Nancy Etcoff: Happiness and its surprises

64,684 views ใƒป 2009-06-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:18
This is called Hooked on a Feeling:
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ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื "ืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื”:
00:20
The Pursuit of Happiness and Human Design.
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ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื“ื."
00:22
I put up a somewhat dour Darwin,
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ืฉืžืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงืฆืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
00:24
but a very happy chimp up there.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืžื— ืžืื“ ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”.
00:26
My first point is that the pursuit of happiness is obligatory.
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
00:29
Man wishes to be happy, only wishes to be happy,
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ื”ืื“ื ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจ,
00:32
and cannot wish not to be so.
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ื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื–ื”.
00:35
We are wired to pursue happiness,
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ืื ื• ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ.
00:37
not only to enjoy it, but to want more and more of it.
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื•, ืืœื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื•ืฉืจ.
00:40
So given that that's true,
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ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:42
how good are we at increasing our happiness?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ืื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืื•ืฉืจื ื•?
00:46
Well, we certainly try.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื.
00:48
If you look on the Amazon site, there are over 2,000 titles
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ื‘ืืชืจ "ืืžื–ื•ืŸ" ื™ืฉ ืžืขืœ 2,000 ื›ื•ืชืจื™ื
00:51
with advice on the seven habits, the nine choices,
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืขืฆื™ื ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื, ืชืฉืข ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช,
00:54
the 10 secrets,
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ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช,
00:56
the 14,000 thoughts that are supposed to bring happiness.
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ื•-14,000 ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืฉืจ.
00:59
Now another way we try to increase our happiness
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืฉืจื ื•
01:01
is we medicate ourselves.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
01:03
And so there's over 120 million prescriptions out there for antidepressants.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขืœ 120 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจืฉืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ื™-ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ.
01:07
Prozac was really the first absolute blockbuster drug.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืืง ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:10
It was clean, efficient, there was no high,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื™, ื™ืขื™ืœ, ืœื ืžืกืžื,
01:13
there was really no danger, it had no street value.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขืจืš ื›ืกื.
01:16
In 1995,
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ื‘-1995,
01:18
illegal drugs were a $400 billion business,
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ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืกืง ืฉืœ 400 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
01:21
representing eight percent of world trade,
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ื•ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• 8 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
01:23
roughly the same as gas and oil.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ื“ืœืง ื•ื ืคื˜.
01:25
These routes to happiness haven't really increased happiness very much.
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ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืื•ืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:29
One problem that's happening now is,
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื,
01:31
although the rates of happiness
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ
01:33
are about as flat as the surface of the moon,
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ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—,
01:35
depression and anxiety are rising.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืขื•ืœื•ืช.
01:37
Some people say this is because we have better diagnosis,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:41
and more people are being found out.
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ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื›ื›ืืœื”.
01:43
It isn't just that. We're seeing it all over the world.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”. ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:46
In the United States right now
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื,
01:48
there are more suicides than homicides.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช.
01:50
There is a rash of suicide in China.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
01:52
And the World Health Organization predicts
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ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฆื•ืคื”
01:54
by the year 2020
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ืฉืขื“ 2020
01:56
that depression will be
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ื”ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื”
01:58
the second largest cause of disability.
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ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืขืœื”.
02:00
Now the good news here
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ
02:02
is that if you take surveys from around the world,
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ืฉืœืคื™ ืกืงืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:04
we see that about three quarters of people
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
02:06
will say they are at least pretty happy.
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ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
02:08
But this does not follow any of the usual trends.
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ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ืœืคื™ ืื™ื–ื• ืžื’ืžื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช.
02:12
For example, these two show great growth in income,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ืžืจืื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื”,
02:15
absolutely flat happiness curves.
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ื•ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
02:17
My field, the field of psychology,
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ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื™, ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:20
hasn't done a whole lot
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ืœื ืชืจื ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:22
to help us move forward in understanding human happiness.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:25
In part, we have the legacy of Freud, who was a pessimist,
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
02:28
who said that pursuit of happiness is a doomed quest,
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ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ,
02:30
is propelled by infantile aspects of the individual
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืข"ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื
02:34
that can never be met in reality.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืฉื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
02:36
He said, "One feels inclined to say
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข,
02:39
that the intention that man should be happy
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ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืฉืจ
02:41
is not included in the plan of creation."
