Nancy Etcoff: Happiness and its surprises

64,684 views ใƒป 2009-06-15

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeong-Lan Kinser ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sunphil Ga
00:18
This is called Hooked on a Feeling:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ์ •์— ์ค‘๋…๋œ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
00:20
The Pursuit of Happiness and Human Design.
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ํ–‰๋ณต์—์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋””์ž์ธ
00:22
I put up a somewhat dour Darwin,
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์Œ์นจํ•œ ๋‹ค์œˆ ๋Œ€์‹ 
00:24
but a very happy chimp up there.
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์•„์ฃผ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:26
My first point is that the pursuit of happiness is obligatory.
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์ €์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์š”์ ์€ ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฌด์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:29
Man wishes to be happy, only wishes to be happy,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ณ ,
00:32
and cannot wish not to be so.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€์š”.
00:35
We are wired to pursue happiness,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:37
not only to enjoy it, but to want more and more of it.
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ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋” ์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”
00:40
So given that that's true,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
00:42
how good are we at increasing our happiness?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Šฅํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:46
Well, we certainly try.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ฃ 
00:48
If you look on the Amazon site, there are over 2,000 titles
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
00:51
with advice on the seven habits, the nine choices,
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7 ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์Šต๊ด€, 9 ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ํƒ,
00:54
the 10 secrets,
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10๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์–ธ๋“ค๊ณผ
00:56
the 14,000 thoughts that are supposed to bring happiness.
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1๋งŒ 4์ฒœ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:59
Now another way we try to increase our happiness
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”
01:01
is we medicate ourselves.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:03
And so there's over 120 million prescriptions out there for antidepressants.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์šฐ์šธ์ œ๋กœ 1์–ต 2์ฒœ๋งŒ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:07
Prozac was really the first absolute blockbuster drug.
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ํ”„๋กœ์ž‘์€ ์ •๋ง ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ํ•œ ์•ฝ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:10
It was clean, efficient, there was no high,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ณ , ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋“ค๋œจ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:13
there was really no danger, it had no street value.
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๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
01:16
In 1995,
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1995๋…„์—,
01:18
illegal drugs were a $400 billion business,
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๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์˜์•ฝ์€ 400์กฐ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋กœ,
01:21
representing eight percent of world trade,
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฌด์—ญ์˜ 8ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
01:23
roughly the same as gas and oil.
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๋Œ€๋žต ๊ฐ€์Šค์™€ ์„์œ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:25
These routes to happiness haven't really increased happiness very much.
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ํ–‰๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋กœ๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:29
One problem that's happening now is,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
01:31
although the rates of happiness
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ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด
01:33
are about as flat as the surface of the moon,
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๋‹ฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ‰ํ‰ํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:35
depression and anxiety are rising.
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:37
Some people say this is because we have better diagnosis,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:41
and more people are being found out.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:43
It isn't just that. We're seeing it all over the world.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ˆ์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:46
In the United States right now
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”
01:48
there are more suicides than homicides.
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์‚ด์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์‚ด์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:50
There is a rash of suicide in China.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์ž์‚ด์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
And the World Health Organization predicts
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์–ธํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€
01:54
by the year 2020
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2020๋…„์—๋Š”
01:56
that depression will be
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด
01:58
the second largest cause of disability.
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์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
Now the good news here
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€
02:02
is that if you take surveys from around the world,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด
02:04
we see that about three quarters of people
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์•ฝ 3/4์ •๋„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
02:06
will say they are at least pretty happy.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ• ๊ฒƒ ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:08
But this does not follow any of the usual trends.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์˜ ์–ด๋Š๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:12
For example, these two show great growth in income,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์ด ๋‘๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž…์—์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ,
02:15
absolutely flat happiness curves.
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ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ๊ณก์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ‰ํ‰ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:17
My field, the field of psychology,
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์ œ ๋ถ„์•ผ, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š”
02:20
hasn't done a whole lot
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์žˆ์–ด
02:22
to help us move forward in understanding human happiness.
