How early life experience is written into DNA | Moshe Szyf

180,062 views ใƒป 2017-04-20

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hansol Ryu ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
So it all came to life
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๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ํ•œ ์–ด๋‘์šด ์ˆ ์ง‘์—์„œ
00:14
in a dark bar in Madrid.
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์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
I encountered my colleague from McGill, Michael Meaney.
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๋งฅ๊ธธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํด ๋งค๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:21
And we were drinking a few beers,
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งฅ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋งˆ์…จ๊ณ 
00:23
and like scientists do,
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์—ฌ๋Š ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ
00:25
he told me about his work.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
And he told me that he is interested in how mother rats lick their pups
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์ƒˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ํ›„์— ์–ด๋ฏธ ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ฅ์•„์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€์—
00:35
after they were born.
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:37
And I was sitting there and saying,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์•‰์•„์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:39
"This is where my tax dollars are wasted --
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"๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์— ๋‚ญ๋น„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ตฐ.
00:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:44
on this kind of soft science."
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด์–ธ์Šค์— ๋ง์ด์ง€."
00:47
And he started telling me
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฅ๋“ค๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
00:50
that the rats, like humans,
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์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ•ฅ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š”
00:53
lick their pups in very different ways.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
Some mothers do a lot of that,
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์–ด๋–ค ์–ด๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ํ•ฅ์•„์ฃผ๊ณ 
00:58
some mothers do very little,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ํ•ฅ์•„์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
and most are in between.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฏค์ด์ฃ .
01:03
But what's interesting about it
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์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์ด
01:05
is when he follows these pups when they become adults --
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๋‹ค ์ž๋ž์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด,
01:10
like, years in human life, long after their mother died.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฉด ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ํ›„, ์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€์ง€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ํ›„์— ๋ณด๋ฉด
01:14
They are completely different animals.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
The animals that were licked and groomed heavily,
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๋งŽ์ด ํ•ฅ์•„์ฃผ๊ณ  ํ„ธ์„ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์–ด์ค€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค
01:21
the high-licking and grooming,
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ํ•ฅ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์–ด์ค€ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋˜ ๊ตฐ์€
01:23
are not stressed.
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
They have different sexual behavior.
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์–ด๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ชฝ๊ณผ
01:28
They have a different way of living
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01:31
than those that were not treated as intensively by their mothers.
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์„ฑํ–‰๋™๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ 
์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
So then I was thinking to myself:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ํ˜ผ์ž ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:40
Is this magic?
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์ด๊ฑด ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฐ€?
01:42
How does this work?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ?
01:44
As geneticists would like you to think,
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์œ ์ „ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ
01:47
perhaps the mother had the "bad mother" gene
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"๋‚˜์œ ์—„๋งˆ ์œ ์ „์ž"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:51
that caused her pups to be stressful,
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๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
and then it was passed from generation to generation;
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01:57
it's all determined by genetics.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
Or is it possible that something else is going on here?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํ˜น์‹œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ์š”?
02:03
In rats, we can ask this question and answer it.
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์ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌป๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
So what we did is a cross-fostering experiment.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต์ฐจ ์–‘์œก ์‹คํ—˜์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
You essentially separate the litter, the babies of this rat, at birth,
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ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ๋‚œ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์„, ๊ฐ“ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ฅ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด์„œ
02:15
to two kinds of fostering mothers --
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๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์–‘์œก ์–ด๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
not the real mothers, but mothers that will take care of them:
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์ง„์งœ ์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ณผ ์–ด๋ฏธ์ธ๋ฐ
02:20
high-licking mothers and low-licking mothers.
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๋งŽ์ด ํ•ฅ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฏธ์™€ ์ ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฅ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฏธ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
And you can do the opposite with the low-licking pups.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์‚ดํ•Œ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
And the remarkable answer was,
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์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
02:29
it wasn't important what gene you got from your mother.
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์–ด๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
It was not the biological mother that defined this property of these rats.
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์ด ์ฅ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:39
It is the mother that took care of the pups.
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์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šด ์–ด๋ฏธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
So how can this work?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:48
I am an a epigeneticist.
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์ €๋Š” ํ›„์ƒ์œ ์ „ํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
I am interested in how genes are marked
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ
์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋ฑƒ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—
02:54
by a chemical mark
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ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ‘œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ํ”์ ์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
02:56
during embryogenesis, during the time we're in the womb of our mothers,
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03:00
and decide which gene will be expressed
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์–ด๋–ค ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์—
03:03
in what tissue.