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ืื™ื ื” ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”."
02:44
So the ultimate goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™,
02:47
was really what Freud called ordinary misery.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื” ืฉืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื›ื™ื ื” "ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”".
02:50
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:52
And Freud in part reflects
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ื•ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืžืฉืงืฃ ื—ืœืงื™ืช
02:55
the anatomy of the human emotion system --
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ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช-
02:58
which is that we have both a positive and a negative system,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช,
03:02
and our negative system
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ื•ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
03:04
is extremely sensitive.
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ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:06
So for example, we're born loving the taste of something sweet
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ื•ืœื“ื ื• ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื˜ืขื ืžืชื•ืง
03:09
and reacting aversively to the taste of something bitter.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืœื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžืจื™ื.
03:13
We also find that people are more averse to losing
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื ืฉื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“
03:16
than they are happy to gain.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
03:19
The formula for a happy marriage
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ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
03:21
is five positive remarks, or interactions,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื’ืขื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
03:24
for every one negative.
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื” ืื• ืžื’ืข ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืื—ื“.
03:26
And that's how powerful the one negative is.
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
03:29
Especially expressions of contempt or disgust,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื•ื– ืื• ื’ื•ืขืœ,
03:32
well you really need a lot of positives to upset that.
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ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื.
03:36
I also put in here the stress response.
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ื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ื’ื ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื—ืง.
03:39
We're wired for dangers that are immediate,
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ืื ื• ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ ืกื›ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
03:41
that are physical, that are imminent,
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ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ,
03:43
and so our body goes into an incredible reaction
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ื•ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
03:46
where endogenous opioids come in.
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ื•ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
03:48
We have a system that is really ancient,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื”,
03:50
and really there for physical danger.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ ืกื›ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
03:52
And so over time, this becomes a stress response,
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ื•ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื—ืง,
03:55
which has enormous effects on the body.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
03:57
Cortisol floods the brain;
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ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ ืžืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—;
03:59
it destroys hippocampal cells and memory,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืก ืชืื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก ื•ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
04:02
and can lead to all kinds of health problems.
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ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
04:04
But unfortunately, we need this system in part.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ืื ื• ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•.
04:07
If we were only governed by pleasure
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ืื ืจืง ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื ื•
04:09
we would not survive.
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ืœื ื ืฉืจื•ื“.
04:11
We really have two command posts.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉืชื™ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“.
04:13
Emotions are short-lived intense responses
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ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื–ื•ืช ื•ืงืฆืจื•ืช-ื˜ื•ื•ื—
04:15
to challenge and to opportunity.
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ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:18
And each one of them allows us to click into alternate selves
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื ื• ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช
04:21
that tune in, turn on, drop out
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ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช, ืžื“ืœื™ืงื”, ืžื›ื‘ื”
04:23
thoughts, perceptions, feelings and memories.
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:26
We tend to think of emotions as just feelings.
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืกืชื ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช.
04:28
But in fact, emotions are an all-systems alert
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื›ืœืœ-ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช
04:30
that change what we remember,
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ืฉืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื,
04:32
what kind of decisions we make,
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ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื,
04:34
and how we perceive things.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:36
So let me go forward to the new science of happiness.
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ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื“ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ.
04:38
We've come away from the Freudian gloom,
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ื”ืชืจื—ืงื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืงื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช,
04:40
and people are now actively studying this.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ.
04:43
And one of the key points in the science of happiness
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืื•ืฉืจ
04:45
is that happiness and unhappiness
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช
04:47
are not endpoints of a single continuum.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช-ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆืฃ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“.
04:50
The Freudian model is really one continuum
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ื”ื“ื’ื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื“ื™ืื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืฆืฃ ื™ื—ื™ื“
04:53
that, as you get less miserable,
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ืœืคื™ื•, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช,
04:55
you get happier.
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ื ืขืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
04:57
And that isn't true -- when you get less miserable,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ-- ื›ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช,
04:59
you get less miserable.
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ื ืขืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช.
05:01
And that happiness is a whole other end of the equation.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื”.
05:04
And it's been missing. It's been missing from psychotherapy.
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”.
