against incredible logistical odds,
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ื•ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืงืฉื™ื,
08:10
like heat and traffic jams.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื ื•ืคืงืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”.
08:13
Something amazing happened during this shoot.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
08:15
Due to a traffic jam, we were late in getting to a slum,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคืงืง ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืื—ืจื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืขื•ื ื™,
08:18
a large slum, which had caught fire.
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ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื‘ื” ื“ืœื™ืงื”.
08:21
As we neared, angry crowds attacked our trucks
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืงืจื‘ื ื•, ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืขื ืชืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
08:24
and stoned them, by hundreds of people all over the place.
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ื•ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื™ื“ื• ืื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
08:27
These men were terrified,
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืขืชื™ื,
08:29
as the mob attacked our vehicle.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชืงืฃ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:32
But nonetheless, despite the hostility,
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ืืš ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช,
08:34
firefighters left the vehicle and successfully fought the fire.
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ืžื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืืฉ ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืืฉ.
08:38
Running the gauntlet through hostile crowds,
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ื”ื ืจืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืงื”ืœ ืขื•ื™ืŸ,
08:40
and some wearing motorbike helmets to prevent injury.
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ื›ืฉื—ืœืงื ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืงืกื“ื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ื.
08:43
Some of the local people forcibly took away the hoses
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ืืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™
08:46
from the firemen to put out the fire in their homes.
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ืžื”ื›ื‘ืื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื.
08:49
Now, hundreds of homes were destroyed.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื ื ื”ืจืกื•.
08:51
But the question that lingered in my mind was,
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ืืš ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืจื™ื—ืคื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ ื”ื™ืชื”,
08:55
what causes people to destroy fire trucks
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ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™
08:58
headed to their own homes?
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ื?
09:00
Where does such rage come from?
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ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ื–ืขื ื›ื–ื”?
09:03
And how are we responsible for this?
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš?
09:07
45 percent of the 14 million people
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45 ืื—ื•ื– ืž14 ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
09:10
who live in Delhi live in unauthorized slums,
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืœื”ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื,
09:12
which are chronically overcrowded.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ืจืจืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช-ื™ืชืจ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
09:15
They lack even the most basic amenities.
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ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:17
And this is something that is common to all our big cities.
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ื–ื” ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:22
Back to the DFS. A huge chemical depot caught fire,
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื‘ืื™ื. ื”ืืฉ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœืžื—ืกืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืขื ืง,
09:25
thousands of drums filled with petrochemicals
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ืืœืคื™ ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืคื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
09:28
were blazing away and exploding all around us.
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ื”ืชืœืงื—ื• ื•ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ.
09:31
The heat was so intense, that hoses were used
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ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ืจื‘, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช
09:33
to cool down firefighters
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืื™ื
09:35
fighting extremely close to the fire, and with no protective clothing.
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ืฉื ืื‘ืงื• ื‘ืืฉ ืžื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ, ืœืœื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื’ืŸ.
09:39
In India we often love to complain about our government bodies.
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื.
09:43
But over here, the heads of the DFS,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ, ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ืœื”ื™,
09:45
Mr. R.C. Sharman, Mr. A.K. Sharman,
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ืžืจ ืจ.ืก. ืฉืืจืžืืŸ, ืžืจ ื.ืง. ืฉืืจืžืื•ืŸ,
09:47
led the firefight with their men.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื”ื.
09:50
Something wonderful in a country where
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื ืคืœื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื”
09:52
manual labor is often looked down upon.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
09:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:59
Over the years, my faith in the power of storytelling has been tested.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืžื“ื” ืœื ืกื™ื•ืŸ
10:03
And I've had very serious doubt about its efficacy,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืกืคืงื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช,
10:06
and my own faith in humanity.
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ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
10:08
However, a film we shot still airs on the National Geographic channel.
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ืื•ืœื, ืกืจื˜ ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง.
10:12
And when it airs I get calls from all the guys I was with
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื™ืชื,
10:16
and they tell me that they receive hundreds of calls congratulating them.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
10:20
Some of the firemen told me that they were also inspired
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ื—ืœืง ืžืžื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืืฉ ืกืคืจื• ืฉื”ื ื’ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืฉืจืื”
10:22
to do better because they were so pleased
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื
10:24
to get thank-yous rather than brick bats.
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืช.
10:27
It seems that this story helped change perceptions about the DFS,
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ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืืฉ,
10:31
at least in the minds of an audience in part on televisions,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ืฉืจื•ืื” ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
10:34
read magazines and whose huts aren't on fire.
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ืงื•ืจื ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงืฉ ืฉืœื• ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืฉ.
10:37
Sometimes, focusing on what's heroic, beautiful and dignified,
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื•ืื™, ื™ืคื” ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“
10:42
regardless of the context,
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ืœืœื ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜,
10:44
can help magnify these intangibles three ways,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
10:48
in the protagonist of the story, in the audience,
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ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื‘ืงื”ืœ,
10:52
and also in the storyteller.
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ื•ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
10:54
And that's the power of storytelling.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
10:56
Focus on what's dignified, courageous and beautiful,
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ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื‘ื“, ืืžื™ืฅ ื•ื™ืคื”,
10:58
and it grows. Thank you.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœ. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
11:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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