How early life experience is written into DNA | Moshe Szyf

180,545 views ใƒป 2017-04-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: hila scherba ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
So it all came to life
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ืื– ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
00:14
in a dark bar in Madrid.
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ื‘ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืš ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“.
00:16
I encountered my colleague from McGill, Michael Meaney.
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ืื ื™ ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืžืง'ื’ื™ืœ, ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืžื™ื ื™.
00:21
And we were drinking a few beers,
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ื•ืฉืชื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช,
00:23
and like scientists do,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
00:25
he told me about his work.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•.
00:28
And he told me that he is interested in how mother rats lick their pups
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืžืœืงืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
00:35
after they were born.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื.
00:37
And I was sitting there and saying,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื ื•ืืžืจืชื™,
00:39
"This is where my tax dollars are wasted --
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"ื›ืืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืชื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื --
00:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:44
on this kind of soft science."
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ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ืจืš."
00:47
And he started telling me
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื™
00:50
that the rats, like humans,
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ืฉื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
00:53
lick their pups in very different ways.
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ืžืœืงืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
00:56
Some mothers do a lot of that,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”,
00:58
some mothers do very little,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืžืื•ื“,
01:01
and most are in between.
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ.
01:03
But what's interesting about it
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”
01:05
is when he follows these pups when they become adults --
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ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื --
01:10
like, years in human life, long after their mother died.
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ื›ืžื•, ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื™ืžื ืžืชื”.
01:14
They are completely different animals.
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:16
The animals that were licked and groomed heavily,
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืงืงื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ื˜ื•ืคื—ื• ืžืื•ื“,
01:21
the high-licking and grooming,
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ื”ืœื™ืงื•ืง ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—,
01:23
are not stressed.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ.
01:25
They have different sexual behavior.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
01:28
They have a different way of living
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”
01:31
than those that were not treated as intensively by their mothers.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ื‘ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื.
01:37
So then I was thinking to myself:
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™:
01:40
Is this magic?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืงืกื?
01:42
How does this work?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
01:44
As geneticists would like you to think,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื•,
01:47
perhaps the mother had the "bad mother" gene
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืื™ืžื ื”ื™ื” ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื”ืื™ืžื ื”ืจืขื”"
01:51
that caused her pups to be stressful,
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ืฉื’ืจื ืœื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื,
01:54
and then it was passed from generation to generation;
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ;
01:57
it's all determined by genetics.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”.
02:00
Or is it possible that something else is going on here?
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ืื• ื”ืื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืŸ?
02:03
In rats, we can ask this question and answer it.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”.
02:07
So what we did is a cross-fostering experiment.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืžื ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื‘ื”.
02:10
You essentially separate the litter, the babies of this rat, at birth,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื’ืจ, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”,
02:15
to two kinds of fostering mothers --
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ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช --
02:17
not the real mothers, but mothers that will take care of them:
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ืœื ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืคืœื• ื‘ื”ื:
02:20
high-licking mothers and low-licking mothers.
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ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืžืœืงืงื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื•ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืžืœืงืงื•ืช ืžืขื˜.
02:23
And you can do the opposite with the low-licking pups.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืœืงืงื•ืช.
02:27
And the remarkable answer was,
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื”,
02:29
it wasn't important what gene you got from your mother.
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ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื” ื’ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืžืื™ืžื ืฉืœืš.
02:33
It was not the biological mother that defined this property of these rats.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช.
02:39
It is the mother that took care of the pups.
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ื–ื• ื”ืื ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจื™ื.
02:44
So how can this work?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“?
02:48
I am an a epigeneticist.
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ืื ื™ ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™.
02:50
I am interested in how genes are marked
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื
02:54
by a chemical mark
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ื‘ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™
02:56
during embryogenesis, during the time we're in the womb of our mothers,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืจื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:00
and decide which gene will be expressed
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ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื
03:03
in what tissue.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืจืงืžื”.
03:04
Different genes are expressed in the brain than in the liver and the eye.
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ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืŸ.
03:09
And we thought: Is it possible
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•: ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™
03:12
that the mother is somehow reprogramming the gene of her offspring
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ืฉื”ืื™ืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžืชื›ื ืชืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืืฆื ืฉืœื”
03:19
through her behavior?
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”?