05:07
So when people's symptoms go away, they tend to recur,
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ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืžื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช,
05:10
because there isn't a sense of the other half --
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™--
05:12
of what pleasure, happiness, compassion, gratitude,
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ืขืœ ืขื•ื ื’, ืื•ืฉืจ, ื—ืžืœื”, ื”ื›ืจืช-ืชื•ื“ื”,
05:15
what are the positive emotions.
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ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื.
05:17
And of course we know this intuitively,
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ื•ืื ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
05:19
that happiness is not just the absence of misery.
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ืฉื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืง ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช.
05:22
But somehow it was not put forward until very recently,
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ืืš ืžืฉื•ื-ืžื”, ืขื“ ืžืžืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
05:25
seeing these as two parallel systems.
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ืœื ืจืื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช.
05:28
So that the body can both look for opportunity
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ืื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
05:31
and also protect itself from danger, at the same time.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืคื ื™ ืกื›ื ื”, ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
05:33
And they're sort of two reciprocal
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช
05:35
and dynamically interacting systems.
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™-ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื.
05:37
People have also wanted to deconstruct.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื.
05:39
We use this word "happy,"
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืื•ืฉืจ",
05:41
and it's this very large umbrella of a term.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืžืื“.
05:43
And then three emotions for which there are no English words:
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช:
05:46
fiero, which is the pride in accomplishment of a challenge;
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"ืคื™ื™ืจื•", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืืชื’ืจ;
05:50
schadenfreude, which is happiness in another's misfortune,
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"ืฉืื“ื ืคืจื•ื™ื“", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืื™ื“,
05:54
a malicious pleasure;
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ืขื•ื ื’ ืžืจื•ืฉืข,
05:56
and naches, which is a pride and joy in one's children.
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ื•"ื ืื—ืขืก", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.
05:59
Absent from this list, and absent from any discussions of happiness,
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ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ,
06:02
are happiness in another's happiness.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืฉืžื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช.
06:04
We don't seem to have a word for that.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื™ืœื” ืœื–ื”.
06:07
We are very sensitive to the negative,
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ืื ื• ืžืื“ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ืœื™,
06:09
but it is in part offset by the fact
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ืืš ื–ื” ืžืชืงื–ื– ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
06:11
that we have a positivity.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ืฆื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
06:13
We're also born pleasure-seekers.
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ืื ื• ื’ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืžื—ืคืฉื™-ืขื•ื ื’.
06:15
Babies love the taste of sweet
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ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืง
06:17
and hate the taste of bitter.
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ื•ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช.
06:19
They love to touch smooth surfaces rather than rough ones.
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ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกื™ื.
06:22
They like to look at beautiful faces
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ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ื™ืคื™ื
06:24
rather than plain faces.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžื›ื•ืขืจื™ื.
06:26
They like to listen to consonant melodies
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ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช
06:28
instead of dissonant melodies.
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ื•ืœื ืœืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช.
06:30
Babies really are born
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
06:32
with a lot of innate pleasures.
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ืขื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช.
06:34
There was once a statement made by a psychologist
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืคืขื,
06:37
that said that 80 percent of the pursuit of happiness
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ืฉ-80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ
06:40
is really just about the genes,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
06:42
and it's as difficult to become happier as it is to become taller.
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ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:45
That's nonsense.
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ืืœื• ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช.
06:47
There is a decent contribution to happiness from the genes --
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืœืื•ืฉืจ--
06:50
about 50 percent --
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ื‘ืขืจืš 50 ืื—ื•ื–--
06:52
but there is still that 50 percent that is unaccounted for.
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืœื ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื.
06:55
Let's just go into the brain for a moment,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืจื’ืข ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—,
06:57
and see where does happiness
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืžืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืื•ืฉืจ
06:59
arise from in evolution.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
07:01
We have basically at least two systems here,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช,
07:04
and they both are very ancient.
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ื•ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื“.
07:06
One is the reward system,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ,
07:08
and that's fed by the chemical dopamine.
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ื•ืžื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ.
07:10
And it starts in the ventral tegmental area.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื—ื•ื ื™.
07:13
It goes to the nucleus accumbens,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืžื‘ื ืก,
07:15
all the way up to the prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื”ืคืจื”-ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™, ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช,
07:17
where decisions are made, high level.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช, ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
07:19
This was originally seen as a system
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื”
07:21
that was the pleasure system of the brain.