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
Different genes are expressed in the brain than in the liver and the eye.
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๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ๋ˆˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
And we thought: Is it possible
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
03:12
that the mother is somehow reprogramming the gene of her offspring
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์ž์†์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ?
03:19
through her behavior?
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03:20
And we spent 10 years,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— 10๋…„์„ ์Ÿ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
and we found that there is a cascade of biochemical events
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
03:26
by which the licking and grooming of the mother, the care of the mother,
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์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฅ์•„์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„, ํ˜น์€ ์–ด๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ณด์‚ดํ•Œ์ด
03:30
is translated to biochemical signals
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์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด
03:32
that go into the nucleus and into the DNA
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ํ•ต๊ณผ DNA ์•ˆ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ 
03:35
and program it differently.
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๋๋‚ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
So now the animal can prepare itself for life:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ค€๋น„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
Is life going to be harsh?
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์‚ถ์ด ํž˜๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
03:45
Is there going to be a lot of food?
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๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„๊นŒ?
03:47
Are there going to be a lot of cats and snakes around,
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์ฃผ์œ„์— ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์™€ ๋ฑ€์ด ๋งŽ์„๊นŒ
03:49
or will I live in an upper-class neighborhood
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ
03:52
where all I have to do is behave well and proper,
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๊ทธ์ € ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:55
and that will gain me social acceptance?
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
03:58
And now one can think about how important that process can be
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
for our lives.
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04:05
We inherit our DNA from our ancestors.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ DNA๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
The DNA is old.
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DNA๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
It evolved during evolution.
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์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์ฃ .
04:13
But it doesn't tell us if you are going to be born in Stockholm,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ DNA๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” ๋‚ ์ด ๊ธธ๊ณ  ๊ฒจ์šธ์ด ์งง์€ ์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€,
04:18
where the days are long in the summer and short in the winter,
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04:21
or in Ecuador,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ผ๋…„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณผ ๋ฐค์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€
04:22
where there's an equal number of hours for day and night all year round.
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์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
And that has such an enormous [effect] on our physiology.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:31
So what we suggest is, perhaps what happens early in life,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์‚ถ์˜ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด,
04:35
those signals that come through the mother,
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์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€, ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ
04:37
tell the child what kind of social world you're going to be living in.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
It will be harsh, and you'd better be anxious and be stressful,
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์‚ถ์ด ํž˜๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:45
or it's going to be an easy world, and you have to be different.
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ํ˜น์€ ์‰ฌ์šด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
Is it going to be a world with a lot of light or little light?
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๋น›์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”, ์ ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:52
Is it going to be a world with a lot of food or little food?
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๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”, ์ ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:56
If there's no food around,
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์ฃผ์œ„์— ๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งˆ๋‹ค
04:57
you'd better develop your brain to binge whenever you see a meal,
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋„ ์ž”๋œฉ ๋จน์–ด ๋‘๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋ชจ๋‘
05:02
or store every piece of food that you have as fat.
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์ง€๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์žฅํ•ด๋‘๋Š” ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
So this is good.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:10
Evolution has selected this
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š”, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ DNA๊ฐ€
05:11
to allow our fixed, old DNA to function in a dynamic way
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๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
05:16
in new environments.
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ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ชฝ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
But sometimes things can go wrong;
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:22
for example, if you're born to a poor family
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
05:26
and the signals are, "You better binge,
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"๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋„ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ซ๋‹ค,
05:29
you better eat every piece of food you're going to encounter."
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋จน์–ด๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ซ๋‹ค'๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
05:32
But now we humans and our brain have evolved,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ๋Š”
05:34
have changed evolution even faster.
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์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
Now you can buy McDonald's for one dollar.
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ ์Œ์‹์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
And therefore, the preparation that we had by our mothers
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด
์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ž˜๋ชป ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
is turning out to be maladaptive.
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05:50
The same preparation that was supposed to protect us from hunger and famine
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๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์•„์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ์ฃผ๋˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋น„์ฑ…์ด
05:54
is going to cause obesity,
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๋น„๋งŒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ 
05:56
cardiovascular problems and metabolic disease.
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์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
So this concept that genes could be marked by our experience,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์œ ์ „์ž์— ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
06:03
and especially the early life experience,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ด๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด
06:06
can provide us a unifying explanation
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
06:09
of both health and disease.
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ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
But is true only for rats?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฅ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
06:14
The problem is, we cannot test this in humans,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
because ethically, we cannot administer child adversity in a random way.
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์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์ž„์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์šดํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
So if a poor child develops a certain property,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ • ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:25
we don't know whether this is caused by poverty
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ์ง€ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
or whether poor people have bad genes.
