George Dyson: Let's take a nuclear-powered rocket to Saturn

84,337 views ใƒป 2008-02-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
I'm a historian.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
00:13
Steve told us about the future of little technology;
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ืขื™ืจื”.
00:17
I'm going to show you some of the past of big technology.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
00:21
This was a project to build a 4,000-ton nuclear bomb-propelled spaceship
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืžื•ื ืขืช ืคืฆืฆืช ืื˜ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ 4000 ื˜ื•ืŸ
00:27
and go to Saturn and Jupiter.
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ืœืžืกืข ืœืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื•ืฆื“ืง.
00:30
This took place in my childhood, 1957-65.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ -- 1957 ืขื“ 65.
00:34
It was deeply classified.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:36
I'm going to show you some stuff that not only has not been declassified,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืกืจ ืžื”ื ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช,
00:40
but has now been reclassified.
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ืืœื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:46
If all goes well, next year I'll be back,
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ืื ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืชืงื“ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื,
00:48
and I'll have a lot more to show you, and if all doesn't go well,
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ื•ืื ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื, ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœื ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื• ืœื™.
00:51
I'll be in jail, like Wen Ho Lee.
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00:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:58
So, this ship was basically the size of the Marriott Hotel,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ื•ื˜,
01:02
a little taller and a little bigger.
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ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
01:04
And one of the people who worked on it at the beginning
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื”, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
01:07
was my father, Freeman, there in the middle.
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ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™, ืคืจื™ืžืŸ -- ืฉื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
01:09
That's me and my sister, Esther, who's a frequent TEDster.
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ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื•ืื—ื•ืชื™, ืืกืชืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื˜ื“ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจืช....
01:12
I didn't like nuclear bomb-propelled spaceships.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืื˜ื•ื.
01:15
I mean, I thought it was a great idea, but I started building kayaks.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ืŸืŸ, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืืงื™ื.
01:18
So we had a few kayaks.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืงื™ื™ืืงื™ื.
01:20
Just so you know that I am not Dr. Strangelove.
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ืจืง ืฉืชื“ืขื• ืื ื™ ืœื ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืœืื‘.
01:24
But all the time I was out there doing these strange kayak voyages
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:27
in odd, beautiful parts of this planet,
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
01:30
I always thought in the back of my mind about Project Orion,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
01:33
and how my father and his friends were going to build these big ships.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืฉืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืžื“ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
01:37
They were actually going to go --
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ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขืžื“ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื˜ื•ืก.
01:39
Ted Taylor, who led the project, was going to take his children.
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ื˜ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜, ืขืžื“ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
01:42
My father was not going to take his children,
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ืื‘ื™ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
ื–ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืœื ื”ืกืชื“ืจื ื• ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
01:45
that was one of the reasons we sort of had a falling out for a few years.
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01:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘57 ื‘ื’'ื ืจืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืง ืฉื.
01:52
The project began in '57 at General Atomics there,
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01:54
that's right on the coast at La Jolla.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืœื” ื”ื•ื™ื”.
01:56
Look at that central building right in the middle of the picture.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
ื–ื• ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ 130 ืจื’ืœ.
02:00
That's the 130-foot diameter library.
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02:03
That is exactly the size of the base of the spaceship.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
02:06
So put that library at the bottom of that ship --
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ืื–, ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช --
02:08
that's how big the thing was going to be.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื–ื” ืขืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
02:10
It would take two or three thousand bombs.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืคืฆืฆื•ืช.
02:12
The people who worked on it were a lot of the Los Alamos people
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืœื•ืก ืืœืžื•ืก
02:15
who had done the hydrogen bomb work.
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ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ.
02:17
It was the first project funded by ARPA.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ARPA.
02:19
That's the contract where ARPA gave the first million dollars
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ื• ARPA ื ืชื ื• ืืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:22
to get this thing started.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื”.
02:23
"Spaceship project officially begun. Job waiting for you. Dyson."