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์•„์ง ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค ๋ฐํžˆ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
In part, we have the legacy of Freud, who was a pessimist,
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๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ผ์‡„์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜€๋˜, ํ”„๋กœ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:28
who said that pursuit of happiness is a doomed quest,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ €์ฃผ๋ฐ›์€ ํƒ์ƒ‰์ด๋ฉฐ,
02:30
is propelled by infantile aspects of the individual
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ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋งŒ์กฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
02:34
that can never be met in reality.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์˜์•„์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ถ”์ง„๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
He said, "One feels inclined to say
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, "์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
02:39
that the intention that man should be happy
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์˜๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
02:41
is not included in the plan of creation."
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์ฐฝ์กฐ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:44
So the ultimate goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ถ„์„ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š”
02:47
was really what Freud called ordinary misery.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋น„์ฐธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:50
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:52
And Freud in part reflects
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋Š”
02:55
the anatomy of the human emotion system --
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ •์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š”
02:58
which is that we have both a positive and a negative system,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:02
and our negative system
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด
03:04
is extremely sensitive.
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๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:06
So for example, we're born loving the taste of something sweet
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ง›์„ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:09
and reacting aversively to the taste of something bitter.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์“ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ง›์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒœ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:13
We also find that people are more averse to losing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ป๋Š”๊ฒƒ์— ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
03:16
than they are happy to gain.
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์žƒ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์— ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:19
The formula for a happy marriage
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ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต์‹์€
03:21
is five positive remarks, or interactions,
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
03:24
for every one negative.
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๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋…ผํ‰๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:26
And that's how powerful the one negative is.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
Especially expressions of contempt or disgust,
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฉธ์‹œ๋‚˜ ํ˜์˜ค์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๋“ค์€,
03:32
well you really need a lot of positives to upset that.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋’ค์—…๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:36
I also put in here the stress response.
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์ €๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ•์กฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:39
We're wired for dangers that are immediate,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ 
03:41
that are physical, that are imminent,
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์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€
03:43
and so our body goes into an incredible reaction
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๋‚ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์˜คํ”ผ์˜ค์ด๋“œ (์•„ํŽธ๋ชจ์–‘)์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์—
03:46
where endogenous opioids come in.
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๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ฒœ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:48
We have a system that is really ancient,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
03:50
and really there for physical danger.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:52
And so over time, this becomes a stress response,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์„ธ์›”์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์— ๊ต‰์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
03:55
which has enormous effects on the body.
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:57
Cortisol floods the brain;
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์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์กธ(์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชจ)์ด ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ํ™์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉด;
03:59
it destroys hippocampal cells and memory,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ด๋งˆ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋ง๊ฐ€๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
04:02
and can lead to all kinds of health problems.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๊ฐ์ข… ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:04
But unfortunately, we need this system in part.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:07
If we were only governed by pleasure
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๋งŒ์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์พŒ๋ฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:09
we would not survive.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:11
We really have two command posts.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ช…๋ น ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:13
Emotions are short-lived intense responses
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์ •์„œ๋Š” ๋„์ „๊ณผ ๊ธฐํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
04:15
to challenge and to opportunity.
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์งง๊ฒŒ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:18
And each one of them allows us to click into alternate selves
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
04:21
that tune in, turn on, drop out
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๊ท€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ ,ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜๋ฉฐ,๋‚™์˜คํ•˜๋Š”
04:23
thoughts, perceptions, feelings and memories.
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์ƒ๊ฐ, ์ดํ•ด, ๋Š๋‚Œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ ์ธ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:26
We tend to think of emotions as just feelings.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋Š๋‚Œ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”
04:28
But in fact, emotions are an all-systems alert
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ƒ, ์ •์„œ๋Š”
04:30
that change what we remember,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:32
what kind of decisions we make,
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๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •๋“ค์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€, ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
04:34
and how we perceive things.
