Nancy Etcoff: Happiness and its surprises

64,598 views ・ 2009-06-15

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:18
This is called Hooked on a Feeling:
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The Pursuit of Happiness and Human Design.
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I put up a somewhat dour Darwin,
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but a very happy chimp up there.
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My first point is that the pursuit of happiness is obligatory.
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Man wishes to be happy, only wishes to be happy,
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and cannot wish not to be so.
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We are wired to pursue happiness,
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not only to enjoy it, but to want more and more of it.
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So given that that's true,
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how good are we at increasing our happiness?
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Well, we certainly try.
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If you look on the Amazon site, there are over 2,000 titles
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with advice on the seven habits, the nine choices,
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the 10 secrets,
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the 14,000 thoughts that are supposed to bring happiness.
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Now another way we try to increase our happiness
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is we medicate ourselves.
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And so there's over 120 million prescriptions out there for antidepressants.
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Prozac was really the first absolute blockbuster drug.
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It was clean, efficient, there was no high,
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there was really no danger, it had no street value.
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In 1995,
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illegal drugs were a $400 billion business,
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representing eight percent of world trade,
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roughly the same as gas and oil.
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These routes to happiness haven't really increased happiness very much.
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One problem that's happening now is,
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although the rates of happiness
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are about as flat as the surface of the moon,
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depression and anxiety are rising.
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Some people say this is because we have better diagnosis,
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and more people are being found out.
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It isn't just that. We're seeing it all over the world.
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In the United States right now
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there are more suicides than homicides.
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There is a rash of suicide in China.
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And the World Health Organization predicts
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by the year 2020
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that depression will be
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the second largest cause of disability.
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02:00
Now the good news here
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is that if you take surveys from around the world,
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we see that about three quarters of people
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will say they are at least pretty happy.
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But this does not follow any of the usual trends.
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For example, these two show great growth in income,
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absolutely flat happiness curves.
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My field, the field of psychology,
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hasn't done a whole lot
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to help us move forward in understanding human happiness.
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In part, we have the legacy of Freud, who was a pessimist,
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who said that pursuit of happiness is a doomed quest,
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is propelled by infantile aspects of the individual
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that can never be met in reality.
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He said, "One feels inclined to say
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that the intention that man should be happy
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is not included in the plan of creation."
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So the ultimate goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy
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was really what Freud called ordinary misery.
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(Laughter)
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And Freud in part reflects
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the anatomy of the human emotion system --
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which is that we have both a positive and a negative system,
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and our negative system
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is extremely sensitive.
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So for example, we're born loving the taste of something sweet
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and reacting aversively to the taste of something bitter.
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We also find that people are more averse to losing
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than they are happy to gain.
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The formula for a happy marriage
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is five positive remarks, or interactions,
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for every one negative.
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And that's how powerful the one negative is.
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Especially expressions of contempt or disgust,
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well you really need a lot of positives to upset that.
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I also put in here the stress response.
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We're wired for dangers that are immediate,
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that are physical, that are imminent,
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and so our body goes into an incredible reaction
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where endogenous opioids come in.
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We have a system that is really ancient,
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and really there for physical danger.
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And so over time, this becomes a stress response,
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which has enormous effects on the body.
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Cortisol floods the brain;
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it destroys hippocampal cells and memory,
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and can lead to all kinds of health problems.
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But unfortunately, we need this system in part.
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If we were only governed by pleasure
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we would not survive.
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We really have two command posts.
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Emotions are short-lived intense responses
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to challenge and to opportunity.
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And each one of them allows us to click into alternate selves
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that tune in, turn on, drop out
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thoughts, perceptions, feelings and memories.
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We tend to think of emotions as just feelings.
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But in fact, emotions are an all-systems alert
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that change what we remember,
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what kind of decisions we make,
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and how we perceive things.
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So let me go forward to the new science of happiness.
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We've come away from the Freudian gloom,
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and people are now actively studying this.
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And one of the key points in the science of happiness
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is that happiness and unhappiness
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are not endpoints of a single continuum.
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The Freudian model is really one continuum
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that, as you get less miserable,
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you get happier.
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And that isn't true -- when you get less miserable,
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you get less miserable.
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And that happiness is a whole other end of the equation.