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06:31
So geneticists will try to tell you that poor people are poor
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ ์ „ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
because their genes make them poor.
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06:37
Epigeneticists will tell you
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ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ
06:39
poor people are in a bad environment or an impoverished environment
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•, ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
06:43
that creates that phenotype, that property.
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๋‚˜์œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ถํ•ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
So we moved to look into our cousins, the monkeys.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ์นœ์ฒ™์ธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
My colleague, Stephen Suomi, has been rearing monkeys
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ์Šคํ…ŒํŒ ์ˆ˜์˜ค๋ฏธ๋Š” ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
06:57
in two different ways:
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์‚ฌ์œกํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
randomly separated the monkey from the mother
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ์–ด๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด์–ด
07:01
and reared her with a nurse
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์œ ๋ชจ๊ฐ€,
07:04
and surrogate motherhood conditions.
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๋Œ€์ฒด๋œ ์–‘์œก ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
So these monkeys didn't have a mother; they had a nurse.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์œ ๋ชจ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–‘์œก๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
And other monkeys were reared with their normal, natural mothers.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ†ต์˜, ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
And when they were old, they were completely different animals.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
The monkeys that had a mother did not care about alcohol,
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์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฅธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:22
they were not sexually aggressive.
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์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์ ์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
The monkeys that didn't have a mother were aggressive, were stressed
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์–ด๋ฏธ ์—†์ด ์ž๋ž€ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ
07:28
and were alcoholics.
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์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์— ์ค‘๋…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
So we looked at their DNA early after birth, to see:
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ƒํ›„ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์ด ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
Is it possible that the mother is marking?
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์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ”์ ์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€,
07:38
Is there a signature of the mother in the DNA of the offspring?
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์ž์†์˜ DNA์—์„œ ์–ด๋ฏธ์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€์ฃ .
07:43
These are Day-14 monkeys,
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์ด๋“ค์€ 14์ผ์ฐจ ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ณ 
07:46
and what you see here is the modern way by which we study epigenetics.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ํ›„์ƒ์œ ์ „ํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
We can now map those chemical marks, which we call methylation marks,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ‘œ์ง€๋“ค, ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ
DNA ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋‹จ์œ„์ธ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
on DNA at a single nucleotide resolution.
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07:58
We can map the entire genome.
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์œ ์ „์ž ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:00
We can now compare the monkey that had a mother or not.
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์›์ˆญ์ด์™€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
And here's a visual presentation of this.
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์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
What you see is the genes that got more methylated are red.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋ถ‰์€ ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ
08:10
The genes that got less methylated are green.
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๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
You can see many genes are changing,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
because not having a mother is not just one thing --
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์–ด์„œ
08:18
it affects the whole way;
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—์„œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
it sends signals about the whole way your world is going to look
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์–ด๋ฅธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ• ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:23
when you become an adult.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
And you can see the two groups of monkeys
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋‘ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์˜ ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€
08:27
extremely well-separated from each other.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
How early does this develop?
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ผ์ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
08:33
These monkeys already didn't see their mothers,
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์ด ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜
08:36
so they had a social experience.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
Do we sense our social status, even at the moment of birth?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ, ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:42
So in this experiment, we took placentas of monkeys
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
08:47
that had different social status.
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํƒœ๋ฐ˜์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
What's interesting about social rank is that across all living beings,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘
08:54
they will structure themselves by hierarchy.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
Monkey number one is the boss;
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์„œ์—ด 1์œ„ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์žฅ์ด๋ฉฐ
09:00
monkey number four is the peon.
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์„œ์—ด 4์œ„ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฆ„๊พผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
You put four monkeys in a cage,
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์›์ˆญ์ด ๋„ค ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์œก์žฅ์— ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด
09:05
there will always be a boss and always be a peon.
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๊ทธ ์†์—๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋Œ€์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฆ„๊พผ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
And what's interesting is that the monkey number one
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์„œ์—ด 1์œ„ ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€
09:13
is much healthier than monkey number four.
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์„œ์—ด 4์œ„ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
And if you put them in a cage,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์œก์žฅ์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
09:18
monkey number one will not eat as much.
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์„œ์—ด 1์œ„ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
Monkey number four will eat [a lot].
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์„œ์—ด 4์œ„ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
And what you see here in this methylation mapping,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์ด ๋„ํ‘œ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:30
a dramatic separation at birth
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๋†’์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ
09:33
of the animals that had a high social status
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋™๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ
09:35
versus the animals that did not have a high status.