03:20
And we spent 10 years,
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ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื ื• 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
03:22
and we found that there is a cascade of biochemical events
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
03:26
by which the licking and grooming of the mother, the care of the mother,
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ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื” ื”ืœื™ืงื•ืง ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื, ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื,
03:30
is translated to biochemical signals
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ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
03:32
that go into the nucleus and into the DNA
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ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”-DNA
03:35
and program it differently.
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ื•ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”.
03:38
So now the animal can prepare itself for life:
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื:
03:42
Is life going to be harsh?
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื?
03:45
Is there going to be a lot of food?
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ื›ืœ?
03:47
Are there going to be a lot of cats and snakes around,
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
03:49
or will I live in an upper-class neighborhood
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ืื• ืฉืื ื™ ืื—ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืžืžืขืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
03:52
where all I have to do is behave well and proper,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืฉืืฆื˜ืจืš ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื™ืคื” ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
03:55
and that will gain me social acceptance?
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืงื ื” ืœื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช?
03:58
And now one can think about how important that process can be
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘
04:04
for our lives.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:05
We inherit our DNA from our ancestors.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”-DNA ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
04:09
The DNA is old.
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ื”-DNA ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ.
04:11
It evolved during evolution.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
04:13
But it doesn't tell us if you are going to be born in Stockholm,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืื ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื,
04:18
where the days are long in the summer and short in the winter,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืžื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื•ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
04:21
or in Ecuador,
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ืื• ื‘ืืงื•ื•ื“ื•ืจ,
04:22
where there's an equal number of hours for day and night all year round.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”.
04:26
And that has such an enormous [effect] on our physiology.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:31
So what we suggest is, perhaps what happens early in life,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื,
04:35
those signals that come through the mother,
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ืื•ืชื ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืื,
04:37
tell the child what kind of social world you're going to be living in.
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
04:42
It will be harsh, and you'd better be anxious and be stressful,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื”, ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื“ ื•ืœื—ื•ืฅ,
04:45
or it's going to be an easy world, and you have to be different.
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืงืœ, ื•ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:48
Is it going to be a world with a lot of light or little light?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืจ ืื• ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืจ?
04:52
Is it going to be a world with a lot of food or little food?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ื•ืŸ?
04:56
If there's no food around,
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
04:57
you'd better develop your brain to binge whenever you see a meal,
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœืš ืœื–ืœื•ืœ ืžืชื™ ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืืจื•ื—ื”,
05:02
or store every piece of food that you have as fat.
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ืื• ืฉืชืื’ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
05:08
So this is good.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:10
Evolution has selected this
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืจืจื” ืืช ื–ื”
05:11
to allow our fixed, old DNA to function in a dynamic way
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœ-DNA ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช
05:16
in new environments.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
05:19
But sometimes things can go wrong;
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ;
05:22
for example, if you're born to a poor family
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ืืชื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื”
05:26
and the signals are, "You better binge,
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ื•ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื, "ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ืœื•ืœ,
05:29
you better eat every piece of food you're going to encounter."
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ."
05:32
But now we humans and our brain have evolved,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื•,
05:34
have changed evolution even faster.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:37
Now you can buy McDonald's for one dollar.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“.
05:40
And therefore, the preparation that we had by our mothers
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ื•ืžื›ืืŸ, ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
05:46
is turning out to be maladaptive.
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจืช ื›ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื”.
05:50
The same preparation that was supposed to protect us from hunger and famine
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ืื•ืชื” ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืจืขื‘ ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ
05:54
is going to cause obesity,
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ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ,
05:56
cardiovascular problems and metabolic disease.
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ืื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช.
06:00
So this concept that genes could be marked by our experience,
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ืื– ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื’ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
06:03
and especially the early life experience,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
06:06
can provide us a unifying explanation
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืœื ื• ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ื“
06:09
of both health and disease.
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ื’ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
06:12
But is true only for rats?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช?
06:14
The problem is, we cannot test this in humans,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
06:17
because ethically, we cannot administer child adversity in a random way.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืชื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™.
06:21
So if a poor child develops a certain property,
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ืื– ืื ื™ืœื“ ืขื ื™ ืžืคืชื— ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
06:25
we don't know whether this is caused by poverty
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ื™ื ื ื’ืจืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื™
06:29
or whether poor people have bad genes.
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ืื• ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื™ื ืจืขื™ื.
06:31
So geneticists will try to tell you that poor people are poor
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ืื– ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื ืกื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ื
06:35
because their genes make them poor.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื ื™ื™ื.