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And it's been missing. It's been missing from psychotherapy.
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So when people's symptoms go away, they tend to recur,
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because there isn't a sense of the other half --
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of what pleasure, happiness, compassion, gratitude,
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what are the positive emotions.
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And of course we know this intuitively,
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that happiness is not just the absence of misery.
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But somehow it was not put forward until very recently,
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seeing these as two parallel systems.
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So that the body can both look for opportunity
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and also protect itself from danger, at the same time.
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And they're sort of two reciprocal
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and dynamically interacting systems.
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People have also wanted to deconstruct.
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We use this word "happy,"
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and it's this very large umbrella of a term.
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And then three emotions for which there are no English words:
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fiero, which is the pride in accomplishment of a challenge;
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schadenfreude, which is happiness in another's misfortune,
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a malicious pleasure;
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and naches, which is a pride and joy in one's children.
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Absent from this list, and absent from any discussions of happiness,
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are happiness in another's happiness.
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We don't seem to have a word for that.
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We are very sensitive to the negative,
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but it is in part offset by the fact
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that we have a positivity.
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We're also born pleasure-seekers.
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Babies love the taste of sweet
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and hate the taste of bitter.
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They love to touch smooth surfaces rather than rough ones.
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They like to look at beautiful faces
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rather than plain faces.
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They like to listen to consonant melodies
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instead of dissonant melodies.
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Babies really are born
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with a lot of innate pleasures.
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There was once a statement made by a psychologist
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that said that 80 percent of the pursuit of happiness
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is really just about the genes,
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and it's as difficult to become happier as it is to become taller.
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That's nonsense.
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There is a decent contribution to happiness from the genes --
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about 50 percent --
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but there is still that 50 percent that is unaccounted for.
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Let's just go into the brain for a moment,
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and see where does happiness
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arise from in evolution.
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We have basically at least two systems here,
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and they both are very ancient.
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One is the reward system,
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and that's fed by the chemical dopamine.
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And it starts in the ventral tegmental area.
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It goes to the nucleus accumbens,
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all the way up to the prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex,
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where decisions are made, high level.
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This was originally seen as a system
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that was the pleasure system of the brain.
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In the 1950s,
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Olds and Milner put electrodes into the brain of a rat.
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And the rat would just keep pressing that bar
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thousands and thousands and thousands of times.
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It wouldn't eat. It wouldn't sleep. It wouldn't have sex.
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It wouldn't do anything but press this bar.
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So they assumed
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this must be, you know, the brain's orgasmatron.
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It turned out that it wasn't,
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that it really is a system of motivation,
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a system of wanting.
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It gives objects what's called incentive salience.
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It makes something look so attractive
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that you just have to go after it.
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That's something different
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from the system that is the pleasure system,
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which simply says, "I like this."
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The pleasure system, as you see,
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which is the internal opiates, there is a hormone oxytocin,
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is widely spread throughout the brain.
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Dopamine system, the wanting system,
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is much more centralized.
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The other thing about positive emotions is that they have a universal signal.
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And we see here the smile.
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And the universal signal is not just raising the corner of the lips
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to the zygomatic major.
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It's also crinkling the outer corner of the eye,
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the orbicularis oculi.
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So you see, even 10-month-old babies, when they see their mother,
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will show this particular kind of smile.
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Extroverts use it more than introverts.
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People who are relieved of depression
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show it more after than before.
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So if you want to unmask a true look of happiness,
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you will look for this expression.
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Our pleasures are really ancient.
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And we learn, of course, many, many pleasures,
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but many of them are base. And one of them, of course, is biophilia --
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that we have a response to the natural world
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that's very profound.
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Very interesting studies
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done on people recovering from surgery,
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who found that people who faced a brick wall
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versus people who looked out on trees and nature,
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the people who looked out on the brick wall
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were in the hospital longer, needed more medication,
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and had more medical complications.
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There is something very restorative about nature,
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and it's part of how we are tuned.
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Humans, particularly so, we're very imitative creatures.
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And we imitate from almost the second we are born.
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Here is a three-week-old baby.
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And if you stick your tongue out at this baby,
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the baby will do the same.
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We are social beings from the beginning.