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๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ „์กฐ์ง ๊ฒฝ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
So let me go forward to the new science of happiness.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋งํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
04:38
We've come away from the Freudian gloom,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
04:40
and people are now actively studying this.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:43
And one of the key points in the science of happiness
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ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
04:45
is that happiness and unhappiness
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ํ–‰๋ณต์ด๊ณ  ๋ถˆํ–‰์€
04:47
are not endpoints of a single continuum.
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๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—ฐ์†์ฒด์˜ ์ข…๊ฒฐ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:50
The Freudian model is really one continuum
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ํ”„๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—ฐ์†์ฒด์ธ๋ฐ,
04:53
that, as you get less miserable,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋œ ๋น„์ฐธํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉด
04:55
you get happier.
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๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:57
And that isn't true -- when you get less miserable,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋œ ๋น„์ฐธํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด,
04:59
you get less miserable.
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๋œ ๋น„์ฐธํ•ด์ง€๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
05:01
And that happiness is a whole other end of the equation.
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๊ทธ ํ–‰๋ณต์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๊ฒฐ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:04
And it's been missing. It's been missing from psychotherapy.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๋ถ€์žฌํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•™์—์„œ ๋ถ€์žฌํ•ด์™”์ง€์š”
05:07
So when people's symptoms go away, they tend to recur,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:10
because there isn't a sense of the other half --
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
05:12
of what pleasure, happiness, compassion, gratitude,
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์พŒ๋ฝ, ํ–‰๋ณต, ๋™์ •์‹ฌ, ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ •์„œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ธ
05:15
what are the positive emotions.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ€์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:17
And of course we know this intuitively,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋Š”๋ฐ,
05:19
that happiness is not just the absence of misery.
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ํ–‰๋ณต์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋น„์ฐธ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:22
But somehow it was not put forward until very recently,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์ฐŒ๋๋“  ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ํ‰ํ–‰์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
05:25
seeing these as two parallel systems.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:28
So that the body can both look for opportunity
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹ ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:31
and also protect itself from danger, at the same time.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋™์‹œ์— ์œ„ํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:33
And they're sort of two reciprocal
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ตํ™˜์ ์ด๊ณ 
05:35
and dynamically interacting systems.
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์—ญ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:37
People have also wanted to deconstruct.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋„ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:39
We use this word "happy,"
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด "ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ" ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
05:41
and it's this very large umbrella of a term.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
And then three emotions for which there are no English words:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์˜์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด์—๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ •์„œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
05:46
fiero, which is the pride in accomplishment of a challenge;
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์–ด๋ ค์šด์ ์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ์—์„œ์˜ ์ž๊ธ์‹ฌ์ธ, ํ”ผ์—๋กœ(fiero),
05:50
schadenfreude, which is happiness in another's misfortune,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ถˆํ–‰์—์„œ์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต, ์‚ฌ์•…ํ•œ ์พŒ๋ฝ์ธ
05:54
a malicious pleasure;
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์ƒค๋ดํ”„๋ ˆ์šฐ๋ฐ (schadenfreude),
05:56
and naches, which is a pride and joy in one's children.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ธ์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์จ์ธ ๋‚˜์‰ (aches)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:59
Absent from this list, and absent from any discussions of happiness,
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์ด ๋ชฉ๋ก๊ณผ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€,
06:02
are happiness in another's happiness.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์—์„œ์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:04
We don't seem to have a word for that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
We are very sensitive to the negative,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
06:09
but it is in part offset by the fact
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ž„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
06:11
that we have a positivity.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์‡„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:13
We're also born pleasure-seekers.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฒœ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์พŒ๋ฝ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:15
Babies love the taste of sweet
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•œ ๋ง›์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:17
and hate the taste of bitter.