06:37
Epigeneticists will tell you
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ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื›ื
06:39
poor people are in a bad environment or an impoverished environment
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจืขื” ืื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช
06:43
that creates that phenotype, that property.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืค, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:47
So we moved to look into our cousins, the monkeys.
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ืื– ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื.
06:53
My colleague, Stephen Suomi, has been rearing monkeys
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ืขืžื™ืชื™, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืžื™, ืžื’ื“ืœ ืงื•ืคื™ื
06:57
in two different ways:
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ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช:
06:58
randomly separated the monkey from the mother
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ื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฃ ืžื”ืื
07:01
and reared her with a nurse
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ื•ื’ื™ื“ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืขื ืžื˜ืคืœืช
07:04
and surrogate motherhood conditions.
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ื•ืชื ืื™ ืืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื™ืช.
07:07
So these monkeys didn't have a mother; they had a nurse.
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ืื– ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื, ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ืคืœืช.
07:10
And other monkeys were reared with their normal, natural mothers.
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ื•ืงื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
07:14
And when they were old, they were completely different animals.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
07:19
The monkeys that had a mother did not care about alcohol,
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ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืื™ืžื ืœื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ,
07:22
they were not sexually aggressive.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
07:24
The monkeys that didn't have a mother were aggressive, were stressed
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ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืื™ืžื ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื
07:28
and were alcoholics.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
07:30
So we looked at their DNA early after birth, to see:
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ืื– ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”-DNA ืฉืœื”ื ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช:
07:35
Is it possible that the mother is marking?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื”ืื™ืžื ืžืกืžื ืช?
07:38
Is there a signature of the mother in the DNA of the offspring?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžื ื‘-DNA ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืืฆื ืฉืœื”?
07:43
These are Day-14 monkeys,
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ืืœื• ืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14 ื™ื•ื,
07:46
and what you see here is the modern way by which we study epigenetics.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”.
07:50
We can now map those chemical marks, which we call methylation marks,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืžืชื™ืœืฆื™ื”,
07:55
on DNA at a single nucleotide resolution.
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ืขืœ DNA ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
07:58
We can map the entire genome.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื.
08:00
We can now compare the monkey that had a mother or not.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืื™ืžื ืื• ืœื.
08:03
And here's a visual presentation of this.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืฆื’ื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
08:05
What you see is the genes that got more methylated are red.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื™ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.
08:10
The genes that got less methylated are green.
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชื™ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื.
08:13
You can see many genes are changing,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื’ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื,
08:15
because not having a mother is not just one thing --
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ื›ื™ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืžื ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ --
08:18
it affects the whole way;
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš;
08:19
it sends signals about the whole way your world is going to look
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ืœื— ืื•ืชื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช
08:23
when you become an adult.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
08:25
And you can see the two groups of monkeys
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื
08:27
extremely well-separated from each other.
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ืžื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
08:31
How early does this develop?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื–ื” ืžืชืคืชื—?
08:33
These monkeys already didn't see their mothers,
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ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
08:36
so they had a social experience.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
08:37
Do we sense our social status, even at the moment of birth?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ื’ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืœื™ื“ื”?
08:42
So in this experiment, we took placentas of monkeys
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืœืงื—ื ื• ืฉื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ื
08:47
that had different social status.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
08:49
What's interesting about social rank is that across all living beings,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
08:54
they will structure themselves by hierarchy.
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ื”ื ื™ื‘ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื”.
08:58
Monkey number one is the boss;
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ืงื•ืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ืก;
09:00
monkey number four is the peon.
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ืงื•ืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜.
09:02
You put four monkeys in a cage,
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ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘,
09:05
there will always be a boss and always be a peon.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืก ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜.
09:09
And what's interesting is that the monkey number one
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืงื•ืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช
09:13
is much healthier than monkey number four.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข.
09:16
And if you put them in a cage,
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ื•ืื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘,
09:18
monkey number one will not eat as much.
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ืงื•ืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช ืœื ื™ืื›ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
09:23
Monkey number four will eat [a lot].
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ืงื•ืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข ื™ืื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ.
09:25
And what you see here in this methylation mapping,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืžืคืช ื”ืžืชื™ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
09:30
a dramatic separation at birth
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ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”
09:33
of the animals that had a high social status
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
09:35
versus the animals that did not have a high status.