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And even studies of cooperation
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show that cooperation between individuals
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lights up reward centers of the brain.
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One problem that psychology has had
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is instead of looking at this intersubjectivity --
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or the importance of the social brain
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to humans who come into the world helpless
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and need each other tremendously --
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is that they focus instead on the self
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and self-esteem, and not self-other.
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It's sort of "me," not "we."
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And I think this has been a really tremendous problem
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that goes against our biology and nature,
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and hasn't made us any happier at all.
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Because when you think about it, people are happiest when in flow,
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when they're absorbed in something out in the world,
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when they're with other people, when they're active,
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engaged in sports, focusing on a loved one,
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learning, having sex, whatever.
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They're not sitting in front of the mirror
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trying to figure themselves out,
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or thinking about themselves.
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These are not the periods when you feel happiest.
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The other thing is, that a piece of evidence is,
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is if you look at computerized text analysis
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of people who commit suicide,
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what you find there, and it's quite interesting,
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is use of the first person singular --
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"I," "me," "my,"
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not "we" and "us" --
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and the letters are less hopeless
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than they are really alone.
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And being alone is very unnatural to the human.
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There is a profound need to belong.
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But there are ways in which our evolutionary history can really trip us up.
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Because, for example, the genes don't care whether we're happy,
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they care that we replicate,
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that we pass our genes on.
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So for example we have three systems
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that underlie reproduction, because it's so important.
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There's lust, which is just wanting to have sex.
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And that's really mediated by the sex hormones.
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Romantic attraction,
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that gets into the desire system.
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And that's dopamine-fed. And that's, "I must have this one person."
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There's attachment, which is oxytocin,
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and the opiates, which says, "This is a long-term bond."
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See the problem is that, as humans, these three can separate.
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So a person can be in a long term attachment,
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become romantically infatuated with someone else,
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and want to have sex with a third person.
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The other way in which our genes can sometimes lead us astray
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is in social status.
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We are very acutely aware of our social status
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and always seek to further and increase it.
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Now in the animal world, there is only one way to increase status,
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and that's dominance.
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I seize command by physical prowess,
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and I keep it by beating my chest,
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and you make submissive gestures.
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Now, the human has a whole other way to rise to the top,
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and that is a prestige route,
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which is freely conferred.
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Someone has expertise and knowledge, and knows how to do things,
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and we give that person status.
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And that's clearly the way for us to create many more niches of status
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so that people don't have to be lower on the status hierarchy
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as they are in the animal world.
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The data isn't terribly supportive of money buying happiness.
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But it's not irrelevant.
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So if you look at questions like this, life satisfaction,
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you see life satisfaction going up with each rung of income.
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You see mental distress going up with lower income.
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So clearly there is some effect.
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But the effect is relatively small.
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And one of the problems with money is materialism.
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What happens when people pursue money too avidly,
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is they forget about the real basic pleasures of life.
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So we have here, this couple.
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"Do you think the less-fortunate are having better sex?"
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And then this kid over here is saying, "Leave me alone with my toys."
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So one of the things is that it really takes over.
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That whole dopamine-wanting system
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takes over and derails from any of the pleasure system.
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Maslow had this idea back in the 1950s
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that as people rise above their biological needs,
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as the world becomes safer
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and we don't have to worry about basic needs being met --
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our biological system, whatever motivates us, is being satisfied --
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we can rise above them, to think beyond ourselves
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toward self-actualization or transcendence,
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and rise above the materialist.
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So to just quickly conclude with some brief data
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that suggests this might be so.
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One is people who underwent what is called a quantum change:
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they felt their life and their whole values had changed.
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And sure enough, if you look at the kinds of values that come in,
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you see wealth, adventure, achievement, pleasure, fun, be respected,
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before the change,
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and much more post-materialist values after.
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Women had a whole different set of value shifts.
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But very similarly, the only one that survived there was happiness.
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They went from attractiveness and happiness and wealth and self-control
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to generosity and forgiveness.
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I end with a few quotes.
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"There is only one question:
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How to love this world?"
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And Rilke, "If your daily life seems poor,
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do not blame it; blame yourself.
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Tell yourself that you are not poet enough
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to call forth its riches."
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"First, say to yourself what you would be.
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Then do what you have to do."
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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About this website

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