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
So we are born already knowing the social information,
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์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ,
09:43
and that social information is not bad or good,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
09:46
it just prepares us for life,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ถ์„ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
because we have to program our biology differently
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€์ง€ ๋‚ฎ์€์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
09:52
if we are in the high or the low social status.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
But how can you study this in humans?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:58
We can't do experiments, we can't administer adversity to humans.
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์‹คํ—˜์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜์œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆœ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
But God does experiments with humans,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
and it's called natural disasters.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
One of the hardest natural disasters in Canadian history
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
10:11
happened in my province of Quebec.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ€˜๋ฐฑ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
It's the ice storm of 1998.
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1998๋…„ ์–ผ์Œํญํ’์ด์ฃ .
10:16
We lost our entire electrical grid because of an ice storm
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์–ผ์Œํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์ด ๋ง๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
when the temperatures were, in the dead of winter in Quebec,
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ํ€˜๋ฐฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด
10:22
minus 20 to minus 30.
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-20๋„์—์„œ -30๋„ ์ •๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
And there were pregnant mothers during that time.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋•Œ์— ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
And my colleague Suzanne King followed the children of these mothers
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ž” ํ‚น์ด ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ณ์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„
10:33
for 15 years.
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15๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ถ”์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
And what happened was, that as the stress increased --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
and here we had objective measures of stress:
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์ด๋•Œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
How long were you without power? Where did you spend your time?
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์ „๋ ฅ ์—†์ด ์ง€๋‚ธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ์ธ์ง€? ์–ด๋””์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์ฆ‰
10:47
Was it in your mother-in-law's apartment or in some posh country home?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ง‘์—์„œ์˜€๋Š”์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต ์‹œ๊ณจ ์ €ํƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€?
10:52
So all of these added up to a social stress scale,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
10:55
and you can ask the question:
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
10:56
How did the children look?
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์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋•Œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๊ฐ€?
10:59
And it appears that as stress increases,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
11:02
the children develop more autism,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์žํ์ฆ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ 
11:04
they develop more metabolic diseases
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์•“์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ
11:07
and they develop more autoimmune diseases.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์•“๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
We would map the methylation state,
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๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ณด๋ฉด
11:13
and again, you see the green genes becoming red as stress increases,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋„ ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ถ‰๊ฒŒ,
11:18
the red genes becoming green as stress increases,
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๋ถ‰์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
an entire rearrangement of the genome in response to stress.
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
So if we can program genes,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:32
if we are not just the slaves of the history of our genes,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๋งค์ธ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ผ ๋ฟ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์–ด์„œ
11:36
that they could be programmed, can we deprogram them?
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์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:39
Because epigenetic causes can cause diseases like cancer,
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ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์•”์ด๋‚˜
11:45
metabolic disease
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๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์งˆํ™˜
11:47
and mental health diseases.
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์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
11:49
Let's talk about cocaine addiction.
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์ฝ”์นด์ธ ์ค‘๋…์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:53
Cocaine addiction is a terrible situation
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์ฝ”์นด์ธ ์ค‘๋…์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ,
11:56
that can lead to death and to loss of human life.
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๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
We asked the question:
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
Can we reprogram the addicted brain
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์ค‘๋…๋œ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•ด์„œ
12:06
to make that animal not addicted anymore?
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ค‘๋… ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
12:12
We used a cocaine addiction model
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์— ์ค‘๋…๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•œ
12:16
that recapitulates what happens in humans.
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์ฝ”์นด์ธ ์ค‘๋… ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
In humans, you're in high school,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹ ๋•Œ
12:21
some friends suggest you use some cocaine,
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์–ด๋–ค ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
you take cocaine, nothing happens.
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์ฝ”์นด์ธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์•„๋ฌด ์ผ๋„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
Months pass by, something reminds you of what happened the first time,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ฌ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ผ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
a pusher pushes cocaine,
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๋งˆ์•ฝ์ƒ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•ฝ์„ ๊ถŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:31
and you become addicted and your life has changed.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋…๋˜๊ณ , ์‚ถ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
In rats, we do the same thing.
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์ฅ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
My colleague, Gal Yadid,
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๊ฐˆ ์•ผ๋””๋“œ๋Š”
12:37
he trains the animals to get used to cocaine,
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋„๋ก ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚จ ๋‹ค์Œ
12:40
then for one month, no cocaine.
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ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์„ ๋Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
Then he reminds them of the party when they saw the cocaine the first time
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๊ทธ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์„ ์ ‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
by cue, the colors of the cage when they saw cocaine.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œก์žฅ ์ƒ‰์ด ๊ทธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ฃ .