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"ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืจืฉืžื™ืช. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืš. ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ."
02:27
That's July '58.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 58.
02:29
Two days later, the space traveler's manifesto explaining why --
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ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืžื ื™ืคืกื˜ ื ื•ืกืข ื”ื—ืœืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข --
ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ -- ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ืœืœ?
02:33
just like we heard yesterday -- why we need to go into space:
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02:36
"... trips to satellites of the outer planets.
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"ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช" -- 20 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, 1958.
02:38
August 20, 1958."
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02:40
These are the statistics of what would be the good places to go and stop.
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ืืœื” ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื˜ื•ืก ื•ืœืขืฆื•ืจ.
02:44
Some of the sizes of the ships,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช,
02:46
ranging all the way up to ship mass of 8 million tons.
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ื ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืžืฉืงืœ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ.
ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
02:50
So that was the outer extreme.
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02:51
Here was version two: 2,000 bombs.
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ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืชื™ื™ื -- 2000 ืคืฆืฆื•ืช.
02:55
These are five-kiloton yield bombs, about the size of small Volkswagens;
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ืืœื” ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœืงืกื•ื•ื’ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื”.
ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจื™ืš 800 ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ.
03:01
it would take 800 to get into orbit.
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03:03
Here we see a 10,000-ton ship will deliver 1,300 tons
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 10000 ื˜ื•ืŸ --
ืฉืชืงื— 1300 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื•ื—ื–ืจื”.
03:07
to Saturn and back -- essentially, a five-year trip.
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:10
Possible departure dates: October 1960 to February 1967.
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ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื: ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1960 ืขื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1967.
03:15
These are trajectories going to Mars.
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ืืœื” ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžืื“ื™ื.
03:18
All this was done by hand, with slide rules.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“, ืขื ืกืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื”.
03:20
The little Orion ship,
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ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” --
ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื,
03:22
and what it would take to do what Orion does with chemicals:
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03:24
you have a ship the size of the Empire State Building.
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืืžืคื™ื™ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜.
ื ืืกื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช. ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.
03:27
NASA had no interest; they tried to kill the project.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ,
03:29
The people who supported it were the Air Force,
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ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื“ื™.
03:32
which meant that it was all secret.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกื™ื•ื•ื’,
03:33
And that's why when you get something declassified, that's what it looks like.
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
03:37
Military weapon versions that carried hydrogen bombs
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ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืื•
ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:40
that could destroy half the planet.
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03:41
There's another version there that sends retaliatory strikes at the Soviet Union.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื“ ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื ืฉืฉื’ืจื” ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช --
03:45
This is the really secret stuff:
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช: ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
03:47
how to get directed energy explosions.
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03:49
So you're sending the energy of a nuclear explosion --
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ --
03:51
not like just a stick of dynamite, but you're directing it at the ship.
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ืœื ื›ืžื• ืกืชื ืžืงืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื˜,
ืืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”.
03:55
And this is still a very active subject.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ืคืขื™ืœ.
03:57
It's quite dangerous,
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
03:58
but I believe it's better to have dangerous things in the open
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื
04:01
than think you're going to keep them secret.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชืฉืžืจื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกื•ื“.
04:03
This is what happened at 600 microseconds.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘600 ืžื™ืงืจื• ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื” ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
04:06
The Air Force started to build smaller models
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04:08
and actually started doing this.
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04:10
The guys in La Jolla said, "We've got to get started now."
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื” ื’'ื•ืœื” ืืžืจ, "ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•."
04:13
They built a high-explosive propelled model.
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ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื•ื ืข ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ ื—ื–ืง.
04:15
These are stills from film footage that was saved
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ืืœื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืคื™ืœื ืฉื ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
04:19
by someone who was supposed to destroy it but didn't,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช,
ื•ืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:22
and kept it in their basement for the last 40 years.
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ืื–, ืืœื” 1.4 ืง"ื’ ืฉืœ C4.