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ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
09:39
So we are born already knowing the social information,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
09:43
and that social information is not bad or good,
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืข ืื• ื˜ื•ื‘,
09:46
it just prepares us for life,
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื,
09:47
because we have to program our biology differently
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื—ืจืช
09:52
if we are in the high or the low social status.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืื• ื”ื ืžื•ืš.
09:56
But how can you study this in humans?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื?
09:58
We can't do experiments, we can't administer adversity to humans.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืงื”.
10:02
But God does experiments with humans,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
10:04
and it's called natural disasters.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข.
10:06
One of the hardest natural disasters in Canadian history
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ืื—ื“ ืžืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื”
10:11
happened in my province of Quebec.
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉืœื™, ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืง.
10:13
It's the ice storm of 1998.
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ื–ื• ืกื•ืคืช ื”ืงืจื— ื‘-1998.
10:16
We lost our entire electrical grid because of an ice storm
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื•ืคืช ืงืจื—
10:19
when the temperatures were, in the dead of winter in Quebec,
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ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืง,
10:22
minus 20 to minus 30.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 20- ืœ-30-.
10:24
And there were pregnant mothers during that time.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
10:27
And my colleague Suzanne King followed the children of these mothers
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ื•ืขืžื™ืชืชื™ ืกื•ื–ืŸ ืงื™ื ื’ ืขืงื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
10:33
for 15 years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ืฉื ื™ื.
10:36
And what happened was, that as the stress increased --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื“ืœ --
10:40
and here we had objective measures of stress:
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ:
10:43
How long were you without power? Where did you spend your time?
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืช ืœืœื ื—ืฉืžืœ? ืื™ืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ?
10:47
Was it in your mother-in-law's apartment or in some posh country home?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื•ืชืš ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืคืฉ ืžืคื•ื ืคืŸ?
10:52
So all of these added up to a social stress scale,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืœืกื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
10:55
and you can ask the question:
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”:
10:56
How did the children look?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืจืื•?
10:59
And it appears that as stress increases,
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขื•ืœื”,
11:02
the children develop more autism,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื,
11:04
they develop more metabolic diseases
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ื”ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ืื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช
11:07
and they develop more autoimmune diseases.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
11:10
We would map the methylation state,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ืคื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืชื™ืœืฆื™ื”,
11:13
and again, you see the green genes becoming red as stress increases,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขื•ืœื”,
11:18
the red genes becoming green as stress increases,
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขื•ืœื”,
11:22
an entire rearrangement of the genome in response to stress.
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ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื—ืฅ.
11:29
So if we can program genes,
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ืื– ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืช ื’ื ื™ื,
11:32
if we are not just the slaves of the history of our genes,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืกืชื ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
11:36
that they could be programmed, can we deprogram them?
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ื•ื”ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช, ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืช ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ?
11:39
Because epigenetic causes can cause diseases like cancer,
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ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
11:45
metabolic disease
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ืžื—ืœื” ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช
11:47
and mental health diseases.
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ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.
11:49
Let's talk about cocaine addiction.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ.
11:53
Cocaine addiction is a terrible situation
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ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช
11:56
that can lead to death and to loss of human life.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื.
12:01
We asked the question:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”:
12:03
Can we reprogram the addicted brain
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื›ื•ืจ
12:06
to make that animal not addicted anymore?
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืœื ืžื›ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?
12:12
We used a cocaine addiction model
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ
12:16
that recapitulates what happens in humans.
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ืฉืžืกื›ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
12:18
In humans, you're in high school,
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืชื ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
12:21
some friends suggest you use some cocaine,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืฆืช ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ,
12:23
you take cocaine, nothing happens.
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ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ื ืœื ืงื•ืจื”.
12:25
Months pass by, something reminds you of what happened the first time,
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืš ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
12:29
a pusher pushes cocaine,
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ืกื•ื—ืจ ืกืžื™ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืš ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ,
12:31
and you become addicted and your life has changed.
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ื•ืืชื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
12:33
In rats, we do the same thing.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
12:35
My colleague, Gal Yadid,
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ืขืžื™ืชื™, ื’ืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“,
12:37
he trains the animals to get used to cocaine,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ,
12:40
then for one month, no cocaine.
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ืื–, ืœืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื, ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ.
12:43
Then he reminds them of the party when they saw the cocaine the first time
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ืจืื• ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
12:47
by cue, the colors of the cage when they saw cocaine.