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
07:23
In the 1950s,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50,
07:25
Olds and Milner put electrodes into the brain of a rat.
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ืื•ืœื“ืก ื•ืžื™ืœื ืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื“ื”.
07:28
And the rat would just keep pressing that bar
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
07:31
thousands and thousands and thousands of times.
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ืืœืคื™ ืคืขืžื™ื.
07:33
It wouldn't eat. It wouldn't sleep. It wouldn't have sex.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื›ืœื”, ืœื ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื” ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ.
07:36
It wouldn't do anything but press this bar.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืช.
07:38
So they assumed
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื•
07:40
this must be, you know, the brain's orgasmatron.
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ืฉื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื–ืžื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
07:42
It turned out that it wasn't,
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืœื.
07:44
that it really is a system of motivation,
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ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื™ืขื”,
07:46
a system of wanting.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช.
07:48
It gives objects what's called incentive salience.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืงืฉืจืช ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ.
07:51
It makes something look so attractive
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ื” ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื
07:53
that you just have to go after it.
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื.
07:55
That's something different
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”
07:57
from the system that is the pleasure system,
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ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื’,
08:00
which simply says, "I like this."
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืžืจืช, "ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™."
08:02
The pleasure system, as you see,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื’, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
08:04
which is the internal opiates, there is a hormone oxytocin,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ,
08:07
is widely spread throughout the brain.
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ืคืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
08:09
Dopamine system, the wanting system,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช,
08:11
is much more centralized.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ืช.
08:13
The other thing about positive emotions is that they have a universal signal.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื™ืชื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
08:16
And we see here the smile.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื, ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš.
08:18
And the universal signal is not just raising the corner of the lips
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ื”ืื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืง ื”ืจืžืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื
08:21
to the zygomatic major.
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ืœ,
08:23
It's also crinkling the outer corner of the eye,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืงื™ืžื•ื˜ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ,
08:26
the orbicularis oculi.
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ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื™.
08:29
So you see, even 10-month-old babies, when they see their mother,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ 10 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืืžื,
08:32
will show this particular kind of smile.
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ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
08:34
Extroverts use it more than introverts.
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ื”ืžื•ื—ืฆื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื.
08:36
People who are relieved of depression
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืžื™ื ืžื“ื›ืื•ืŸ
08:38
show it more after than before.
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ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
08:40
So if you want to unmask a true look of happiness,
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ื•ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืžืจืื”ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ,
08:43
you will look for this expression.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ื”ื–ืืช.
08:45
Our pleasures are really ancient.
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ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื,
08:47
And we learn, of course, many, many pleasures,
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ื•ืื ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืขื•ื ื’ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
08:49
but many of them are base. And one of them, of course, is biophilia --
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข--
08:52
that we have a response to the natural world
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
08:54
that's very profound.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžืื“.
08:56
Very interesting studies
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ื ืขืจื›ื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:58
done on people recovering from surgery,
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ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืžื• ืžื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื,
09:01
who found that people who faced a brick wall
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืงื™ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื
09:04
versus people who looked out on trees and nature,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
09:07
the people who looked out on the brick wall
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ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื• ื‘ืงื™ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื
09:09
were in the hospital longer, needed more medication,
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ืฉื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ื— ื•ื ื–ืงืงื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
09:11
and had more medical complications.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื.
09:13
There is something very restorative about nature,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื“ ืžืฉืงื,
09:15
and it's part of how we are tuned.
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:18
Humans, particularly so, we're very imitative creatures.
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ื›ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
09:21
And we imitate from almost the second we are born.
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ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืจื’ืข ื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื ื•.
09:23
Here is a three-week-old baby.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
09:25
And if you stick your tongue out at this baby,
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ืื ืชื•ืฆื™ืื• ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ,
09:27
the baby will do the same.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
09:29
We are social beings from the beginning.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
09:31
And even studies of cooperation
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื”
09:33
show that cooperation between individuals
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ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
09:35
lights up reward centers of the brain.
