Nandan Nilekani's ideas for India's future

324,961 views ใƒป 2009-05-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Merav Dvori ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Let me talk about India
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•
00:14
through the evolution of ideas.
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ื“ืจืš ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
00:16
Now I believe this is an interesting way of looking at it
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”
00:19
because in every society, especially an open democratic society,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื”
00:23
it's only when ideas take root that things change.
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ืจืง ื›ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื
00:26
Slowly ideas lead to ideology,
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ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
00:28
lead to policies that lead to actions.
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื™ื.
00:31
In 1930 this country went through a Great Depression,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1930 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:34
which led to all the ideas of the state and social security,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
00:37
and all the other things that happened in Roosevelt's time.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜.
00:40
In the 1980s we had the Reagan revolution, which lead to deregulation.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1980 ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืืช ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.
00:43
And today, after the global economic crisis,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:46
there was a whole new set of rules
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ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื
00:48
about how the state should intervene.
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ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
00:50
So ideas change states.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
00:52
And I looked at India and said,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืืžืจืชื™,
00:54
really there are four kinds of ideas
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ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ 4 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
00:56
which really make an impact on India.
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
00:58
The first, to my mind,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื™,
01:00
is what I call as "the ideas that have arrived."
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ื›"ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื•"",
01:03
These ideas have brought together something
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื™ื—ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•
01:05
which has made India happen the way it is today.
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ืืฉืจ ื’ืจื ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:08
The second set of ideas I call "ideas in progress."
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื " ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš".
01:11
Those are ideas which have been accepted
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ืืœื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื•
01:14
but not implemented yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฉืžื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
01:16
The third set of ideas are what I call as
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื
01:18
"ideas that we argue about" --
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" ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื"
01:20
those are ideas where we have a fight,
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ืืœื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจื™ื‘,
01:22
an ideological battle about how to do things.
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ืžืื‘ืง ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:25
And the fourth thing, which I believe is most important, is
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
01:28
"the ideas that we need to anticipate."
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ื”ื•ื " ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื”ื".
01:30
Because when you are a developing country
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืช ืืจืฅ ืžืชืคืชื—ืช
01:32
in the world where you can see the problems that other countries are having,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ,
01:36
you can actually anticipate
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช
01:38
what that did and do things very differently.
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืขืฉื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:41
Now in India's case I believe there are six ideas
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ื›ืขืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ 6 ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
01:44
which are responsible for where it has come today.
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ืืฉืจ ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:46
The first is really the notion of people.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื .
01:50
In the '60s and '70s
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 60 ื•ื”-70
01:52
we thought of people as a burden.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื ื˜ืœ.
01:54
We thought of people as a liability.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืขืœ ืžืขืžืกื”.
01:57
Today we talk of people as an asset.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืขืœ ื ื›ืก,
01:59
We talk of people as human capital.
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืขืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:02
And I believe this change in the mindset,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:04
of looking at people as something of a burden
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ืžืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืขืœ ื ื˜ืœ
02:06
to human capital,
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ืœื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
02:08
has been one of the fundamental changes in the Indian mindset.
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•
02:11
And this change in thinking of human capital
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™
02:13
is linked to the fact
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ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
02:15
that India is going through a demographic dividend.
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ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™.
02:18
As healthcare improves,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืชืคืจ,
02:20
as infant mortality goes down,
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ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื”,
02:22
fertility rates start dropping. And India is experiencing that.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื”
02:25
India is going to have
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ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
02:27
a lot of young people with a demographic dividend
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™
02:30
for the next 30 years.
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ืœ30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
02:32
What is unique about this demographic dividend
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื–ื”
02:34
is that India will be the only country in the world
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:37
to have this demographic dividend.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™
02:39
In other words, it will be the only young country in an aging world.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื–ื“ืงืŸ.
02:43
And this is very important. At the same time
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ
02:46
if you peel away the demographic dividend in India,
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ืื ืชืงืœืคื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
02:48
there are actually two demographic curves.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืชื™ ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช.
02:50
One is in the south and in the west of India,
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ืื—ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ื“ื•,
02:53
which is already going to be fully expensed by 2015,
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ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015
02:57
because in that part of the country, the fertility rate is
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื
03:00
almost equal to that of a West European country.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
03:03
Then there is the whole northern India,
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ืื—ื› ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื•
03:06
which is going to be the bulk of the future demographic dividend.
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ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
03:09
But a demographic dividend is only as good
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืžื•
03:12
as the investment in your human capital.