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ืœืคื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ, ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ.
12:49
And they go crazy.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชื’ืขื™ื.
12:51
They will press the lever to get cocaine
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ื”ื ื™ืœื—ืฆื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ
12:54
until they die.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ืžื•ืชื•.
12:55
We first determined that the difference between these animals
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืงื‘ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
13:00
is that during that time when nothing happens,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ืงืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ,
13:03
there's no cocaine around,
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ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
13:04
their epigenome is rearranged.
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ื”ืืคื™ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืกืชื“ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
13:06
Their genes are re-marked in a different way,
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื”,
13:09
and when the cue comes, their genome is ready
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข, ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ
13:13
to develop this addictive phenotype.
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ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืค ื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืชื™.
13:16
So we treated these animals with drugs that either increase DNA methylation,
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ืื– ื˜ื™ืคืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”-DNA,
13:23
which was the epigenetic marker to look at,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืกืžืŸ ื”ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื•,
13:25
or decrease epigenetic markings.
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ืื• ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื.
13:28
And we found that if we increased methylation,
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ืœืฆื™ื”,
13:32
these animals go even crazier.
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:34
They become more craving for cocaine.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืชืื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ.
13:36
But if we reduce the DNA methylation,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”-DNA,
13:40
the animals are not addicted anymore.
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:42
We have reprogrammed them.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื™ื›ื ืชื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
13:43
And a fundamental difference between an epigenetic drug
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
13:47
and any other drug
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ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื—ืจืช
13:48
is that with epigenetic drugs,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืขื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
13:50
we essentially remove the signs of experience,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ,
13:54
and once they're gone,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื ืขืœืžื•,
13:57
they will not come back unless you have the same experience.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื—ื–ืจื•, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”.
14:00
The animal now is reprogrammed.
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ื”ื—ื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
14:01
So when we visited the animals 30 days, 60 days later,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช 30 ื™ืžื™ื, 60 ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš,
14:05
which is in human terms many years of life,
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ืฉื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื“ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,
14:08
they were still not addicted -- by a single epigenetic treatment.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
14:16
So what did we learn about DNA?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ืขืœ DNA?
14:19
DNA is not just a sequence of letters;
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DNA ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช:
14:22
it's not just a script.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืชืกืจื™ื˜.
14:24
DNA is a dynamic movie.
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DNA ื”ื•ื ืกืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžื™.
14:28
Our experiences are being written into this movie, which is interactive.
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
14:33
You're, like, watching a movie of your life, with the DNA,
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ืืชื, ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ืขื ื”-DNA,
14:36
with your remote control.
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ืขื ื”ืฉืœื˜ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœื›ื.
14:38
You can remove an actor and add an actor.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืฉื—ืงืŸ.
14:42
And so you have, in spite of the deterministic nature of genetics,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”,
14:48
you have control of the way your genes look,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื ืจืื™ื,
14:52
and this has a tremendous optimistic message
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ื•ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืกืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ืื“ื™ืจ
14:55
for the ability to now encounter some of the deadly diseases
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ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช
14:59
like cancer, mental health,
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ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ,
15:02
with a new approach,
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ืขื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
15:05
looking at them as maladaptation.
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ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช.
15:07
And if we can epigenetically intervene,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
15:10
[we can] reverse the movie by removing an actor
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ
15:14
and setting up a new narrative.
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ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
15:17
So what I told you today is,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื”,
15:20
our DNA is really combined of two components,
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ื”-DNA ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื,
15:25
two layers of information.
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ืฉืชื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข.
15:27
One layer of information is old,
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื”,
15:31
evolved from millions of years of evolution.
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
15:35
It is fixed and very hard to change.
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ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
15:39
The other layer of information is the epigenetic layer,
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
15:43
which is open and dynamic
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช
15:47
and sets up a narrative that is interactive,
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ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
15:51
that allows us to control, to a large extent, our destiny,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืฉืœื ื•,
15:59
to help the destiny of our children
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ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
16:02
and to hopefully conquer disease
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืžื—ืœื•ืช
16:07
and serious health challenges
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ื•ืืชื’ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื
16:11
that have plagued humankind for a long time.
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ืฉื”ืžื™ื˜ื• ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
16:15
So even though we are determined
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื
16:18
by our genes,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
16:20
we have a degree of freedom
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ
16:23
that can set up our life to a life of responsibility.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
16:27
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:28
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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