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ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
09:38
One problem that psychology has had
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื”
09:40
is instead of looking at this intersubjectivity --
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ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื•--
09:42
or the importance of the social brain
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ืื• ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
09:45
to humans who come into the world helpless
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ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™-ื™ืฉืข
09:47
and need each other tremendously --
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ื•ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ืœื–ื•ืœืชื•--
09:49
is that they focus instead on the self
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื™,
09:52
and self-esteem, and not self-other.
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช.
09:54
It's sort of "me," not "we."
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื™" ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืื ื—ื ื•".
09:56
And I think this has been a really tremendous problem
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”
09:58
that goes against our biology and nature,
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื‘ืขื ื•,
10:01
and hasn't made us any happier at all.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืชืจืžื” ืœืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
10:03
Because when you think about it, people are happiest when in flow,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื,
10:06
when they're absorbed in something out in the world,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื,
10:08
when they're with other people, when they're active,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื,
10:10
engaged in sports, focusing on a loved one,
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ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืื“ื ืื”ื•ื‘,
10:12
learning, having sex, whatever.
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ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกืงืก, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื”.
10:14
They're not sitting in front of the mirror
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืจืื”
10:16
trying to figure themselves out,
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
10:18
or thinking about themselves.
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ืื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื.
10:20
These are not the periods when you feel happiest.
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ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
10:23
The other thing is, that a piece of evidence is,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช
10:25
is if you look at computerized text analysis
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ืฉื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜
10:28
of people who commit suicide,
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ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•,
10:30
what you find there, and it's quite interesting,
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ืžืจืื” - ื•ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ -
10:32
is use of the first person singular --
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ --
10:34
"I," "me," "my,"
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"ืื ื™", "ืฉืœื™",
10:36
not "we" and "us" --
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืื ื—ื ื•" ื•"ืื ื•" --
10:38
and the letters are less hopeless
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ื•ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื•ืืฉื™ื,
10:40
than they are really alone.
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ืืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.
10:42
And being alone is very unnatural to the human.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืžืื“ ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืื“ื.
10:46
There is a profound need to belong.
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืขืžื•ืง ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš.
10:49
But there are ways in which our evolutionary history can really trip us up.
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืœื ื•.
10:52
Because, for example, the genes don't care whether we're happy,
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ื›ื™ ืœื’ื ื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืื ืื ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื,
10:55
they care that we replicate,
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ืืœื ืจืง ืื ืื ื• ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ื,
10:57
that we pass our genes on.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืœืื”.
10:59
So for example we have three systems
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช
11:01
that underlie reproduction, because it's so important.
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ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
11:04
There's lust, which is just wanting to have sex.
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ื™ืฉ ืชืื•ื•ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืงืก.
11:07
And that's really mediated by the sex hormones.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ.
11:10
Romantic attraction,
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ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช,
11:12
that gets into the desire system.
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ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช,
11:14
And that's dopamine-fed. And that's, "I must have this one person."
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ื•ืžื•ื–ื ืช ืข"ื™ ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ "ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”."
11:17
There's attachment, which is oxytocin,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช, ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ,
11:19
and the opiates, which says, "This is a long-term bond."
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ื•ื”ืื•ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื–ื”ื• ืงืฉืจ ืืจื•ืš-ื˜ื•ื•ื—".
11:22
See the problem is that, as humans, these three can separate.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืฉ-3 ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช.
11:25
So a person can be in a long term attachment,
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ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืืจื•ืš-ื˜ื•ื•ื—,
11:28
become romantically infatuated with someone else,
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ืœื”ืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
11:30
and want to have sex with a third person.
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ื•ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืื“ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
11:33
The other way in which our genes can sometimes lead us astray
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•
11:35
is in social status.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
11:37
We are very acutely aware of our social status
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ืื ื• ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืขืžื“ื ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
11:40
and always seek to further and increase it.
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ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืงื“ื ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืื•ืชื•.
11:44
Now in the animal world, there is only one way to increase status,
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ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
11:47
and that's dominance.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
11:49
I seize command by physical prowess,
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ืคืกืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™,
11:51
and I keep it by beating my chest,
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ื•ืžืคื’ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื”,
11:53
and you make submissive gestures.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืขื”.
11:55
Now, the human has a whole other way to rise to the top,
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ืืš ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืคื™ืกื’ื”,
11:58
and that is a prestige route,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื”,
12:00
which is freely conferred.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ ืจื—ื‘ื”.