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ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœืš
03:15
Only if the people have education,
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ืจืง ืื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
03:17
they have good health, they have infrastructure,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
03:19
they have roads to go to work, they have lights to study at night --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื•ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช,
03:22
only in those cases can you really get the benefit
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ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื”
03:25
of a demographic dividend.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™
03:27
In other words, if you don't really invest in the human capital,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช , ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
03:30
the same demographic dividend
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ืื•ืชื• ื“ื™ื•ื™ื•ื™ื“ื ื“ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™
03:32
can be a demographic disaster.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื•ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™
03:34
Therefore India is at a critical point
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
03:36
where either it can leverage its demographic dividend
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ืฃ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™
03:39
or it can lead to a demographic disaster.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืืกื•ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™
03:42
The second thing in India has been the change in
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
03:44
the role of entrepreneurs.
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ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื
03:46
When India got independence entrepreneurs were seen
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื ืจืื•
03:49
as a bad lot, as people who would exploit.
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ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข , ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ
03:52
But today, after 60 years, because of the rise of entrepreneurship,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื—ืจื™ 60 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื–ืžื•ืช
03:55
entrepreneurs have become role models,
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ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ื™
03:57
and they are contributing hugely to the society.
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ื•ื”ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื”
04:00
This change has contributed
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืชืจื
04:02
to the vitality and the whole economy.
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ืœื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื›ื•ืœื”
04:06
The third big thing I believe that has changed India
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื•
04:08
is our attitude towards the English language.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
04:11
English language was seen as a language of the imperialists.
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ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื
04:14
But today, with globalization,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
04:16
with outsourcing, English has become a language of aspiration.
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ืขื ืžื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ, ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื” ื ืฉืืคืช
04:20
This has made it something that everybody wants to learn.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉืคื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
04:22
And the fact that we have English is now becoming
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
04:25
a huge strategic asset.
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ื ื›ืก ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
04:27
The next thing is technology.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
04:30
Forty years back, computers were seen
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ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ืจืื•
04:33
as something which was forbidding, something which was intimidating,
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ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ, ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“
04:36
something that reduced jobs.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฆืžืฆื ืžืฉืจื•ืช
04:38
Today we live in a country
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ
04:40
which sells eight million mobile phones a month,
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ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
04:43
of which 90 percent of those mobile phones
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ืืฉืจ ืชืฉืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
04:45
are prepaid phones
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ืžืฉื•ืœืžื™ื ืžืจืืฉ
04:47
because people don't have credit history.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืืฉืจืื™.
04:49
Forty percent of those prepaid phones
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ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
04:52
are recharged at less than 20 cents at each recharge.
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ื ื˜ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืž20 ืกื ื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ื”
04:56
That is the scale at which
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื•
04:58
technology has liberated and made it accessible.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ื—ืจืจื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฉ
05:01
And therefore technology has gone
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื”
05:03
from being seen as something forbidding
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ืžืœื”ืชืคืก ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืืกื•ืจ
05:05
and intimidating to something that is empowering.
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ื•ืžืื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขืฆื™ื
05:08
Twenty years back,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ื,
05:10
when there was a report on bank computerization,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื— ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง,
05:12
they didn't name the report as
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ื”ื ืœื ืงืจืื• ืœื“ื•"ื—
05:15
a report on computers,
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ื›ื“ื•"ื— ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
05:17
they call them as "ledger posting machines."
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื• "ื“ื•"ื— ืชืคื•ืฆืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช"
05:19
They didn't want the unions to believe that they were actually computers.
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ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืฉืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
05:22
And when they wanted to have more advanced, more powerful computers
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื
05:26
they called them "advanced ledger posting machines."
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื”ื " ื“ื•"ื— ืชืคื•ืฆืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช"
05:29
So we have come a long way from those days
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ืื– ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•
05:31
where the telephone has become an instrument of empowerment,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืขืฆืžื”
05:34
and really has changed the way Indians think of technology.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
05:38
And then I think the other point
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช
05:40
is that Indians today are far more
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:42
comfortable with globalization.
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ื ื•ื— ืขื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
05:45
Again, after having lived for more than 200 years
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž200 ืฉื ื”
05:48
under the East India Company and under imperial rule,
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ืชื—ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”
05:51
Indians had a very natural reaction towards globalization
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ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
05:55
believing it was a form of imperialism.
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื
05:57
But today, as Indian companies go abroad,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”
05:59
as Indians come and work all over the world,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
06:01
Indians have gained a lot more confidence
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
06:03
and have realized that globalization is something they can participate in.