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์“ด ๋ง›์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:19
They love to touch smooth surfaces rather than rough ones.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:22
They like to look at beautiful faces
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์–ผ๊ตด๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
06:24
rather than plain faces.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:26
They like to listen to consonant melodies
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์กฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€์•Š์€ ์Œ๋ฅ ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
06:28
instead of dissonant melodies.
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์กฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์Œ๋ฅ ๋“ค์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:30
Babies really are born
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ
06:32
with a lot of innate pleasures.
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์ฒœ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์พŒ๋ฝ์„ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:34
There was once a statement made by a psychologist
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง„์ˆ ๋œ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:37
that said that 80 percent of the pursuit of happiness
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ–‰๋ณต ์ถ”๊ตฌ์˜ 80ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€
06:40
is really just about the genes,
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์ •๋ง ๋‹จ์ง€ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ,
06:42
and it's as difficult to become happier as it is to become taller.
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๋”์šฑ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด์ง€๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:45
That's nonsense.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”
06:47
There is a decent contribution to happiness from the genes --
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ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜ ์œ ์ €์ž์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด
06:50
about 50 percent --
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์•ฝ 50ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:52
but there is still that 50 percent that is unaccounted for.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ 50ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:55
Let's just go into the brain for a moment,
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์ž ์‹œ ๋‡Œ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ
06:57
and see where does happiness
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์ง„ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ–‰๋ณต์ด ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€
06:59
arise from in evolution.
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์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค
07:01
We have basically at least two systems here,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
07:04
and they both are very ancient.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:06
One is the reward system,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณด์ƒ์ œ๋„์ด๊ณ ,
07:08
and that's fed by the chemical dopamine.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:10
And it starts in the ventral tegmental area.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณต์ธกํ”ผ๊ฐœ์˜์—ญ(VTA)์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:13
It goes to the nucleus accumbens,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ธก์ขŒํ•ต(nucleus accumbens)๊ณผ,
07:15
all the way up to the prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex,
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๋†’์€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”
07:17
where decisions are made, high level.
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์•ˆ์™€ ์ „๋‘ ํ”ผ์งˆ(orbital frontal cortex) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์ „๋‘์—ฝํ”ผ์งˆ(prefrontal cortex)๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
This was originally seen as a system
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ์พŒ๋ฝ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด์—ˆ๋˜
07:21
that was the pleasure system of the brain.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์›๋ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:23
In the 1950s,
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1950๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š”,
07:25
Olds and Milner put electrodes into the brain of a rat.
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์˜ฌ์ฆˆ์™€ ๋ฐ€๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฅ์˜ ๋‡Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ทน์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:28
And the rat would just keep pressing that bar
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์ฅ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„
07:31
thousands and thousands and thousands of times.
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๋ช‡์ฒœ๋ฒˆ, ๋ช‡์ฒœ๋ฒˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช‡์ฒœ๋ฒˆ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:33
It wouldn't eat. It wouldn't sleep. It wouldn't have sex.
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์ฅ๋Š” ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์ž์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:36
It wouldn't do anything but press this bar.
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์ด ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „ํ˜€ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”
07:38
So they assumed
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ง์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
07:40
this must be, you know, the brain's orgasmatron.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ, ์žˆ์ž–์•„์š”, ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์ฆ˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ตฌ์š”
07:42
It turned out that it wasn't,
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ํŒ๋ช…์ด ๋œ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:44
that it really is a system of motivation,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ์™€ ์š•๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
07:46
a system of wanting.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
It gives objects what's called incentive salience.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋™๊ธฐ์  ์š•๊ตฌ ํ˜„์ €์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
07:51
It makes something look so attractive
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๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์œ ํ˜น์ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
07:53
that you just have to go after it.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ซ’์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:55
That's something different
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ "๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์•„"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š”
07:57
from the system that is the pleasure system,
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์พŒ๋ฝ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ๋Š”
08:00
which simply says, "I like this."