12:02
Someone has expertise and knowledge, and knows how to do things,
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ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืข, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
12:05
and we give that person status.
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ืื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื• ืžืขืžื“.
12:07
And that's clearly the way for us to create many more niches of status
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื–ื” ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืขืžื“
12:11
so that people don't have to be lower on the status hierarchy
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช
12:14
as they are in the animal world.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™.
12:16
The data isn't terribly supportive of money buying happiness.
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ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืืฉืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื›ืกืฃ ืงื•ื ื” ืื•ืฉืจ.
12:19
But it's not irrelevant.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืžืกื•ื™ื.
12:21
So if you look at questions like this, life satisfaction,
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ืื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:24
you see life satisfaction going up with each rung of income.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”.
12:27
You see mental distress going up with lower income.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
12:31
So clearly there is some effect.
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ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
12:33
But the effect is relatively small.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”.
12:35
And one of the problems with money is materialism.
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื ื•ืช.
12:38
What happens when people pursue money too avidly,
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืœื”ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™,
12:41
is they forget about the real basic pleasures of life.
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ื”ื ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
12:44
So we have here, this couple.
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ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจ,
12:46
"Do you think the less-fortunate are having better sex?"
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"ื ืจืื” ืœืš ืฉื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืกืงืก ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ?"
12:48
And then this kid over here is saying, "Leave me alone with my toys."
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจ, "ืชื ื™ื— ืœื™ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื™."
12:50
So one of the things is that it really takes over.
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ืื– ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืชืœื˜.
12:53
That whole dopamine-wanting system
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ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ
12:55
takes over and derails from any of the pleasure system.
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ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ื•ืžืกื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ืชืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉืœื ื•.
12:58
Maslow had this idea back in the 1950s
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ืžืืกืœื• ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50,
13:00
that as people rise above their biological needs,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชืขืœื• ืžืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
13:03
as the world becomes safer
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:05
and we don't have to worry about basic needs being met --
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ื•ืœื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื•--
13:08
our biological system, whatever motivates us, is being satisfied --
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ืฉืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืงื•--
13:12
we can rise above them, to think beyond ourselves
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœื™ื”ื, ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื•
13:15
toward self-actualization or transcendence,
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื• ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช,
13:18
and rise above the materialist.
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ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื ื™.
13:20
So to just quickly conclude with some brief data
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ื•ืื ืœืกื›ื ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
13:23
that suggests this might be so.
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ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™:
13:26
One is people who underwent what is called a quantum change:
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” 'ืžื”ืคืš',
13:29
they felt their life and their whole values had changed.
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ืฉื—ืฉื• ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
13:32
And sure enough, if you look at the kinds of values that come in,
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ื•ื›ืฆืคื•ื™, ืื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ,
13:35
you see wealth, adventure, achievement, pleasure, fun, be respected,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช, ืขื•ื ื’, ื›ื™ืฃ, ื›ื‘ื•ื“,
13:38
before the change,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
13:40
and much more post-materialist values after.
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ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืจ-ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•.
13:44
Women had a whole different set of value shifts.
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ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
13:47
But very similarly, the only one that survived there was happiness.
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ืืš ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื, ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืฉืจ.
13:50
They went from attractiveness and happiness and wealth and self-control
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ืžื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช, ืžืื•ืฉืจื•ืช, ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
13:53
to generosity and forgiveness.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืกืœื—ื ื•ืช.
13:56
I end with a few quotes.
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ืืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื•ืช.
13:58
"There is only one question:
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"ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช:
14:00
How to love this world?"
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ืื™ืš ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื?"
14:02
And Rilke, "If your daily life seems poor,
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ื•ืจื™ืœืงื” ืืžืจ: "ืื ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœืš ื ืจืื™ื ืขืœื•ื‘ื™ื,
14:05
do not blame it; blame yourself.
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ืืœ ืชืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื; ื”ืืฉืžื” ื‘ืš.
14:07
Tell yourself that you are not poet enough
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ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžืš ืฉืื™ื ืš ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืฉื•ืจืจ
14:09
to call forth its riches."
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื•."
14:12
"First, say to yourself what you would be.
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"ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžืš ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื”,
14:14
Then do what you have to do."
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ื•ืื– ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ืš."
14:16
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:18
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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