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ื•ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืฉื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื•
06:07
And the fact that the demographics are in our favor,
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื•
06:10
because we are the only young country in an aging world,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ
06:12
makes globalization all the more attractive to Indians.
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื•
06:15
And finally, India has had
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ืฉ
06:18
the deepening of its democracy.
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ื”ืขืžืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
06:20
When democracy came to India 60 years back
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ 60 ืฉื ื™ื
06:22
it was an elite concept.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืืœื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™
06:24
It was a bunch of people who wanted to bring in democracy
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
06:27
because they wanted to bring in the idea of
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ
06:29
universal voting and parliament and constitution and so forth.
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ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช, ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ื—ื•ืงื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”
06:33
But today democracy has become a bottom-up process
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืœืžืขืœื”
06:36
where everybody has realized
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
06:38
the benefits of having a voice,
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ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื•ืœ
06:40
the benefits of being in an open society.
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ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”
06:43
And therefore democracy has become embedded.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืžืขืช.
06:45
I believe these six factors --
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืฉืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
06:47
the rise of the notion of population as human capital,
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ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™
06:50
the rise of Indian entrepreneurs,
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ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
06:52
the rise of English as a language of aspiration,
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ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ืฉืคื” ื ืฉืืคืช
06:54
technology as something empowering,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขืฆื™ื
06:56
globalization as a positive factor,
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ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™
06:59
and the deepening of democracy -- has contributed
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ื•ื”ืขืžืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” -- ืชื•ืจืžื™ื
07:01
to why India is today growing
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ื•ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
07:03
at rates it has never seen before.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื•
07:05
But having said that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
07:07
then we come to what I call as ideas in progress.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš"
07:09
Those are the ideas where there is no argument in a society,
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ืืœื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
07:12
but you are not able to implement those things.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
07:15
And really there are four things here.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ 4 ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:17
One is the question of education.
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ืื—ื“ ื–ื• ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
07:19
For some reason, whatever reason -- lack of money,
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช , ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื”..ื—ืกืจ ื›ืกืฃ
07:21
lack of priorities, because of religion having an older culture --
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ื—ืกืจ ืชื™ืขื“ื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื“ืชื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:25
primary education was never given the focus it required.
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ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืงื•ืก ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ
07:28
But now I believe it's reached a point
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”
07:30
where it has become very important.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
07:32
Unfortunately the government schools don't function,
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ืœืฆืขืจื™, ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื
07:35
so children are going to private schools today.
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ืื– ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
07:37
Even in the slums of India
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•
07:39
more than 50 percent of urban kids are going into private schools.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž50% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื
07:42
So there is a big challenge in getting the schools to work.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
07:45
But having said that, there is an enormous desire
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืจื‘ื”
07:47
among everybody, including the poor, to educate their children.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื, ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
07:50
So I believe primary education is an idea
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
07:52
which is arrived but not yet implemented.
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ืฉื
07:55
Similarly, infrastructure --
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ, ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช--
07:57
for a long time, infrastructure was not a priority.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช
08:00
Those of you who have been to India have seen that.
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ืืœื• ืžื›ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื”
08:02
It's certainly not like China.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืŸ
08:03
But today I believe finally infrastructure is something
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•
08:06
which is agreed upon and which people want to implement.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืกื›ื ื•ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฉื
08:09
It is reflected in the political statements.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
08:12
20 years back the political slogan was, "Roti, kapada, makaan,"
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ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ื , ื”ืกืœื•ื’ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” "roti, kapada,makaan"
08:16
which meant, "Food, clothing and shelter."
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื" ืื•ื›ืœ, ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื•ืžื—ืกื” "
08:19
And today's political slogan is, "Bijli, sadak, pani,"
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืกืœื•ื’ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื" bijli sadak pani"
08:23
which means "Electricity, water and roads."
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ" ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื"
08:25
And that is a change in the mindset
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืคื™ืกืชื™
08:27
where infrastructure is now accepted.