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
The pleasure system, as you see,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด๋“ฏ์ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์•„ํŽธ์ œ์ธ
08:04
which is the internal opiates, there is a hormone oxytocin,
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์พŒ๋ฝ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€, ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์ด
08:07
is widely spread throughout the brain.
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๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:09
Dopamine system, the wanting system,
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์š•๊ตฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
08:11
is much more centralized.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:13
The other thing about positive emotions is that they have a universal signal.
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ •์„œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:16
And we see here the smile.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:18
And the universal signal is not just raising the corner of the lips
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๊ทธ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ด‘๋Œ€๋ผˆ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ,
08:21
to the zygomatic major.
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์ž…์ˆ ์˜ ๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:23
It's also crinkling the outer corner of the eye,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ˆ๋ฅœ๊ทผ(็œผ่ผช็ญ‹),
08:26
the orbicularis oculi.
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๋ˆˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์ชฝ ๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐก๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:29
So you see, even 10-month-old babies, when they see their mother,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ์—, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด 10๊ฐœ์›”์ด ๋œ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋„, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์—„๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ๋•Œ๋Š”
08:32
will show this particular kind of smile.
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์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:34
Extroverts use it more than introverts.
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์™ธํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‚ดํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:36
People who are relieved of depression
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
08:38
show it more after than before.
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๊ทธ ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:40
So if you want to unmask a true look of happiness,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:43
you will look for this expression.
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์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ฐพ์„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:45
Our pleasures are really ancient.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์พŒ๋ฝ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:47
And we learn, of course, many, many pleasures,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์พŒ๋ฝ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฐฐ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:49
but many of them are base. And one of them, of course, is biophilia --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ค‘์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก ,
08:52
that we have a response to the natural world
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
08:54
that's very profound.
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์ƒ๋ช…์• ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:56
Very interesting studies
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์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
08:58
done on people recovering from surgery,
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์—์„œ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ–‰ํ•ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:01
who found that people who faced a brick wall
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๋ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ
09:04
versus people who looked out on trees and nature,
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๋ฐ–์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์™€ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๋กธ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
09:07
the people who looked out on the brick wall
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๋ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ›„์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
09:09
were in the hospital longer, needed more medication,
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๋ณ‘์›์— ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
09:11
and had more medical complications.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:13
There is something very restorative about nature,
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์ž์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋ณต์›์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:15
and it's part of how we are tuned.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:18
Humans, particularly so, we're very imitative creatures.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€, ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:21
And we imitate from almost the second we are born.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:23
Here is a three-week-old baby.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ 3์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:25
And if you stick your tongue out at this baby,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฐ€๋ฉด,
09:27
the baby will do the same.
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:29
We are social beings from the beginning.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์ž‘๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:31
And even studies of cooperation
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ํ˜‘๋™์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
09:33
show that cooperation between individuals
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๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ˜‘๋™์€
09:35
lights up reward centers of the brain.
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๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐํž™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:38
One problem that psychology has had
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ด ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
09:40
is instead of looking at this intersubjectivity --
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์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์ฃผ๊ด€์„ฑ(ๅ…ฑ้€šไธป่ง€ๆ€ง)์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
09:42
or the importance of the social brain
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ํ˜น์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:45
to humans who come into the world helpless
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๊ฐ์ •์„ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
09:47
and need each other tremendously --
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ด๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—.
09:49
is that they focus instead on the self
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ -๋‹ค๋ฅธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:52
and self-esteem, and not self-other.
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๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์กด์ค‘์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:54
It's sort of "me," not "we."
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ผ์ข…์˜ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ" ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ "๋‚˜"์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
09:56
And I think this has been a really tremendous problem
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
09:58
that goes against our biology and nature,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ฌธ์ œ
10:01
and hasn't made us any happier at all.