04:24
So, these are three-pound charges of C4;
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04:26
that's about 10 times what the guy had in his shoes.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 10 ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื™ื.
04:29
(Laughter)
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04:30
This is Ed Day putting --
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ื–ื” ืื“ ื“ื™ื™ ืฉื -- ืื– ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื”ืงืคื” ื”ืืœื” ื”ื›ื™ืœื• 4.1 ืง"ื’ ืฉืœ C4.
04:31
So each of these coffee cans has three pounds of C4 in it.
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04:35
They're building a system that ejects these at quarter-second intervals.
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืคื•ืœื˜ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
04:39
That's my dad in the sport coat there, holding the briefcase.
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ื–ื” ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžืขื™ืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉื, ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”.
04:42
So, they had a lot of fun doing this.
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ืื– ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ื”ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘.
04:44
But no children were allowed;
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ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื—ืœืœื™ืช
04:46
my dad could tell me he was building a spaceship and going to go to Saturn,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœืฉื‘ืชืื™,
04:49
but he could not say anything more about it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:51
So all my life I have wanted to find this stuff out,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
04:54
and spent the last four years tracking these old guys down.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
04:57
These are stills from the video.
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ื’'ืฃ ื‘ื–ื•ื– ืืžืจ ืืชืžื•ืœ
04:59
Jeff Bezos kindly, yesterday, said he'll put this video up
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05:01
on the Amazon site -- some little clip of it.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืงืœื™ืค ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
05:04
(Applause)
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ืื–, ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื•.
05:05
So, thanks to him.
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05:06
They got quite serious about the engineering of this.
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ื”ื ื ืขืฉื• ื“ื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
05:09
The size of that mass, for us,
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05:11
is really large technology in a way we're never going to go back to.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”.
05:15
If you saw the 1959 --
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ืื ืจืื™ืชื ื‘1959 -- ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื.
05:17
this is what it would feel like in the passenger compartment;
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05:19
that's acceleration profile.
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ื–ื” ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืชืื•ืฆื”.
05:21
(Laughter)
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05:22
And pulse-system yield: we're looking at 20-kiloton yield
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ื•ื”ืกืคืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœืกื™ื.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกืคืง ืฉืœ 20 ืงื™ืœื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืืคืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
05:26
for an effective thrust of 10 million newtons.
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05:28
Well, here we have a little problem, the radiation doses at the crew station:
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ืื–, ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื”:
ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช -- 700 ืจืื“ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ.
05:32
700 rads per shot.
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05:34
(Laughter)
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05:36
Fission yields during development:
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ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—:
05:38
they were hoping to get clean bombs; they didn't.
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ื”ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื ืงื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ืœื.
05:41
Eyeburn: this is what happens to the people in Miami who are looking up.
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ื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื -- ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืืžื™ ืื ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”.
ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ื–ื” ืœื ืจืข.
05:46
(Laughter)
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05:47
Personnel compartment noise: that's not too bad; it's very low frequencies,
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ื–ื• ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืœืžื“ื™. ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืื‘ ื•ื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:51
it's basically like these sub-woofers.
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05:52
And now we have ground-hazard assessments when you have a blow-up on the pad.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืงืจืงืข
ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ.
05:56
Finally, at the very end in 1964, NASA steps in and says,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืกื™ื•ื, ื‘1964, ื ืืกื ื ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืื•ืžืจืช,
05:59
"OK, we'll support a feasibility study for a small version
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"ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืœื’ืจืกื” ืžื•ืงื˜ื ืช
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืกืื˜ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ."
06:03
that could be launched with Saturn Vs in sections and pieced together."
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืืกื ืขืฉื•, ืงื™ื‘ืœื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
06:07
So this is what NASA did,
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06:09
getting an eight-man version that would go to Mars.
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ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืื“ื™ื.
06:14
They liked it because the guys could kind of live there and be like,
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ื”ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืœื’ื•ืจ ืฉื --
ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœืช.