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ืืฉืจ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื›ืขืช ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื”
08:29
So I do believe this is an idea which has arrived,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข
08:31
but simply not implemented.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฉื
08:33
The third thing is again cities.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืจื™ื
08:36
It's because Gandhi believed in villages
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื
08:38
and because the British ruled from the cities,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืžื”ืขืจื™ื
08:40
therefore Nehru thought of New Delhi as an un-Indian city.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื ื”ืจื• ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื ื™ื• ื“ืœื”ื™ ื›ืขืœ ืขื™ืจ "ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช"
08:44
For a long time we have neglected our cities.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžื• ืืจื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื ื• ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
08:47
And that is reflected in the kinds of situations that you see.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
08:50
But today, finally, after economic reforms,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื—ืจื™ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช
08:52
and economic growth,
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ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
08:54
I think the notion that cities are engines
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžื ื•ืข
08:56
of economic growth,
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ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
08:58
cities are engines of creativity,
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ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช
09:00
cities are engines of innovation,
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ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช
09:02
have finally been accepted.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื•
09:04
And I think now you're seeing the move towards improving our cities.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืขืช ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
09:06
Again, an idea which is arrived, but not yet implemented.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ืฉื
09:10
The final thing is the notion of India as a single market --
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืง ื™ื—ื™ื“
09:14
because when you didn't think of India as a market,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื›ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง
09:16
you didn't really bother about a single market, because it didn't really matter.
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ืืชื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื ื”
09:19
And therefore you had a situation
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘
09:21
where every state had its own market for products.
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ืืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”,
09:24
Every province had its own market for agriculture.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœื• ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช
09:27
Increasingly now the policies of
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ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช
09:29
taxation and infrastructure and all that,
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ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื”
09:31
are moving towards creating India as a single market.
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ื ืขื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื›ืฉื•ืง ื™ื—ื™ื“
09:34
So there is a form of internal globalization which is happening,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ
09:37
which is as important as external globalization.
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
09:40
These four factors I believe --
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ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ;
09:42
the ones of primary education,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ื™
09:44
infrastructure, urbanization, and single market --
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ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืง ื™ื—ื™ื“
09:47
in my view are ideas in India
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
09:49
which have been accepted, but not implemented.
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืืš ืœื ื™ื•ืฉืžื•
09:53
Then we have what I believe are the ideas in conflict.
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ืื—"ื› ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜
09:56
The ideas that we argue about.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื
09:59
These are the arguments we have which cause gridlock.
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ืืœื• ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคืงืง ืชื ื•ืขื”
10:02
What are those ideas? One is, I think, are ideological issues.
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ืžื”ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•? ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
10:06
Because of the historical Indian background, in the caste system,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงืกื˜ื•ืช
10:10
and because of the fact that there have been many people
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
10:12
who have been left out in the cold,
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ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
10:14
a lot of the politics is about how to make sure
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ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
10:16
that we'll address that.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื–ื”
10:18
And it leads to reservations and other techniques.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
10:21
It's also related to the way that we subsidize our people,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืคืœื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
10:23
and all the left and right arguments that we have.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
10:27
A lot of the Indian problems are related to the ideology
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ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™
10:30
of caste and other things.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืกื˜ื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:32
This policy is causing gridlock.
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืคืงืง ืชื ื•ืขื”.
10:34
This is one of the factors which needs to be resolved.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ
10:37
The second one is the labor policies that we have,
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
10:40
which make it so difficult for
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ืืฉืจ ืžืงืฉื”
10:42
entrepreneurs to create standardized jobs in companies,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
10:46
that 93 percent of Indian labor
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ื›ืš ืฉ 93 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™
10:48
is in the unorganized sector.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ
10:50
They have no benefits: they don't have social security;
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช: ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™
10:53
they don't have pension; they don't have healthcare; none of those things.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืคื ืกื™ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช , ืืฃ ืœื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
10:56
This needs to be fixed because unless you can bring these people
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืœื ื ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
10:58
into the formal workforce,
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ืœืชื•ืš ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช
11:00
you will end up creating a whole lot of people who are completely disenfranchised.
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ื–ื” ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืกืจื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
11:04
Therefore we need to create a new set of labor laws,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
11:07
which are not as onerous as they are today.
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ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื
11:11
At the same time give a policy for a lot more people to be in the formal sector,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™
11:15
and create the jobs for the millions of people that we need to create jobs for.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
11:18
The third thing is our higher education.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœื ื•
11:21
Indian higher education is completely regulated.
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ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
11:24
It's very difficult to start a private university.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช
11:27
It's very difficult for a foreign university to come to India.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื•ื“ื•
11:30
As a result of that our higher education
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœื ื•
11:32
is simply not keeping pace with India's demands.
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ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
11:35
That is leading to a lot of problems which we need to address.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
11:39
But most important I believe
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ
11:41
are the ideas we need to anticipate.
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ื”ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช
11:43
Here India can look at what is happening in the west
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘
11:45
and elsewhere, and look at what needs to be done.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
11:48
The first thing is, we're very fortunate
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžื–ืœ
11:50
that technology is at a point
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื”
11:52
where it is much more advanced
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื“ืžืช
11:54
than when other countries had the development.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
11:56
So we can use technology for governance.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืžืžืฉืœ
11:58
We can use technology for direct benefits.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
12:00
We can use technology for transparency, and many other things.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
12:03
The second thing is, the health issue.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
12:05
India has equally horrible
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืจื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
12:07
health problems of the higher state of cardiac issue,
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืœื‘
12:10
the higher state of diabetes, the higher state of obesity.