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๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์™”๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ˜€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:03
Because when you think about it, people are happiest when in flow,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชฐ์ž…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
10:06
when they're absorbed in something out in the world,
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์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์— ํก์ˆ˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
10:08
when they're with other people, when they're active,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ™œ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
10:10
engaged in sports, focusing on a loved one,
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์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๋•Œ,
10:12
learning, having sex, whatever.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋“  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ–‰๋ณต๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
They're not sitting in front of the mirror
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์šธ ์•ž์— ์•‰์•„์„œ
10:16
trying to figure themselves out,
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ์• ์“ฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
10:18
or thinking about themselves.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:20
These are not the periods when you feel happiest.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:23
The other thing is, that a piece of evidence is,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์€,
10:25
is if you look at computerized text analysis
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ž์‚ด์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐํ™”๋œ
10:28
of people who commit suicide,
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ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด,
10:30
what you find there, and it's quite interesting,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฐพ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€, ์ฐธ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
10:32
is use of the first person singular --
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์ผ์ธ์นญ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
10:34
"I," "me," "my,"
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€" ์™€ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ/์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ"๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:36
not "we" and "us" --
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"๋‚˜," "๋‚˜๋ฅผ," ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "๋‚˜์˜" ์ด๊ณ 
10:38
and the letters are less hopeless
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๊ทธ ๊ธ€์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
10:40
than they are really alone.
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๋œ ํฌ๋ง์ด ์—†์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:42
And being alone is very unnatural to the human.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜ผ์ž ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
There is a profound need to belong.
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์†Œ์†ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
But there are ways in which our evolutionary history can really trip us up.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์  ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹๋“ค์„ ๋’ค์ง‘์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
Because, for example, the genes don't care whether we're happy,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด, ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:55
they care that we replicate,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์Šน์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
10:57
that we pass our genes on.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
So for example we have three systems
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”
11:01
that underlie reproduction, because it's so important.
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์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
There's lust, which is just wanting to have sex.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š”, ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ฑ์š•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:07
And that's really mediated by the sex hormones.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์„น์Šค ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
Romantic attraction,
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์š•๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”,
11:12
that gets into the desire system.
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๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ ์ธ ๋งค๋ ฅ์€
11:14
And that's dopamine-fed. And that's, "I must have this one person."
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๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ "๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ด ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค."๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
11:17
There's attachment, which is oxytocin,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ "์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด์•ผ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”
11:19
and the opiates, which says, "This is a long-term bond."
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ๊ณผ ์•„ํŽธ์ธ ์• ์ฐฉ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
See the problem is that, as humans, these three can separate.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”, ์ด ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ„์—ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:25
So a person can be in a long term attachment,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์• ์ฐฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ,
11:28
become romantically infatuated with someone else,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ผ์ด ๋น ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
11:30
and want to have sex with a third person.
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:33
The other way in which our genes can sometimes lead us astray
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ›๊ธธ๋กœ ๋น ์ง€๋„๋ก ์ด๋Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:35
is in social status.
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ง€์œ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:37
We are very acutely aware of our social status
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ง€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋‚ ์นด๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:40
and always seek to further and increase it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋” ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:44
Now in the animal world, there is only one way to increase status,
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜
11:47
and that's dominance.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋งŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:49
I seize command by physical prowess,
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๋™๋ฌผ์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:51
and I keep it by beating my chest,
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๊ฐ€์Šด์ด ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ฉด,
11:53
and you make submissive gestures.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ˆœ์ข…์ ์ธ ๋ชธ์ง“์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
Now, the human has a whole other way to rise to the top,
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์ž, ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:58
and that is a prestige route,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ ๋ง์˜ ๋ฃจํŠธ์ธ๋ฐ
12:00
which is freely conferred.
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์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
Someone has expertise and knowledge, and knows how to do things,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ผ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:05
and we give that person status.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:07
And that's clearly the way for us to create many more niches of status
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์œ„์˜ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ด์„œ
12:11
so that people don't have to be lower on the status hierarchy
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
12:14
as they are in the animal world.