06:17
"It's like living in a submarine."
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืžืชื”ืคืš, ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืคื•ืš
06:19
This is crew compartment.
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06:20
It switches, so what's upside down is right side up
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœืช.
06:22
when you go to artificial gravity mode.
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš,
06:24
The scientists were still going to go along;
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื‘ืขื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื.
06:26
they would take seven astronauts and seven scientists.
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ื–ื• ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ 20 ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืกื” ืœืฆื“ืง:
06:29
This is a 20-man version for going to Jupiter:
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ื“ืจื’ืฉื™ื, ืžืจืชืคื™ ืกืขืจื”, ื—ื“ืจ ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื.
06:31
bunks, storm cellars, exercise room.
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06:33
You know, it was going to be a nice, long trip.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืข ื™ืคื” ื•ืืจื•ืš.
06:36
The Air Force version: here we have a military version.
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ื’ืจืกืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ืจืกื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช.
ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื™ื ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื,
06:40
This is the kind of stuff that's not been declassified,
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06:42
just that people managed to sneak home and after, you know,
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ืจืง ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš,
06:45
on their deathbed, basically, gave me that.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืขืœ ืขืจืฉ ื“ื•ื•ื™ ื ืชื ื• ืœื™.
ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžืŸ --
06:49
The sort of artist conceptions.
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06:50
These are basically PowerPoint presentations
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืฆื’ื•ืช ืคืื•ืจืคื•ื™ื ื˜
06:52
given to the Air Force 40 years ago.
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ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืœืคื ื™ 40 ืฉื ื”.
06:55
Look at the little guys there outside the vehicle.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืจื›ื‘.
06:59
And one part of NASA was interested in it,
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื ืืกื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
07:02
but the headquarters in NASA, they killed the project.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื ืืกื, ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.
07:06
So finally, at the end,
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ืื–, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
07:09
we can see the thing followed its sort of design path right up to 1965,
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ
ืขื“ 1965. ื•ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื.
07:14
and then all those paths came to a halt.
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07:16
Results: none.
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช? ืื™ืŸ.
07:17
This project is hereby terminated.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื–ืืช.
07:19
So that's the end.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืกื•ืฃ. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื ื–ื”,
07:21
All I can say in closing is:
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07:23
we heard yesterday that one of the 10 bad things that could happen to us
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื ื•
07:27
is an asteroid with our name on it.
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ื–ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื•.
ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื ืืกื
07:30
And one of the bad things that could happen to NASA
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07:32
is if that asteroid shows up with our name on it nine months out,
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ื–ื” ืื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ื“ 9 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
07:35
and everybody says,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•, "ืื–, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?"
07:37
"Well, what are we going to do?"
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ื•ืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“,
07:39
And Orion is really one of the only, if not the only,
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07:42
off-the-shelf technologies that could do something.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื“ืฃ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
07:46
(Laughter)
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07:48
So I'm going to tell you the good news and the bad news.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืขื•ืช.
07:50
The good news is that NASA has a small, secret contingency-plan division
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ืืกื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ื,
ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
07:56
that is looking at this, trying to keep knowledge of Orion preserved
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ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื–ืœ ื›ื–ื”.
08:01
in the event of such a misfortune.
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08:03
Maybe keep a few little bombs of plutonium on the side.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“.
08:06
That's the good news.
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ืืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ,
08:07
The bad news is, when I got in contact with these people
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ื›ืฉื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”
08:10
to try and get some documents from them, they went crazy
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื ืžืกืžื›ื™ื,
ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื”.
08:13
because I had all this stuff that they don't have,
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08:15
and NASA purchased 1,759 pages of this stuff from me.
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ื•ื ืืกื ืจื›ืฉื• 1759 ื“ืคื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืžืžื ื™.
08:20
So that's the state we're at; it's not very good.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื. ื–ื” ืœื -- ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
08:23
(Laughter)
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08:24
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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