12:49
And they go crazy.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฅ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ์ณ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
They will press the lever to get cocaine
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์ฝ”์นด์ธ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ
12:54
until they die.
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์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
We first determined that the difference between these animals
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
is that during that time when nothing happens,
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์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
13:03
there's no cocaine around,
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์ฆ‰ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์ด ์—†์„ ๋•Œ
13:04
their epigenome is rearranged.
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ํ›„์„ฑํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
Their genes are re-marked in a different way,
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์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ‘œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„์„œ
13:09
and when the cue comes, their genome is ready
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์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ
์ค‘๋…๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
to develop this addictive phenotype.
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13:16
So we treated these animals with drugs that either increase DNA methylation,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
ํ›„์ƒํ•™์  ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์ธ DNA ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
13:23
which was the epigenetic marker to look at,
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13:25
or decrease epigenetic markings.
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
And we found that if we increased methylation,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€, ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด
13:32
these animals go even crazier.
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋” ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์ณ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
They become more craving for cocaine.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์„ ๊ฐˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:36
But if we reduce the DNA methylation,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ DNA ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”
13:40
the animals are not addicted anymore.
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋”๋Š” ์ค‘๋…๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
We have reprogrammed them.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:43
And a fundamental difference between an epigenetic drug
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ›„์ƒํ•™์  ์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•ฝ์ด
13:47
and any other drug
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์€
13:48
is that with epigenetic drugs,
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ํ›„์ƒํ•™์  ์•ฝ์€
13:50
we essentially remove the signs of experience,
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๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›Œ๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ
13:54
and once they're gone,
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ํ›„์—๋Š”
13:57
they will not come back unless you have the same experience.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ์›๋ž˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
The animal now is reprogrammed.
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
So when we visited the animals 30 days, 60 days later,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 30์ผ, 60์ผ ํ›„์— ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
14:05
which is in human terms many years of life,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
14:08
they were still not addicted -- by a single epigenetic treatment.
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋„ ์ค‘๋…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํ›„์ƒํ•™์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„์—์š”.
14:16
So what did we learn about DNA?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ DNA์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
14:19
DNA is not just a sequence of letters;
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DNA๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
it's not just a script.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์“ฐ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
DNA is a dynamic movie.
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DNA๋Š” ๋™์ ์ธ ์˜ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
Our experiences are being written into this movie, which is interactive.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์˜ํ™” ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ์ ํžˆ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–‘ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
You're, like, watching a movie of your life, with the DNA,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ DNA๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ถ์˜ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
with your remote control.
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๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ ์„œ์š”.
14:38
You can remove an actor and add an actor.
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋บ„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
And so you have, in spite of the deterministic nature of genetics,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์œ ์ „์ž๋ž€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก ์ ์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
14:48
you have control of the way your genes look,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ ์ง€ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
14:52
and this has a tremendous optimistic message
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ํฌ๋ง์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
for the ability to now encounter some of the deadly diseases
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์•„์ฃผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
14:59
like cancer, mental health,
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์•”์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š”
15:02
with a new approach,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํฌ๋ง์  ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
looking at them as maladaptation.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ ์‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
15:07
And if we can epigenetically intervene,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ›„์ƒํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:10
[we can] reverse the movie by removing an actor
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๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
15:14
and setting up a new narrative.
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์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ง‘์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
So what I told you today is,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ ์€
15:20
our DNA is really combined of two components,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ DNA๋Š” ์‹ค๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ
ํ˜น์€ ๋‘ ์ธต์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
two layers of information.
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15:27
One layer of information is old,
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์ •๋ณด ์ธต ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
evolved from millions of years of evolution.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
It is fixed and very hard to change.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
The other layer of information is the epigenetic layer,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ์ธต์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ํ›„์ƒํ•™์  ์ธต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋™์ ์ด๋ฉฐ
15:43
which is open and dynamic
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์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
and sets up a narrative that is interactive,
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15:51
that allows us to control, to a large extent, our destiny,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์šด๋ช…์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ
15:59
to help the destiny of our children
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์šด๋ช…์ด ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ 
16:02
and to hopefully conquer disease
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๋˜ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ฑด๋Œ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ดด๋กญํ˜€์˜จ
16:07
and serious health challenges
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์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
16:11
that have plagued humankind for a long time.
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์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:15
So even though we are determined
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด
๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„
16:18
by our genes,
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16:20
we have a degree of freedom
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”
16:23
that can set up our life to a life of responsibility.
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์ž์œ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:27
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:28
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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