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ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ
12:13
So there is no point in replacing a set of poor country diseases
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื”
12:16
with a set of rich country diseases.
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื”
12:19
Therefore we're to rethink the whole way we look at health.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
12:22
We really need to put in place a strategy
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”
12:24
so that we don't go to the other extreme of health.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ืœืš ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
12:27
Similarly today in the West
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘
12:29
you're seeing the problem of entitlement --
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืื•ืช
12:31
the cost of social security, the cost of Medicare, the cost of Medicaid.
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™
12:35
Therefore when you are a young country,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืจืฅ ืฆืขื™ืจื”
12:37
again you have a chance to put in place a modern pension system
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืคื ืกื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
12:40
so that you don't create entitlement problems as you grow old.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื–ื“ืงืŸ
12:44
And then again, India does not have the luxury
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช
12:47
of making its environment dirty,
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ืช
12:49
because it has to marry environment and development.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—
12:53
Just to give an idea, the world has to stabilize
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ , ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘
12:56
at something like 20 gigatons per year.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 20 ื’'ื™ื’ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”
12:59
On a population of nine billion
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ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
13:01
our average carbon emission will have to be about two tons per year.
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ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 2 ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”
13:04
India is already at two tons per year.
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘2 ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”
13:06
But if India grows at something like eight percent,
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ืืš ืื ื”ื•ื“ื• ืชืฆืžื— ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 8 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
13:09
income per year per person will go to 16 times by 2050.
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ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืชืฆืžื— ืคื™ 16 ืขื“ 2050
13:13
So we're saying: income growing at 16 times and no growth in carbon.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ืคื™ 16 ื•ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืคื—ืžืŸ
13:17
Therefore we will fundamentally rethink the way we look at the environment,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
13:20
the way we look at energy,
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
13:22
the way we create whole new paradigms of development.
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ืชื•ืช
13:26
Now why does this matter to you?
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ื›ืขืช ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื?
13:29
Why does what's happening 10 thousand miles away matter to all of you?
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ืœืžื” ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ 10,000 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื?
13:33
Number one, this matters because
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ
13:36
this represents more than a billion people.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื,
13:39
A billion people, 1/6th of the world population.
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื!
13:42
It matters because this is a democracy.
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
13:45
And it is important to prove
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—
13:47
that growth and democracy are not incompatible,
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ืฉื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื ืœื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื
13:50
that you can have a democracy, that you can have an open society,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” , ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”
13:53
and you can have growth.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืžื•ื—.
13:55
It's important because if you solve these problems,
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ืชืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ,
13:58
you can solve the problems of poverty in the world.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
14:00
It's important because
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ,
14:02
you need it to solve the world's environment problems.
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ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช
14:04
If we really want to come to a point,
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ืื ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”,
14:06
we really want to put a cap on our carbon emission,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
14:08
we want to really lower the use of energy --
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
14:11
it has to be solved in countries like India.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืคืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื•
14:14
You know if you look at the development
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
14:16
in the West over 200 years,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘200 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
14:18
the average growth may have been about two percent.
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ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 2%
14:21
Here we are talking about countries growing at eight to nine percent.
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืžื—ื• ื‘8%-9%
14:24
And that makes a huge difference.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขื ืง
14:26
When India was growing at about three, 3.5 percent
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ืฆืžื—ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื›- 3%-3.5%
14:30
and the population was growing at two percent,
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ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฆืžื—ื” ื‘2%
14:33
its per capita income was doubling every 45 years.
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ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ ื’ื“ืœื” ื›ืœ 45 ื™ื•ื
14:37
When the economic growth goes to eight percent
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘- 8%
14:40
and population growth drops to 1.5 percent,
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ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื™ืจื“ื” ืœ1.5%
14:43
then per capita income is doubling every nine years.
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ืื– ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ ืžื›ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืœ 9 ืฉื ื™ื
14:46
In other words, you're certainly fast-forwarding this whole process
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืืชื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”
14:49
of a billion people going to prosperity.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”
14:52
And you must have a clear strategy
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
14:54
which is important for India and important for the world.
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ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื•ืœื
14:57
That is why I think all of you
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื
14:59
should be equally concerned with it as I am.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืžื•ื ื™
15:01
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
15:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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