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์ง€์œ„์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์ œ์—์„œ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:16
The data isn't terribly supportive of money buying happiness.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ์— ๋”์ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:19
But it's not irrelevant.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
So if you look at questions like this, life satisfaction,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ธ์ƒ๋งŒ์กฑ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
12:24
you see life satisfaction going up with each rung of income.
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์ˆ˜์ž…์˜ ๊ฐ ์ธต๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ธ์ƒ๋งŒ์กฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ ธ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:27
You see mental distress going up with lower income.
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๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ •์‹ ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:31
So clearly there is some effect.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€์š”
12:33
But the effect is relatively small.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:35
And one of the problems with money is materialism.
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๋ˆ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:38
What happens when people pursue money too avidly,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์น˜์—ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ์€
12:41
is they forget about the real basic pleasures of life.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์พŒ๋ฝ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์žŠ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:44
So we have here, this couple.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•œ์Œ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:46
"Do you think the less-fortunate are having better sex?"
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"๋œ ํ–‰์šด์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”?
12:48
And then this kid over here is saying, "Leave me alone with my toys."
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๊ทธ๋žฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ง์ด, "๋‚ด ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ๋“คํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค ๋‘ฌ"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:50
So one of the things is that it really takes over.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ์ธ๊ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:53
That whole dopamine-wanting system
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๊ทธ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด
12:55
takes over and derails from any of the pleasure system.
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๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€ ์พŒ๋ฝ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
Maslow had this idea back in the 1950s
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๋งค์Šฌ๋กœ์šฐ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ 1950๋…„๋„์— ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:00
that as people rise above their biological needs,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์š•๊ตฌ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
13:03
as the world becomes safer
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์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ 
13:05
and we don't have to worry about basic needs being met --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์š•๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด, ๋งŒ์กฑ๋˜์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:08
our biological system, whatever motivates us, is being satisfied --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“ ์ง€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
13:12
we can rise above them, to think beyond ourselves
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก
13:15
toward self-actualization or transcendence,
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹คํ˜„ ๋˜๋Š” ์ดˆ์›”์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:18
and rise above the materialist.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:20
So to just quickly conclude with some brief data
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿด์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š”
13:23
that suggests this might be so.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์งง์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ง“์ž๋ฉด์š”.
13:26
One is people who underwent what is called a quantum change:
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์–‘์ž์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
13:29
they felt their life and their whole values had changed.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:32
And sure enough, if you look at the kinds of values that come in,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ๋งŒ์ผ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
13:35
you see wealth, adventure, achievement, pleasure, fun, be respected,
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๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ด์ „์— ๋ถ€, ๋ชจํ—˜, ์„ฑ์ทจ, ์พŒ๋ฝ, ์žฌ๋ฏธ, ์กด๊ฒฝ๋ฐ›๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„
13:38
before the change,
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:40
and much more post-materialist values after.
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํ›„-๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:44
Women had a whole different set of value shifts.
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์—ฌ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์˜ ์„ธํŠธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:47
But very similarly, the only one that survived there was happiness.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ์กดํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณต์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:50
They went from attractiveness and happiness and wealth and self-control
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งค๋ ฅ, ํ–‰๋ณต, ๋ถ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
13:53
to generosity and forgiveness.
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๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•จ๊ณผ ์šฉ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:56
I end with a few quotes.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ์˜ ์ธ์šฉ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์ฃ 
13:58
"There is only one question:
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"๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค:
14:00
How to love this world?"
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์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?"
14:02
And Rilke, "If your daily life seems poor,
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๋ฆด์ผ€๋Š”, "๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉด
14:05
do not blame it; blame yourself.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹œ์˜ค; ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜์„ธ์š”
14:07
Tell yourself that you are not poet enough
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์–ด์„œ
14:09
to call forth its riches."
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๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ๋งŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์„ธ์š”
14:12
"First, say to yourself what you would be.
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"์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์„ธ์š”
14:14
Then do what you have to do."
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”"
14:16
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:18
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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